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21:40:26",{"text":11,"minutes":144,"time":145,"words":146},2.385,143100,477,{"stem":148,"path":149,"title":150,"date":78,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":151},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F2.sophomore-autumn\u002Findex","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fsophomore-autumn","大二秋冬",{"text":80,"minutes":81,"time":81,"words":81},{"stem":153,"path":154,"title":155,"date":156,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":157},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F2.sophomore-autumn\u002Fsolid-state-physics","\u002F2024\u002F09\u002F11\u002Fsolid-state-physics","固体物理基础","2024-09-11 19:15:26",{"text":158,"minutes":159,"time":160,"words":161},"4 min read",3.21,192600,642,{"stem":163,"path":164,"title":165,"date":166,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":167},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F3.sophomore-spring\u002FAIFrontier","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fsophomore-spring\u002Faifrontier","人工智能前沿","2025-06-12 14:58:16",{"text":168,"minutes":169,"time":170,"words":171},"25 min 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19:39:00",{"text":60,"minutes":200,"time":201,"words":202},0.535,32100,107,{"stem":204,"path":205,"title":206,"date":207,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":208},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F1.microelectronic-devices\u002FLecture10","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Fmicroelectronic-devices\u002Flecture10","Lecture 10：从 MOS 电容到 MOSFET","2026-09-10 00:10:00",{"text":209,"minutes":210,"time":211,"words":212},"18 min read",17.615,1056900,3523,{"stem":214,"path":215,"title":216,"date":217,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":218},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F1.microelectronic-devices\u002FLecture11","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Fmicroelectronic-devices\u002Flecture11","Lecture 11：亚阈值效应与 MOSFET 尺寸缩放","2026-09-10 00:20:00",{"text":219,"minutes":220,"time":221,"words":222},"23 min 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00:50:00",{"text":21,"minutes":51,"time":52,"words":53},{"stem":340,"path":341,"title":342,"date":198,"collapsed":343,"readingTime":344},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F1.microelectronic-devices\u002Findex","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Fmicroelectronic-devices","微电子器件",true,{"text":158,"minutes":345,"time":346,"words":347},3.055,183300,611,{"stem":349,"path":350,"title":351,"date":352,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":353},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F2.ICCAD\u002F1.HistoryMetaCharacters","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Ficcad\u002Fhistorymetacharacters","History & Meta Characters","2026-09-10 20:25:44",{"text":269,"minutes":354,"time":355,"words":356},9.36,561600,1872,{"stem":358,"path":359,"title":360,"date":361,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":362},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F2.ICCAD\u002F10.PastExams\u002F1.ExamAutumn2223","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Ficcad\u002Fpastexams\u002Fexamautumn2223","22-23 秋冬历年卷","2026-09-10 20:26:49",{"text":319,"minutes":363,"time":364,"words":365},20.295,1217700,4059,{"stem":367,"path":368,"title":369,"date":370,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":371},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F2.ICCAD\u002F10.PastExams\u002F2.Exam2021","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Ficcad\u002Fpastexams\u002Fexam2021","20-21 历年卷","2026-09-10 20:26:50",{"text":289,"minutes":290,"time":291,"words":292},{"stem":373,"path":374,"title":375,"date":376,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":377},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F2.ICCAD\u002F10.PastExams\u002F3.ExamRecall1","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Ficcad\u002Fpastexams\u002Fexamrecall1","不知名回忆卷 1","2026-09-10 20:26:51",{"text":116,"minutes":378,"time":379,"words":380},4.215,252900,843,{"stem":382,"path":383,"title":384,"date":385,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":386},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F2.ICCAD\u002F10.PastExams\u002F4.ExamRecall23","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Ficcad\u002Fpastexams\u002Fexamrecall23","不知名回忆卷 2\u002F3","2026-09-10 20:26:52",{"text":387,"minutes":388,"time":389,"words":390},"12 min read",11.235,674100,2247,{"stem":392,"path":393,"title":394,"date":395,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":396},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F2.ICCAD\u002F11.Detailed\u002F1.Chapter1-Introduction","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Ficcad\u002Fdetailed\u002Fchapter1-introduction","Chapter 1：Introduction","2026-09-10 20:27:26",{"text":397,"minutes":398,"time":399,"words":400},"19 min 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20:27:54",{"text":209,"minutes":454,"time":455,"words":456},17.85,1071000,3570,{"stem":458,"path":459,"title":460,"date":461,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":462},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F2.ICCAD\u002F11.Detailed\u002F8.Chapter8-CProgrammingInUnix","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Ficcad\u002Fdetailed\u002Fchapter8-cprogramminginunix","Chapter 8：C Programming in Unix","2026-09-10 20:27:57",{"text":463,"minutes":464,"time":465,"words":466},"17 min read",16.855,1011300,3371,{"stem":468,"path":469,"title":470,"date":471,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":472},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F2.ICCAD\u002F2.LinuxUnix","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Ficcad\u002Flinuxunix","Linux & Unix","2026-09-10 20:25:46",{"text":41,"minutes":473,"time":474,"words":475},29.33,1759800,5866,{"stem":477,"path":478,"title":479,"date":480,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":481},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F2.ICCAD\u002F3.Vi","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Ficcad\u002Fvi","Vi","2026-09-10 20:25:47",{"text":329,"minutes":482,"time":483,"words":484},7.95,477000,1590,{"stem":486,"path":487,"title":488,"date":489,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":490},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F2.ICCAD\u002F4.ViCopy","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Ficcad\u002Fvicopy","Vi（详细版）","2026-09-10 20:25:49",{"text":279,"minutes":491,"time":492,"words":493},13.785,827100,2757,{"stem":495,"path":496,"title":497,"date":498,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":499},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F2.ICCAD\u002F5.Shells","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Ficcad\u002Fshells","Shells","2026-09-10 20:25:51",{"text":500,"minutes":501,"time":502,"words":503},"22 min read",21.21,1272600,4242,{"stem":505,"path":506,"title":507,"date":508,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":509},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F2.ICCAD\u002F6.Network","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Ficcad\u002Fnetwork","Network","2026-09-10 20:25:54",{"text":319,"minutes":510,"time":511,"words":512},20.595,1235700,4119,{"stem":514,"path":515,"title":516,"date":517,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":518},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F2.ICCAD\u002F7.SystemAdministration","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Ficcad\u002Fsystemadministration","System Administration","2026-09-10 20:26:44",{"text":329,"minutes":519,"time":520,"words":521},7.12,427200,1424,{"stem":523,"path":524,"title":525,"date":526,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":527},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F2.ICCAD\u002F8.XWindow","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Ficcad\u002Fxwindow","XWindow","2026-09-10 20:26:45",{"text":97,"minutes":528,"time":529,"words":530},5.105,306300,1021,{"stem":532,"path":533,"title":534,"date":535,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":536},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F2.ICCAD\u002F9.SystemDevelopmentTools","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Ficcad\u002Fsystemdevelopmenttools","System Development Tools","2026-09-10 20:26:47",{"text":387,"minutes":537,"time":538,"words":539},11.35,681000,2270,{"stem":541,"path":542,"title":543,"date":544,"collapsed":343,"readingTime":545},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F2.ICCAD\u002Findex","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Ficcad","面向 ICCAD 的软件基础技术","2026-09-10 12:37:00",{"text":60,"minutes":546,"time":547,"words":548},0.185,11100,37,{"stem":550,"path":551,"title":552,"date":553,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":554},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F3.HDL\u002FFeiQilai1","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Fhdl\u002Ffeiqilai1","飞起来1.0","2026-09-10 12:51:49",{"text":555,"minutes":556,"time":557,"words":558},"105 min read",104.655,6279300,20931,{"stem":560,"path":561,"title":562,"date":563,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":564},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F3.HDL\u002FFeiQilai2","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Fhdl\u002Ffeiqilai2","飞起来2.0","2026-09-10 12:52:06",{"text":565,"minutes":566,"time":567,"words":568},"29 min read",28.755,1725300,5751,{"stem":570,"path":571,"title":572,"date":573,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":574},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F3.HDL\u002FFeiQilai3","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Fhdl\u002Ffeiqilai3","飞起来3.0","2026-09-10 12:52:12",{"text":116,"minutes":575,"time":576,"words":577},4.49,269400,898,{"stem":579,"path":580,"title":581,"date":582,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":583},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F3.HDL\u002FLecture13","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Fhdl\u002Flecture13","Lecture 13：浮点数标准","2026-09-10 12:51:27",{"text":11,"minutes":584,"time":585,"words":586},2.575,154500,515,{"stem":588,"path":589,"title":590,"date":591,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":592},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F3.HDL\u002FLecture6","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Fhdl\u002Flecture6","Lecture 6：Behavioral Modeling，非阻塞赋值","2026-09-10 12:51:12",{"text":97,"minutes":593,"time":594,"words":595},5.34,320400,1068,{"stem":597,"path":598,"title":599,"date":600,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":601},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F3.HDL\u002FPPTCorrespondence","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Fhdl\u002Fpptcorrespondence","与PPT的对应","2026-09-10 12:52:18",{"text":269,"minutes":602,"time":603,"words":604},9.275,556500,1855,{"stem":606,"path":607,"title":608,"date":544,"collapsed":343,"readingTime":609},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F3.HDL\u002Findex","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Fhdl","硬件描述语言原理与应用",{"text":60,"minutes":61,"time":62,"words":63},{"stem":611,"path":612,"title":613,"date":614,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":615},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F4.analogICDesign\u002F1.BeforeMidterm","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Fanalogicdesign\u002Fbeforemidterm","期中前","2026-09-10 