一、英文注释
- IC (Integrated Circuit) 集成电路,把晶体管、电阻等大量元件集成在一块芯片上,实现计算/存储/控制等功能。
- CAD (Computer Auxiliary Design) 计算机辅助设计,用软件辅助完成设计与制图/建模/验证,提高设计效率与准确性(电子、机械都用)。
- GNU (GNU is Not Unix!) 自由软件项目与工具链集合(如 gcc、bash 等),目标是提供“类 Unix 但自由”的完整系统。
- GUI (Graphical User Interface) 用户图形界面,用窗口、图标、菜单等图形方式与系统交互。
- LAN (Local Area Network) 局域网,在小范围(宿舍/实验室/公司)内连接设备的网络,速度高、延迟低,常见以太网/Wi-Fi
- NFS (Network File System) 网络文件系统,让你像访问本地目录一样访问远程服务器共享的目录,常用于 Linux/Unix 环境的共享存储。
- HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol) 超文本传输协议,浏览器与网站服务器通信的基础协议,采用请求/响应模式
- DNS (Domain Name
ServerSystem) 域名系统/解析服务,把域名(如www.xxx.com)解析成 IP 地址 - HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) 超文本标记语言,网页的结构描述语言(标题、段落、链接、表格等),常与 CSS/JS 配合。
- IP (Internet Protocol)) 互联网协议,网络层的基础协议,负责寻址与路由,把数据包从一台主机送到另一台(IPv4/IPv6)。
二、单词解释
Accurately describe the main function and command line syntax of each Unix command in English
apropos
Main function:
Search the man/whatis database for manual page names and descriptions matching a keyword
在 man/whatis 数据库中按照关键字搜索相关手册描述,命令名字和简短描述
Syntax:
apropos [keyword] <=> man -k [keyword]
sudo
Main Function:
Run commands as another user, (default is root), typically for temporary privilege elevation.
The most common use is to Run command with administrator/superuser privileges
以其他用户身份(默认为 root 超级用户)执行命令,通常用于临时提权, 最常用的情况就是以超级用户权限运行命令
Syntax:
sudo [command]or ·sudo -u username [command]
df
Main function: Shows disk space usage of mounted file systems
显示挂载的文件系统的磁盘使用情况
Syntax:
df [option] [filesystem]
df -iDisplays inode usage instead of disk block usagedf -kDisplays disk usage in kilobytes (KB)
xterm
Main function: Opens a terminal window under the X Window System | 打开一个X Window系统的终端窗口
语法 Syntax:
xterm [options] #举例子 xterm -e top xterm -e "bash"
xterm -e [command] 表示打开xterm终端并且执行command | Open an xterm terminal and execute the command.
gdb
Main function: GNU debugger for debugging programs | GNU调试工具,用于调试程序
gdb is used to locate and debug program errors,Breakpoints, step execution, and variable inspection are core features。
Syntax:
gdb [program] [core]
program:Executable file to be debugged | 要调试的可执行文件core:Core dump file (optional) | core dump 文件(可选)
常用命令 Common commands:
- gdb
- list # 列出源代码
# List source code
- br n # 在第 n 行设置断点(br = break)
# Set a breakpoint at line n
- run # 运行程序
# Run the program
- print x # 打印变量 x 的值
# Print the value of variable x
- next # 执行下一行(不进入函数)
# Execute next line without stepping into functions
- where # 显示当前调用的函数和行号
# Show call stack and current line number
- help # 显示可用命令
# Show available commands
- quit # 退出 gdb
# Exit gdb
编译要求 Compile requirement:
- To enable debugging, compile the program with
-g
gcc -g main.c -o main
ln
Main function: Creates hard links or symbolic links to files | 创建文件或目录的硬链接/软链接
Syntax:
ln [option] source target
-screate symbolic link | 创建符号链接(软链接)-fforce creation | 强制创建,覆盖已存在文件
chmod
Main function: Changes file or directory access permissions | 改变文件或目录的访问权限
Syntax:
chmod [option] mode file
-Rrecursively change directories and their contents | 递归修改目录及其内容- mode:
- numeric mode(e.g., 755)
- symbolic (e.g., u+x)
top
Main function: Displays running processes and system resource usage in real-time | 实时显示系统进程和资源使用情况
Syntax:
top [options]
-d设置刷新间隔 set delay time interval-u显示指定用户的进程 display specific user's processes
cat
Main function: Displays file contents or concatenates files | 显示文件内容或连接多个文件
Syntax:
cat [option] [files]
-n显示行号 number all output lines
三、命令解释
alias rm ="rm -i"; alias- 逐字解释:
alias- alias命令,用于创建命令别名rm- 要创建别名的命令名称=- 赋值符号"rm -i"- 双引号包围的实际命令rm- remove命令,删除文件-i- interactive选项,交互模式,删除前确认
;- 分号,命令分隔符alias- 再次调用alias命令(无参数时列出所有别名)
- 整体翻译:
- 将rm命令设置别名为"rm -i"(删除前需确认),然后列出所有当前的别名。
- Sets an alias for rm command to "rm -i" (requires confirmation before deletion), then lists all current aliases.