20:28:52",{"text":616,"minutes":617,"time":618,"words":619},"11 min read",10.835,650100,2167,{"stem":621,"path":622,"title":623,"date":624,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":625},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F4.analogICDesign\u002F2.MidtermExam2425","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Fanalogicdesign\u002Fmidtermexam2425","24-25 期中","2026-09-10 20:29:00",{"text":21,"minutes":626,"time":627,"words":628},1.22,73200,244,{"stem":630,"path":631,"title":632,"date":633,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":634},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F4.analogICDesign\u002F3.FinalExamReview","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Fanalogicdesign\u002Ffinalexamreview","期末考试整理","2026-09-10 20:29:09",{"text":387,"minutes":635,"time":636,"words":637},11.36,681600,2272,{"stem":639,"path":640,"title":641,"date":642,"collapsed":343,"readingTime":643},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F4.analogICDesign\u002Findex","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Fanalogicdesign","模拟集成电路设计","2026-09-10 20:00:00",{"text":80,"minutes":81,"time":81,"words":81},{"stem":645,"path":646,"title":647,"date":78,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":648},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002Findex","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn","大三秋冬",{"text":80,"minutes":81,"time":81,"words":81},{"stem":650,"path":651,"title":652,"date":653,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":654},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F5.junior-spring\u002F1.digitalICDesign\u002F1.Chapter3-Device","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-spring\u002Fdigitalicdesign\u002Fchapter3-device","Chapter 3：器件 Device","2026-09-10 21:14:41",{"text":249,"minutes":655,"time":656,"words":657},6.055,363300,1211,{"stem":659,"path":660,"title":661,"date":653,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":662},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F5.junior-spring\u002F1.digitalICDesign\u002F10.Chapter12-Arithmetic","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-spring\u002Fdigitalicdesign\u002Fchapter12-arithmetic","Chapter 12：算术运算电路 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期中试题",{"text":80,"minutes":81,"time":81,"words":81},{"stem":693,"path":694,"title":695,"date":653,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":696},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F5.junior-spring\u002F1.digitalICDesign\u002F13.PastExams\u002F3.FinalPolished","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-spring\u002Fdigitalicdesign\u002Fpastexams\u002Ffinalpolished","期末历年卷（AI 润色版）",{"text":21,"minutes":697,"time":698,"words":699},1.575,94500,315,{"stem":701,"path":702,"title":703,"date":653,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":704},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F5.junior-spring\u002F1.digitalICDesign\u002F14.ExamRecall2026","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-spring\u002Fdigitalicdesign\u002Fexamrecall2026","数字集成电路回忆 2026",{"text":60,"minutes":705,"time":706,"words":707},0.49,29400,98,{"stem":709,"path":710,"title":711,"date":653,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":712},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F5.junior-spring\u002F1.digitalICDesign\u002F2.Chapter4-Wire","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-spring\u002Fdigitalicdesign\u002Fchapter4-wire","Chapter 4：导线 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Gate",{"text":31,"minutes":729,"time":730,"words":731},8.635,518100,1727,{"stem":733,"path":734,"title":735,"date":653,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":736},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F5.junior-spring\u002F1.digitalICDesign\u002F5.Chapter7-SequentialLogic","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-spring\u002Fdigitalicdesign\u002Fchapter7-sequentiallogic","Chapter 7：时序逻辑 Sequential Logic",{"text":463,"minutes":737,"time":738,"words":739},16.645,998700,3329,{"stem":741,"path":742,"title":743,"date":653,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":744},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F5.junior-spring\u002F1.digitalICDesign\u002F6.Chapter8-Speed","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-spring\u002Fdigitalicdesign\u002Fchapter8-speed","Chapter 8：延迟与速度 Speed",{"text":745,"minutes":746,"time":747,"words":748},"33 min read",32.885,1973100,6577,{"stem":750,"path":751,"title":752,"date":653,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":753},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F5.junior-spring\u002F1.digitalICDesign\u002F7.Chapter9-Power","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-spring\u002Fdigitalicdesign\u002Fchapter9-power","Chapter 9：功耗 Power",{"text":754,"minutes":755,"time":756,"words":757},"31 min read",31.005,1860300,6201,{"stem":759,"path":760,"title":761,"date":653,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":762},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F5.junior-spring\u002F1.digitalICDesign\u002F8.Chapter10-Interconnect","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-spring\u002Fdigitalicdesign\u002Fchapter10-interconnect","Chapter 10：互连 Interconnect",{"text":463,"minutes":763,"time":764,"words":765},16.32,979200,3264,{"stem":767,"path":768,"title":769,"date":653,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":770},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F5.junior-spring\u002F1.digitalICDesign\u002F9.Chapter11-Timing","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-spring\u002Fdigitalicdesign\u002Fchapter11-timing","Chapter 11：时序 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read",43.985,2639100,8797,{"stem":824,"path":825,"title":826,"date":653,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":827},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F5.junior-spring\u002F2.computerOrganization\u002F14.L15","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-spring\u002Fcomputerorganization\u002Fl15","L15：期末复习问答",{"text":269,"minutes":828,"time":829,"words":830},9.105,546300,1821,{"stem":832,"path":833,"title":834,"date":653,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":835},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F5.junior-spring\u002F2.computerOrganization\u002F2.L2-Binary","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-spring\u002Fcomputerorganization\u002Fl2-binary","L2：二进制数制",{"text":80,"minutes":81,"time":81,"words":81},{"stem":837,"path":838,"title":839,"date":653,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":840},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F5.junior-spring\u002F2.computerOrganization\u002F3.L3-CMemory","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-spring\u002Fcomputerorganization\u002Fl3-cmemory","L3：C 语言与内存模型",{"text":841,"minutes":842,"time":843,"words":844},"98 min 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系统配置","2025-08-26 19:38:06",{"text":158,"minutes":911,"time":912,"words":913},3.815,228900,763,{"stem":915,"path":916,"title":917,"date":918,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":919},"posts\u002Fubuntu\u002F2.cadence\u002F1.mmsim","\u002Fubuntu\u002Fcadence\u002Fmmsim","在 Ubuntu 24.04 上安装 Cadence MMSIM 15.1 的兼容性问题","2026-09-09 14:06:40",{"text":158,"minutes":920,"time":921,"words":922},3.5,210000,700,{"stem":924,"path":925,"title":926,"date":918,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":927},"posts\u002Fubuntu\u002F2.cadence\u002F2.innovus","\u002Fubuntu\u002Fcadence\u002Finnovus","Innovus安装",{"text":11,"minutes":928,"time":929,"words":930},2.08,124800,416,{"stem":932,"path":933,"title":934,"date":918,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":935},"posts\u002Fubuntu\u002F2.cadence\u002Findex","\u002Fubuntu\u002Fcadence","Ubuntu24.04安装Cadence 系列软件",{"text":269,"minutes":936,"time":937,"words":938},9.98,598800,1996,{"stem":940,"path":941,"title":942,"date":918,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":943},"posts\u002Fubuntu\u002F3.synopsys","\u002Fubuntu\u002Fsynopsys","Ubuntu 24.04 安装 Synopsys",{"text":269,"minutes":944,"time":945,"words":946},9.555,573300,1911,{"stem":948,"path":949,"title":950,"date":918,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":951},"posts\u002Fubuntu\u002F4.vivado","\u002Fubuntu\u002Fvivado","Ubuntu 24.04 安装 Vivado 2020.1",{"text":60,"minutes":952,"time":953,"words":954},0.62,37200,124,{"stem":956,"path":957,"title":958,"date":918,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":959},"posts\u002Fubuntu\u002F5.migrate","\u002Fubuntu\u002Fmigrate","硬盘迁移系统",{"text":60,"minutes":960,"time":961,"words":962},0.64,38400,128,{"stem":964,"path":965,"title":966,"date":967,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":968},"posts\u002Fubuntu\u002Findex","\u002Fubuntu","Ubuntu装进移动硬盘","2025-08-25 19:38:06",{"text":269,"minutes":969,"time":970,"words":971},9.26,555600,1852,{"id":973,"title":752,"body":974,"categories":8884,"collapsed":9,"date":653,"description":8885,"draft":9,"extension":8886,"hideInArchive":343,"hideInList":343,"image":8887,"meta":8888,"navigation":343,"path":751,"permalink":8887,"published":8887,"readingTime":8890,"recommend":8887,"references":8887,"seo":8891,"sitemap":8892,"stem":750,"tags":8955,"type":8957,"updated":653,"__hash__":8958},"content\u002Fposts\u002FUGCourses\u002F5.junior-spring\u002F1.digitalICDesign\u002F7.Chapter9-Power.md",{"type":975,"value":976,"toc":8795},"minimark",[977,981,984,989,994,999,1190,1194,1202,1209,1214,1218,1482,1488,1615,1622,1627,1631,1741,1748,1753,1763,1771,1776,1780,1880,1885,1957,1964,1967,1970,1975,1978,1982,1986,1991,1996,2001,2006,2011,2016,2020,2025,2028,2033,2036,2040,2044,2049,2054,2063,2068,2071,2076,2081,2084,2089,2094,2099,2106,2111,2116,2121,2126,2129,2133,2136,2147,2152,2156,2161,2164,2169,2173,2178,2181,2185,2188,2193,2197,2738,2742,2989,3384,3389,3394,3398,3403,3640,3643,3648,3653,3657,3662,3666,3670,3673,3676,3690,3693,3713,3716,3721,3726,3751,3755,3758,3767,4012,4020,4024,4027,4032,4035,4038,4043,4047,4052,4056,4061,4064,4068,4071,4076,4325,4515,4519,4522,4527,4532,4537,4541,5092,5097,5101,5106,5118,5125,5129,5328,5333,5336,5341,5440,5443,5457,5460,5554,5557,5570,5575,5579,5584,5587,5592,5663,5668,5672,5677,5681,6071,6075,6397,6401,6408,6413,6822,6826,6848,7192,8031,8043,8050,8055,8059,8064,8067,8160,8163,8168,8190,8193,8196,8210,8213,8225,8229,8234,8239,8316,8326,8409,8418,8505,8510,8514,8517,8539,8542,8547,8552,8556,8559,8564,8567,8575,8578,8582,8584,8589,8592,8612,8618,8622,8624,8629,8631,8651,8654,8658,8660,8665,8667,8687,8690,8694,8696,8701,8703,8717,8790],[978,979,980],"p",{},"🛠️表示还在修缮",[978,982,983],{},"‼️🌟表示比较重要 怀疑只有这些会考，其他有印象就行",[985,986,988],"h2",{"id":987},"一️scaling只整理了一部分等整章弄完了再来补充感觉是科普不知道能考啥","一、🛠️Scaling（只整理了一部分，等整章弄完了再来补充，感觉是科普，不知道能考啥）",[990,991,993],"h3",{"id":992},"technology-scaling-models工艺技术缩放模型","Technology Scaling Models（工艺\u002F技术缩放模型）",[995,996,998],"h4",{"id":997},"full-scalingconstant-electrical-field完全缩放恒定电场缩放","Full Scaling（Constant Electrical Field）完全缩放（恒定电场缩放）",[1000,1001,1002,1011],"ul",{},[1003,1004,1005,1006,1010],"li",{},"理想模型——尺寸和电压按照相同的缩放因子 ",[1007,1008,1009],"strong",{},"S"," 