- 逐字解释:
find /usr -name XErrdb -print 2> /dev/null- 逐字解释:
find- 查找文件命令/usr- 搜索的起始目录路径-name- 按名称查找选项XErrdb- 要查找的文件名-print- 打印找到的文件路径2>- 重定向标准错误输出(stderr)/dev/null- 空设备,丢弃所有写入的数据
- 整体翻译:
- 在/usr目录下查找名为XErrdb的文件并打印路径,错误信息丢弃到/dev/null(不显示错误)。
- Searches for files named XErrdb in /usr directory and prints their paths, while discarding error messages to /dev/null.
- 逐字解释:
sudo mount /dev/sdb2 ./disk ; du -sk- 逐字解释:
sudo- 以超级用户权限执行mount- 挂载文件系统命令/dev/sdb2- 第二块硬盘的第二个分区./disk- 当前目录下的disk目录(挂载点);- 分号,命令分隔符du- disk usage,磁盘使用统计命令-s- summary,只显示总计-k- 以KB为单位显示
- 整体翻译:
- 以管理员权限将/dev/sdb2分区挂载到当前目录的disk文件夹,然后显示磁盘使用总量(以KB为单位)。
- Mounts /dev/sdb2 partition to ./disk directory with admin privileges, then displays total disk usage in KB.
- 逐字解释:
cd ~/src;chmod 764 * ; chmod o+r *.[Pp]ng- 逐字解释:
cd- change directory,切换目录命令~/src- 用户家目录下的src文件夹~- 家目录符号/src- src子目录
;- 分号,命令分隔符chmod- change mode,修改权限命令764- 权限数字:所有者(7=rwx),组(6=rw-),其他(4=r--)*- 通配符,匹配所有文件o+r- 其他用户(others)添加(+)读权限(r)*.[Pp]ng- 通配符,匹配.png或.Png结尾的文件*- 任意文件名.- 点号[Pp]- P或p字符ng- ng字符
- 整体翻译:
- 切换到家目录的src文件夹,将所有文件权限改为764(所有者读写执行,组读写,其他只读),然后给所有.png或.Png文件的其他用户添加读权限。
- Changes to ~/src directory, sets all files to 764 permissions (owner: rwx, group: rw-, others: r--), then adds read permission for others to all .png or .Png files.
- 逐字解释:
gcc -o tri triangle.c -lm- 逐字解释:
gcc- GNU C Compiler,GNU C编译器-o- output,指定输出文件名选项tri- 输出的可执行文件名triangle.c- 源代码文件名-lm- 链接数学库选项-l- link library,链接库m- math,数学库
- 整体翻译:
- 使用gcc编译器将triangle.c源文件编译为名为tri的可执行文件,并链接数学库。
- Compiles triangle.c source file into an executable named tri using gcc compiler, linking the math library.