一起缩小。",[1003,1012,1013,1014,1017,1018,1189],{},"这样做的好处是",[1007,1015,1016],{},"电场强度基本不变。","因为电场大致可以理解为",[1019,1020,1023,1059],"span",{"className":1021},[1022],"katex",[1019,1024,1027],{"className":1025},[1026],"katex-mathml",[1028,1029,1031],"math",{"xmlns":1030},"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML",[1032,1033,1034,1054],"semantics",{},[1035,1036,1037,1041,1045],"mrow",{},[1038,1039,1040],"mi",{},"E",[1042,1043,1044],"mo",{},"=",[1046,1047,1048,1051],"mfrac",{},[1038,1049,1050],{},"V",[1038,1052,1053],{},"L",[1055,1056,1058],"annotation",{"encoding":1057},"application\u002Fx-tex","E= \\frac{V}{L}",[1019,1060,1064,1091],{"className":1061,"ariaHidden":1063},[1062],"katex-html","true",[1019,1065,1068,1073,1079,1084,1088],{"className":1066},[1067],"base",[1019,1069],{"className":1070,"style":1072},[1071],"strut","height:0.6833em;",[1019,1074,1040],{"className":1075,"style":1078},[1076,1077],"mord","mathnormal","margin-right:0.0576em;",[1019,1080],{"className":1081,"style":1083},[1082],"mspace","margin-right:0.2778em;",[1019,1085,1044],{"className":1086},[1087],"mrel",[1019,1089],{"className":1090,"style":1083},[1082],[1019,1092,1094,1098],{"className":1093},[1067],[1019,1095],{"className":1096,"style":1097},[1071],"height:1.2173em;vertical-align:-0.345em;",[1019,1099,1101,1106,1185],{"className":1100},[1076],[1019,1102],{"className":1103},[1104,1105],"mopen","nulldelimiter",[1019,1107,1109],{"className":1108},[1046],[1019,1110,1114,1176],{"className":1111},[1112,1113],"vlist-t","vlist-t2",[1019,1115,1118,1171],{"className":1116},[1117],"vlist-r",[1019,1119,1123,1144,1155],{"className":1120,"style":1122},[1121],"vlist","height:0.8723em;",[1019,1124,1126,1131],{"style":1125},"top:-2.655em;",[1019,1127],{"className":1128,"style":1130},[1129],"pstrut","height:3em;",[1019,1132,1138],{"className":1133},[1134,1135,1136,1137],"sizing","reset-size6","size3","mtight",[1019,1139,1141],{"className":1140},[1076,1137],[1019,1142,1053],{"className":1143},[1076,1077,1137],[1019,1145,1147,1150],{"style":1146},"top:-3.23em;",[1019,1148],{"className":1149,"style":1130},[1129],[1019,1151],{"className":1152,"style":1154},[1153],"frac-line","border-bottom-width:0.04em;",[1019,1156,1158,1161],{"style":1157},"top:-3.394em;",[1019,1159],{"className":1160,"style":1130},[1129],[1019,1162,1164],{"className":1163},[1134,1135,1136,1137],[1019,1165,1167],{"className":1166},[1076,1137],[1019,1168,1050],{"className":1169,"style":1170},[1076,1077,1137],"margin-right:0.2222em;",[1019,1172,1175],{"className":1173},[1174],"vlist-s","​",[1019,1177,1179],{"className":1178},[1117],[1019,1180,1183],{"className":1181,"style":1182},[1121],"height:0.345em;",[1019,1184],{},[1019,1186],{"className":1187},[1188,1105],"mclose",",器件可靠性比较好，功耗也会降低。但是它是比较理想化的模型，因为实际中电压不能无限降低，否则晶体管开关速度、噪声容限都会受到影响。",[995,1191,1193],{"id":1192},"fixed-voltage-scaling-固定电压缩放","Fixed Voltage Scaling  固定电压缩放",[1000,1195,1196,1199],{},[1003,1197,1198],{},"直到最近都曾是最常见的模型——只有器件尺寸缩小，电压保持不变。这样可以让芯片速度提高，因为尺寸变小、电容减小，晶体管开关更快。但是问题是：尺寸变小了，电压不变，电场会变大。",[1003,1200,1201],{},"这容易带来：功耗密度升高； 器件发热严重；  可靠性下降；  氧化层击穿、热载流子效应等问题加重。 所以这种模型在早期较常见，但随着工艺越来越小，已经越来越不适合。",[995,1203,1205,1206],{"id":1204},"general-scaling-通用缩放-一般缩放","General Scaling  ",[1007,1207,1208],{},"通用缩放 \u002F 一般缩放",[1000,1210,1211],{},[1003,1212,1213],{},"尺寸会缩小，电压也会降低，但二者不是按照完全相同的比例缩放，是现代芯片设计通常采用的折中方式。",[990,1215,1217],{"id":1216},"tox-scaling-challenge-gate-leakage氧化层厚度缩放的挑战栅极漏电","Tox Scaling Challenge: Gate Leakage氧化层厚度缩放的挑战：栅极漏电",[1000,1219,1220,1315],{},[1003,1221,1222,1223,1314],{},"随着工艺尺寸不断缩小，晶体管的沟道长度变短，为了保证栅极还能有效控制沟道，栅氧化层厚度 ",[1019,1224,1226,1252],{"className":1225},[1022],[1019,1227,1229],{"className":1228},[1026],[1028,1230,1231],{"xmlns":1030},[1032,1232,1233,1249],{},[1035,1234,1235],{},[1236,1237,1238,1241],"msub",{},[1038,1239,1240],{},"T",[1035,1242,1243,1246],{},[1038,1244,1245],{},"o",[1038,1247,1248],{},"x",[1055,1250,1251],{"encoding":1057},"T_{ox}",[1019,1253,1255],{"className":1254,"ariaHidden":1063},[1062],[1019,1256,1258,1262],{"className":1257},[1067],[1019,1259],{"className":1260,"style":1261},[1071],"height:0.8333em;vertical-align:-0.15em;",[1019,1263,1265,1269],{"className":1264},[1076],[1019,1266,1240],{"className":1267,"style":1268},[1076,1077],"margin-right:0.1389em;",[1019,1270,1273],{"className":1271},[1272],"msupsub",[1019,1274,1276,1305],{"className":1275},[1112,1113],[1019,1277,1279,1302],{"className":1278},[1117],[1019,1280,1283],{"className":1281,"style":1282},[1121],"height:0.1514em;",[1019,1284,1286,1290],{"style":1285},"top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.1389em;margin-right:0.05em;",[1019,1287],{"className":1288,"style":1289},[1129],"height:2.7em;",[1019,1291,1293],{"className":1292},[1134,1135,1136,1137],[1019,1294,1296,1299],{"className":1295},[1076,1137],[1019,1297,1245],{"className":1298},[1076,1077,1137],[1019,1300,1248],{"className":1301},[1076,1077,1137],[1019,1303,1175],{"className":1304},[1174],[1019,1306,1308],{"className":1307},[1117],[1019,1309,1312],{"className":1310,"style":1311},[1121],"height:0.15em;",[1019,1313],{},"也必须变薄。",[1003,1316,1317,1318,1397,1398,1401,1402,1405,1406,1481],{},"当 ",[1019,1319,1321,1342],{"className":1320},[1022],[1019,1322,1324],{"className":1323},[1026],[1028,1325,1326],{"xmlns":1030},[1032,1327,1328,1340],{},[1035,1329,1330],{},[1236,1331,1332,1334],{},[1038,1333,1240],{},[1035,1335,1336,1338],{},[1038,1337,1245],{},[1038,1339,1248],{},[1055,1341,1251],{"encoding":1057},[1019,1343,1345],{"className":1344,"ariaHidden":1063},[1062],[1019,1346,1348,1351],{"className":1347},[1067],[1019,1349],{"className":1350,"style":1261},[1071],[1019,1352,1354,1357],{"className":1353},[1076],[1019,1355,1240],{"className":1356,"style":1268},[1076,1077],[1019,1358,1360],{"className":1359},[1272],[1019,1361,1363,1389],{"className":1362},[1112,1113],[1019,1364,1366,1386],{"className":1365},[1117],[1019,1367,1369],{"className":1368,"style":1282},[1121],[1019,1370,1371,1374],{"style":1285},[1019,1372],{"className":1373,"style":1289},[1129],[1019,1375,1377],{"className":1376},[1134,1135,1136,1137],[1019,1378,1380,1383],{"className":1379},[1076,1137],[1019,1381,1245],{"className":1382},[1076,1077,1137],[1019,1384,1248],{"className":1385},[1076,1077,1137],[1019,1387,1175],{"className":1388},[1174],[1019,1390,1392],{"className":1391},[1117],[1019,1393,1395],{"className":1394,"style":1311},[1121],[1019,1396],{}," 