- 逐字解释:
gzip -dc cube.tar.gz | tar -xvf -C /home- 逐字解释:
gzip- GNU zip 压缩/解压工具- GNU zip compression/decompression tool
- -d - decompress,解压
- Decompress
- -c - write to stdout,将结果输出到标准输出
- Write output to standard output
- cube.tar.gz - gzip 压缩的 tar 归档文件
- gzip-compressed tar archive
- | - 管道符,将前一个命令的输出传给下一个命令
- Pipe, passes output of previous command to the next
- tar - tape archive,用于处理 tar 归档文件
- Tool for handling tar archives
- -x - extract,解压文件
- Extract files
- -v - verbose,显示详细过程
- Verbose output
- -f - file,指定归档文件
- Specify archive file
- 表示从标准输入读取归档内容
- Read archive from standard input
- -C /home - 指定解压目录为 /home
- Change extraction directory to /home
- 整体翻译:
- 将 cube.tar.gz 解压,通过管道传递给 tar,并把其中的内容解压到 /home 目录下。
- Decompress cube.tar.gz and pipe it to tar, extracting its contents into the /home directory.
- 逐字解释:
四、问答(可以使⽤中⽂,如果你的英语不⾏的话,8题27分)
- EDA meaning?Big-3 of EDA company and these product?
- EDA means Electronic Design Automation, software tools used to design, simulate, verify, and manufacture integrated circuits (ICs) and electronic systems.
- Big-3 of EDA
- Synopsys
- VCS – RTL simulation
- Design Compiler – logic synthesis
- Cadence
- Virtuoso – analog IC design
- Siemens EDA (Mentor Graphics)
- Questa – simulation
- Synopsys
- Ubuntu,what is it?What mean in Africa?Ubuntu is a Linux operating system based on desktop applications.
Ubuntu is named after the Nguni philosophy of ubuntu, which Canonical indicates means "humanity to others" with a connotation of "I am what I am because of who we all are".
Ubuntu (African meaning) is "I am because where we are",Meaning:Humanity、Community、Sharing、Mutual respect - How to use manual?How to read it in vim?Write the other two ways to open the manual?
- Basic usage
man ls - Read
manpage in Vimman ls | vim -orMANPAGER=vim man ls - Two other ways to open manuals
①
infoinfo ls
②--helpls --help(Short and fast reference) - Basic usage
- Three disk?What changes when using them?
- HDD (Hard Disk Drive):Mechanical、cheap、slow、large capacity
- SSD (Solid State Drive):Flash memory、Fast、No moving parts、Expensive per GB
- NVMe SSD:Uses PCIe bus、Much faster than SATA SSD、Low latency
- Meta characters: / \ & *
复习
Slash 、backslash、ampersand、asterisk
- Write a makefile and explain it
NULL
等下记得复习markfile 和 touch
- grep ->r,e,p meaning? How to use grep?
- meaning:
g: global
re: regular expression
p: print - Use
Basic usage
grep "main" file.c
Common optionsgrep -i "error" log.txt # ignore casegrep -r "TODO" src/ # recursivegrep -n "printf" main.c # show line number
- meaning:
g: global
- In ftp,pwd and !pwd meaning? Use an example
pwdShows remote server directory
ftp> pwd257 "/home/user"!pwdRuns command on local machine
ftp> !pwd/home/localuserbash ftp> pwd /home/ftpuser ftp> !pwd /home/soleil
五、脚本
写⼀个代码,并解释(10分) 要求:输⼊dir_name,列这个地址中的所有⽂件,包括⽂件夹⾥⾯所有 ⽂件,并统计数⽬
#!/bin/bash
read -p "输入目录: " dir_name
if [ ! -d "$dir_name" ]; then
echo "目录不存在"
exit 1
fi
echo "所有文件:"
find "$dir_name" -type f
echo ""
echo "文件总数: $(find "$dir_name" -type f | wc -l)"
六、 附加题 only English
1.How to use vi read?Write more , point more.
2.You have two computer : one windows computer, one linux computer. If you have linux-like software in
windows computer. What thing you should do?
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