变得非常薄时，电子可以通过 ",[1007,1399,1400],{},"量子隧穿效应"," 穿过原本应该绝缘的氧化层，从栅极流向沟道或衬底，形成 ",[1007,1403,1404],{},"栅极漏电流"," ",[1019,1407,1409,1429],{"className":1408},[1022],[1019,1410,1412],{"className":1411},[1026],[1028,1413,1414],{"xmlns":1030},[1032,1415,1416,1426],{},[1035,1417,1418],{},[1236,1419,1420,1423],{},[1038,1421,1422],{},"I",[1038,1424,1425],{},"G",[1055,1427,1428],{"encoding":1057},"I_G",[1019,1430,1432],{"className":1431,"ariaHidden":1063},[1062],[1019,1433,1435,1438],{"className":1434},[1067],[1019,1436],{"className":1437,"style":1261},[1071],[1019,1439,1441,1445],{"className":1440},[1076],[1019,1442,1422],{"className":1443,"style":1444},[1076,1077],"margin-right:0.0785em;",[1019,1446,1448],{"className":1447},[1272],[1019,1449,1451,1473],{"className":1450},[1112,1113],[1019,1452,1454,1470],{"className":1453},[1117],[1019,1455,1458],{"className":1456,"style":1457},[1121],"height:0.3283em;",[1019,1459,1461,1464],{"style":1460},"top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.0785em;margin-right:0.05em;",[1019,1462],{"className":1463,"style":1289},[1129],[1019,1465,1467],{"className":1466},[1134,1135,1136,1137],[1019,1468,1425],{"className":1469},[1076,1077,1137],[1019,1471,1175],{"className":1472},[1174],[1019,1474,1476],{"className":1475},[1117],[1019,1477,1479],{"className":1478,"style":1311},[1121],[1019,1480],{},"。",[978,1483,1484],{},[1485,1486],"img",{"alt":1485,"src":1487},"\u002Fimg\u002FDigitalICDesign\u002FChapter9-Power-01.png",[1000,1489,1490,1608],{},[1003,1491,1492,1493],{},"这会带来：\n",[1494,1495,1496,1502,1508,1514],"ol",{},[1003,1497,1498,1501],{},[1007,1499,1500],{},"静态功耗增加","\n即使晶体管不工作，也会有漏电流流过，芯片待机功耗变大。",[1003,1503,1504,1507],{},[1007,1505,1506],{},"发热严重","\n漏电流越大，功耗越大，芯片温度也更难控制。",[1003,1509,1510,1513],{},[1007,1511,1512],{},"可靠性下降","\n长期漏电和高电场会影响栅氧化层寿命，增加器件失效风险。",[1003,1515,1516,1519,1520,1607],{},[1007,1517,1518],{},"继续缩放变得困难","\n单纯靠继续减薄 ",[1019,1521,1523,1549],{"className":1522},[1022],[1019,1524,1526],{"className":1525},[1026],[1028,1527,1528],{"xmlns":1030},[1032,1529,1530,1546],{},[1035,1531,1532,1534,1537],{},[1038,1533,1009],{},[1038,1535,1536],{},"i",[1236,1538,1539,1542],{},[1038,1540,1541],{},"O",[1543,1544,1545],"mn",{},"2",[1055,1547,1548],{"encoding":1057},"SiO_2",[1019,1550,1552],{"className":1551,"ariaHidden":1063},[1062],[1019,1553,1555,1558,1561,1564],{"className":1554},[1067],[1019,1556],{"className":1557,"style":1261},[1071],[1019,1559,1009],{"className":1560,"style":1078},[1076,1077],[1019,1562,1536],{"className":1563},[1076,1077],[1019,1565,1567,1571],{"className":1566},[1076],[1019,1568,1541],{"className":1569,"style":1570},[1076,1077],"margin-right:0.0278em;",[1019,1572,1574],{"className":1573},[1272],[1019,1575,1577,1599],{"className":1576},[1112,1113],[1019,1578,1580,1596],{"className":1579},[1117],[1019,1581,1584],{"className":1582,"style":1583},[1121],"height:0.3011em;",[1019,1585,1587,1590],{"style":1586},"top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.0278em;margin-right:0.05em;",[1019,1588],{"className":1589,"style":1289},[1129],[1019,1591,1593],{"className":1592},[1134,1135,1136,1137],[1019,1594,1545],{"className":1595},[1076,1137],[1019,1597,1175],{"className":1598},[1174],[1019,1600,1602],{"className":1601},[1117],[1019,1603,1605],{"className":1604,"style":1311},[1121],[1019,1606],{}," 已经不可行。",[1003,1609,1610,1611,1614],{},"改善这个问题的工艺和材料创新：",[1007,1612,1613],{},"High-k 介质 + 金属栅技术.","这样，在电学效果上，让栅极看起来像拥有很薄的氧化层；但在物理厚度上，实际绝缘层可以做得更厚。",[990,1616,1618,1619],{"id":1617},"three-key-enablers-for-continued-scaling支撑工艺继续缩放的三个关键技术","Three Key Enablers for Continued Scaling",[1007,1620,1621],{},"支撑工艺继续缩放的三个关键技术",[978,1623,1624],{},[1485,1625],{"alt":1485,"src":1626},"\u002Fimg\u002FDigitalICDesign\u002FChapter9-Power-02.png",[995,1628,1630],{"id":1629},"strained-silicon-introduced-in-90nm-应变硅技术在-90-nm-节点引入","Strained silicon introduced in 90nm 应变硅技术在 90 nm 节点引入",[1000,1632,1633,1738],{},[1003,1634,1635,1636,1737],{},"普通硅材料中，电子和空穴的运动速度有限。通过让硅晶格产生适当拉伸或压缩，可以改善载流子迁移率，让电子或空穴运动得更快。结果是：",[1019,1637,1639,1671],{"className":1638},[1022],[1019,1640,1642],{"className":1641},[1026],[1028,1643,1644],{"xmlns":1030},[1032,1645,1646,1668],{},[1035,1647,1648],{},[1236,1649,1650,1652],{},[1038,1651,1422],{},[1035,1653,1654,1657,1660,1662,1665],{},[1038,1655,1656],{},"d",[1038,1658,1659],{},"r",[1038,1661,1536],{},[1038,1663,1664],{},"v",[1038,1666,1667],{},"e",[1055,1669,1670],{"encoding":1057},"I_{drive}",[1019,1672,1674],{"className":1673,"ariaHidden":1063},[1062],[1019,1675,1677,1680],{"className":1676},[1067],[1019,1678],{"className":1679,"style":1261},[1071],[1019,1681,1683,1686],{"className":1682},[1076],[1019,1684,1422],{"className":1685,"style":1444},[1076,1077],[1019,1687,1689],{"className":1688},[1272],[1019,1690,1692,1729],{"className":1691},[1112,1113],[1019,1693,1695,1726],{"className":1694},[1117],[1019,1696,1699],{"className":1697,"style":1698},[1121],"height:0.3361em;",[1019,1700,1701,1704],{"style":1460},[1019,1702],{"className":1703,"style":1289},[1129],[1019,1705,1707],{"className":1706},[1134,1135,1136,1137],[1019,1708,1710,1713,1716,1719,1723],{"className":1709},[1076,1137],[1019,1711,1656],{"className":1712},[1076,1077,1137],[1019,1714,1659],{"className":1715,"style":1570},[1076,1077,1137],[1019,1717,1536],{"className":1718},[1076,1077,1137],[1019,1720,1664],{"className":1721,"style":1722},[1076,1077,1137],"margin-right:0.0359em;",[1019,1724,1667],{"className":1725},[1076,1077,1137],[1019,1727,1175],{"className":1728},[1174],[1019,1730,1732],{"className":1731},[1117],[1019,1733,1735],{"className":1734,"style":1311},[1121],[1019,1736],{},"增大，也就是晶体管的驱动电流变大，开关速度提高。",[1003,1739,1740],{},"这样做的好处是即使不继续大幅减薄栅氧化层，也能提升晶体管性能，从而缓解了栅氧化层继续缩薄带来的漏电问题。",[995,1742,1744,1745],{"id":1743},"high-k-metal-gate-introduced-in-45nm-high-k-金属栅技术在-45-nm-节点引入","High-K metal gate introduced in 45nm ",[1007,1746,1747],{},"High-K 金属栅技术在 45 nm 节点引入",[1000,1749,1750],{},[1003,1751,1752],{},"前面讲过，电学上等效为很薄的氧化层，但物理上可以做得更厚。这样既能保持栅极对沟道的控制能力，又能显著降低隧穿漏电流",[995,1754,1756,1757],{"id":1755},"tri-gate-introduced-in-22nm-三栅极-tri-gate-晶体管在-22-nm-节点引入finfet","Tri-gate introduced in 22nm ",[1007,1758,1759,1760],{},"三栅极 \u002F Tri-gate 晶体管在 22 nm 节点引入",[1019,1761,1762],{},"finFET",[1000,1764,1765,1768],{},[1003,1766,1767],{},"传统 MOSFET 是平面结构，栅极主要从上方控制沟道。随着沟道越来越短，栅极对沟道的控制变弱，会出现短沟道效应，例如关不住、电流泄漏增大等问题。",[1003,1769,1770],{},"Tri-gate 把沟道做成立体鳍片形状，栅极从上方和两侧包围沟道，相当于从多个方向控制电流。这样可以增强栅极控制能力；降低短沟道效应；减小漏电；支持晶体管继续缩小。",[978,1772,1773],{},[1485,1774],{"alt":1485,"src":1775},"\u002Fimg\u002FDigitalICDesign\u002FChapter9-Power-03.png",[990,1777,1779],{"id":1778},"changes-in-scaling工艺缩放方式的变化","Changes in Scaling工艺缩放方式的变化",[1781,1782,1783,1799],"table",{},[1784,1785,1786],"thead",{},[1787,1788,1789,1793,1796],"tr",{},[1790,1791,1792],"th",{},"对比维度",[1790,1794,1795],{},"传统工艺缩放",[1790,1797,1798],{},"现在的工艺缩放",[1800,1801,1802,1814,1825,1836,1847,1858,1869],"tbody",{},[1787,1803,1804,1808,1811],{},[1805,1806,1807],"td",{},"成本变化",[1805,1809,1810],{},"缩放降低成本",[1805,1812,1813],{},"缩放仍然可以降低成本",[1787,1815,1816,1819,1822],{},[1805,1817,1818],{},"性能提升来源",[1805,1820,1821],{},"缩放直接推动性能提升",[1805,1823,1824],{},"材料、器件结构和工艺创新推动性能提升",[1787,1826,1827,1830,1833],{},[1805,1828,1829],{},"主要限制因素",[1805,1831,1832],{},"主要受性能限制",[1805,1834,1835],{},"主要受功耗限制",[1787,1837,1838,1841,1844],{},[1805,1839,1840],{},"主导功耗类型",[1805,1842,1843],{},"动态功耗占主导",[1805,1845,1846],{},"待机功耗 \u002F 漏电功耗占主导",[1787,1848,1849,1852,1855],{},[1805,1850,1851],{},"设计与工艺关系",[1805,1853,1854],{},"设计和工艺相对独立",[1805,1856,1857],{},"设计和工艺高度相关、需要协同优化",[1787,1859,1860,1863,1866],{},[1805,1861,1862],{},"核心特点",[1805,1864,1865],{},"晶体管变小通常就能带来更快、更便宜的芯片",[1805,1867,1868],{},"单纯缩小尺寸已经不够，需要材料、结构和设计共同优化",[1787,1870,1871,1874,1877],{},[1805,1872,1873],{},"典型问题",[1805,1875,1876],{},"如何继续提高速度",[1805,1878,1879],{},"如何控制漏电、功耗、发热和工艺复杂度",[978,1881,1882],{},[1485,1883],{"alt":1485,"src":1884},"\u002Fimg\u002FDigitalICDesign\u002FChapter9-Power-04.png",[1781,1886,1887,1900],{},[1784,1888,1889],{},[1787,1890,1891,1894,1897],{},[1790,1892,1893],{},"颜色 \u002F 符号",[1790,1895,1896],{},"含义",[1790,1898,1899],{},"趋势",[1800,1901,1902,1913,1924,1935,1946],{},[1787,1903,1904,1907,1910],{},[1805,1905,1906],{},"橙色三角形",[1805,1908,1909],{},"晶体管数量，单位是 thousands",[1805,1911,1912],{},"持续快速上升",[1787,1914,1915,1918,1921],{},[1805,1916,1917],{},"蓝色圆点",[1805,1919,1920],{},"单线程性能",[1805,1922,1923],{},"早期快速提升，后期增速变慢",[1787,1925,1926,1929,1932],{},[1805,1927,1928],{},"绿色方块",[1805,1930,1931],{},"时钟频率，MHz",[1805,1933,1934],{},"2000 年前快速上升，之后趋于平缓",[1787,1936,1937,1940,1943],{},[1805,1938,1939],{},"红色倒三角",[1805,1941,1942],{},"典型功耗，Watts",[1805,1944,1945],{},"逐渐上升，但不能无限增加",[1787,1947,1948,1951,1954],{},[1805,1949,1950],{},"黑色菱形",[1805,1952,1953],{},"逻辑核心数",[1805,1955,1956],{},"2000 年后明显增加",[978,1958,1959,1960,1963],{},"2000 年后的 transition：转向多核黑色菱形表示 ",[1007,1961,1962],{},"Number of Logical Cores，逻辑核心数","。可以看到，在 2000 年前后，核心数基本很少，接近 1；但之后开始明显增加。",[978,1965,1966],{},"这是因为频率提高受限后，厂商开始把更多晶体管用于增加多个核心，让多个核心并行工作。",[990,1968,1969],{"id":1969},"这一部分的总结",[978,1971,1972],{},[1485,1973],{"alt":1485,"src":1974},"\u002Fimg\u002FDigitalICDesign\u002FChapter9-Power-05.png",[978,1976,1977],{},"中文人话：早期工艺缩放能够同时带来面积减小、速度提升和功耗降低，因此晶体管越做越小，芯片自然变得更快、更便宜。但在 130 nm 左右以后，传统缩放遇到了栅氧化层过薄和漏电流增大的问题，单纯缩小尺寸不再足够。因此，后续工艺发展越来越依赖材料和器件结构创新，例如 High-K 金属栅、应变硅和 FinFET。",[985,1979,1981],{"id":1980},"二power-and-energy","二、Power and energy",[990,1983,1985],{"id":1984},"why-power-matters","Why Power matters",[978,1987,1988],{},[1485,1989],{"alt":1485,"src":1990},"\u002Fimg\u002FDigitalICDesign\u002FChapter9-Power-06.png",[1000,1992,1993],{},[1003,1994,1995],{},"从 1971 年到 2000 年左右，Intel 处理器从 4004、8008、8086、286、386、486 发展到 Pentium、P6 的过程中，功耗整体呈持续上升趋势，而且纵轴采用对数刻度，说明功耗增长幅度很大：早期处理器功耗不到 1W，而后期逐渐上升到十几瓦甚至更高。它强调的是，随着晶体管数量增加和工作频率提升，处理器性能虽然不断增强，但功耗和发热也迅速变成关键限制因素，因此芯片设计不能只追求速度提升，还必须重视功耗控制、散热能力和可靠性问题。",[978,1997,1998],{},[1485,1999],{"alt":1485,"src":2000},"\u002Fimg\u002FDigitalICDesign\u002FChapter9-Power-07.png",[1000,2002,2003],{},[1003,2004,2005],{},"处理器功耗密度随工艺和性能提升而快速上升，当单位面积发热接近电热板甚至更高水平时，芯片已经不能单纯依靠提高频率来提升性能，必须重点考虑低功耗设计、散热和能效优化。",[978,2007,2008],{},[1485,2009],{"alt":1485,"src":2010},"\u002Fimg\u002FDigitalICDesign\u002FChapter9-Power-08.png",[1000,2012,2013],{},[1003,2014,2015],{},"功耗影响的：封装成本、电源轨设计、芯片和系统散热成本、抗噪声能力和系统可靠性、便携设备中的电池寿命、环境问题。",[990,2017,2019],{"id":2018},"power-and-energy","Power and Energy",[978,2021,2022],{},[1485,2023],{"alt":1485,"src":2024},"\u002Fimg\u002FDigitalICDesign\u002FChapter9-Power-09.png",[978,2026,2027],{},"平均功率的计算⬆️",[978,2029,2030],{},[1485,2031],{"alt":1485,"src":2032},"\u002Fimg\u002FDigitalICDesign\u002FChapter9-Power-10.png",[978,2034,2035],{},"功率表示单位时间消耗能量的快慢，能量表示完成一段时间或一个任务总共消耗了多少；低功率设计如果运行时间变长，最终消耗的能量不一定更少。",[990,2037,2039],{"id":2038},"数字集成电路中的功耗来源感觉和考试相关性大一点","🌟数字集成电路中的功耗来源（感觉和考试相关性大一点）",[995,2041,2043],{"id":2042},"铺垫各个器件的功率计算","铺垫：各个器件的功率计算",[978,2045,2046],{},[1485,2047],{"alt":1485,"src":2048},"\u002Fimg\u002FDigitalICDesign\u002FChapter9-Power-11.png",[978,2050,2051],{},[1485,2052],{"alt":1485,"src":2053},"\u002Fimg\u002FDigitalICDesign\u002FChapter9-Power-12.png",[2055,2056,2057],"blockquote",{},[978,2058,2059,2062],{},[1007,2060,2061],{},"Ratioed circuits",",比率逻辑电路输出电平不仅由逻辑决定，还依赖于上拉网络和下拉网络的驱动强弱比例。比如psnudo-nMOS电路。",[978,2064,2065],{},[1485,2066],{"alt":1485,"src":2067},"\u002Fimg\u002FDigitalICDesign\u002FChapter9-Power-13.png",[995,2069,2070],{"id":2070},"开关电流",[2072,2073,2075],"h5",{"id":2074},"铺垫电容功耗","铺垫：电容功耗",[978,2077,2078],{},[1485,2079],{"alt":1485,"src":2080},"\u002Fimg\u002FDigitalICDesign\u002FChapter9-Power-14.png",[2072,2082,2083],{"id":2083},"开关波形图",[978,2085,2086],{},[1485,2087],{"alt":1485,"src":2088},"\u002Fimg\u002FDigitalICDesign\u002FChapter9-Power-15.png",[978,2090,2091],{},[1485,2092],{"alt":1485,"src":2093},"\u002Fimg\u002FDigitalICDesign\u002FChapter9-Power-16.png",[978,2095,2096],{},[1485,2097],{"alt":1485,"src":2098},"\u002Fimg\u002FDigitalICDesign\u002FChapter9-Power-17.png",[2072,2100,2102],{"id":2101},"开关功耗️可能有计算",[2103,2104,2105],"mark",{},"🌟🌟开关功耗‼️可能有计算",[978,2107,2108],{},[1485,2109],{"alt":1485,"src":2110},"\u002Fimg\u002FDigitalICDesign\u002FChapter9-Power-18.png",[978,2112,2113],{},[1485,2114],{"alt":1485,"src":2115},"\u002Fimg\u002FDigitalICDesign\u002FChapter9-Power-19.png",[978,2117,2118],{},[2103,2119,2120],{},"可能会考计算，例子：",[978,2122,2123],{},[1485,2124],{"alt":1485,"src":2125},"\u002Fimg\u002FDigitalICDesign\u002FChapter9-Power-20.png",[995,2127,2128],{"id":2128},"短路电流",[2072,2130,2132],{"id":2131},"概念","概念：",[978,2134,2135],{},"当晶体管发生切换时，nMOS 网络和 pMOS 网络可能会在瞬间同时导通。",[1000,2137,2138,2141,2144],{},[1003,2139,2140],{},"这会导致一个短暂的短路电流脉冲。",[1003,2142,2143],{},"如果输入和输出的上升\u002F下降时间相当，那么这部分功耗通常小于动态功耗的 10%。",[1003,2145,2146],{},"我们通常会忽略这一部分功耗。",[978,2148,2149],{},[1485,2150],{"alt":1485,"src":2151},"\u002Fimg\u002FDigitalICDesign\u002FChapter9-Power-21.png",[2072,2153,2155],{"id":2154},"发生过程","发生过程：",[978,2157,2158],{},[1485,2159],{"alt":1485,"src":2160},"\u002Fimg\u002FDigitalICDesign\u002FChapter9-Power-22.png",[2072,2162,2163],{"id":2163},"影响因素",[978,2165,2166],{},[1485,2167],{"alt":1485,"src":2168},"\u002Fimg\u002FDigitalICDesign\u002FChapter9-Power-23.png",[2072,2170,2172],{"id":2171},"减小短路电流的方法","减小短路电流的方法：",[978,2174,2175],{},[1485,2176],{"alt":1485,"src":2177},"\u002Fimg\u002FDigitalICDesign\u002FChapter9-Power-24.png",[978,2179,2180],{},"短路功耗主要来自输入翻转时 PMOS 和 NMOS 的短暂同时导通。输入边沿越慢，同时导通时间越长；输出边沿过慢又会把慢边沿传给下一级。因此在多级逻辑链中，应让输入、输出 rise\u002Ffall time 大致匹配，使每一级都不承受过慢的边沿，从而降低整体短路功耗。",[995,2182,2184],{"id":2183},"leakage漏电","Leakage漏电",[978,2186,2187],{},"主要有gate leakage , drain junction leakage , sub-threshold current.",[978,2189,2190],{},[1485,2191],{"alt":1485,"src":2192},"\u002Fimg\u002FDigitalICDesign\u002FChapter9-Power-25.png",[2072,2194,2196],{"id":2195},"gate-leakage栅极漏电","Gate Leakage栅极漏电",[1000,2198,2199,2380,2387,2396,2502],{},[1003,2200,2201,2202,2205,2206,2289,2290,2375,2376,2379],{},"定义：MOS 管在关断或工作时，",[1007,2203,2204],{},"栅极通过栅氧化层产生的漏电流，","和栅氧化层厚度 ",[1019,2207,2209,2232],{"className":2208},[1022],[1019,2210,2212],{"className":2211},[1026],[1028,2213,2214],{"xmlns":1030},[1032,2215,2216,2229],{},[1035,2217,2218],{},[1236,2219,2220,2223],{},[1038,2221,2222],{},"t",[1035,2224,2225,2227],{},[1038,2226,1245],{},[1038,2228,1248],{},[1055,2230,2231],{"encoding":1057},"t_{ox}",[1019,2233,2235],{"className":2234,"ariaHidden":1063},[1062],[1019,2236,2238,2242],{"className":2237},[1067],[1019,2239],{"className":2240,"style":2241},[1071],"height:0.7651em;vertical-align:-0.15em;",[1019,2243,2245,2248],{"className":2244},[1076],[1019,2246,2222],{"className":2247},[1076,1077],[1019,2249,2251],{"className":2250},[1272],[1019,2252,2254,2281],{"className":2253},[1112,1113],[1019,2255,2257,2278],{"className":2256},[1117],[1019,2258,2260],{"className":2259,"style":1282},[1121],[1019,2261,2263,2266],{"style":2262},"top:-2.55em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;",[1019,2264],{"className":2265,"style":1289},[1129],[1019,2267,2269],{"className":2268},[1134,1135,1136,1137],[1019,2270,2272,2275],{"className":2271},[1076,1137],[1019,2273,1245],{"className":2274},[1076,1077,1137],[1019,2276,1248],{"className":2277},[1076,1077,1137],[1019,2279,1175],{"className":2280},[1174],[1019,2282,2284],{"className":2283},[1117],[1019,2285,2287],{"className":2286,"style":1311},[1121],[1019,2288],{},"、栅源电压 ",[1019,2291,2293,2317],{"className":2292},[1022],[1019,2294,2296],{"className":2295},[1026],[1028,2297,2298],{"xmlns":1030},[1032,2299,2300,2314],{},[1035,2301,2302],{},[1236,2303,2304,2306],{},[1038,2305,1050],{},[1035,2307,2308,2311],{},[1038,2309,2310],{},"g",[1038,2312,2313],{},"s",[1055,2315,2316],{"encoding":1057},"V_{gs}",[1019,2318,2320],{"className":2319,"ariaHidden":1063},[1062],[1019,2321,2323,2327],{"className":2322},[1067],[1019,2324],{"className":2325,"style":2326},[1071],"height:0.9694em;vertical-align:-0.2861em;",[1019,2328,2330,2333],{"className":2329},[1076],[1019,2331,1050],{"className":2332,"style":1170},[1076,1077],[1019,2334,2336],{"className":2335},[1272],[1019,2337,2339,2366],{"className":2338},[1112,1113],[1019,2340,2342,2363],{"className":2341},[1117],[1019,2343,2345],{"className":2344,"style":1282},[1121],[1019,2346,2348,2351],{"style":2347},"top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.2222em;margin-right:0.05em;",[1019,2349],{"className":2350,"style":1289},[1129],[1019,2352,2354],{"className":2353},[1134,1135,1136,1137],[1019,2355,2357,2360],{"className":2356},[1076,1137],[1019,2358,2310],{"className":2359,"style":1722},[1076,1077,1137],[1019,2361,2313],{"className":2362},[1076,1077,1137],[1019,2364,1175],{"className":2365},[1174],[1019,2367,2369],{"className":2368},[1117],[1019,2370,2373],{"className":2371,"style":2372},[1121],"height:0.2861em;",[1019,2374],{}," 有非常强的关系。",[2103,2377,2378],{},"栅氧化层越薄，Vgs 越大","，栅氧化层两端的电场越强，电子越容易被拉过氧化层栅极，漏电越大。",[1003,2381,2382,2383,2386],{},"scaling:在较老的工艺中，栅极漏电可以忽略不计。",[1007,2384,2385],{},"在某些 65 nm 及以下工艺中，栅极漏电可能已经接近亚阈值漏电的大小。","所以先进工艺面临一个矛盾：氧化层薄，有利于提高晶体管控制能力和速度；但氧化层太薄，会导致严重的栅极漏电。",[1003,2388,2389,2390,2395],{},"p\u002Fn的差异：",[2103,2391,2392],{},[1007,2393,2394],{},"pMOS 的栅极漏电通常比 nMOS 小一个数量级（10倍）。","nMOS 中主要载流子是电子，pMOS 中主要载流子是空穴。电子的有效质量通常比空穴更小，因此电子更容易发生隧穿。nMOS 的栅极漏电往往比 pMOS 更严重。",[1003,2397,2398,2399,1405,2402,1405,2490,2493,2494,2497,2498,2501],{},"工艺上的改善：在工艺层面，可以通过使用",[1007,2400,2401],{},"大于",[1019,2403,2405,2433],{"className":2404},[1022],[1019,2406,2408],{"className":2407},[1026],[1028,2409,2410],{"xmlns":1030},[1032,2411,2412,2430],{},[1035,2413,2414,2417,2421],{},[1543,2415,2416],{},"10.5",[2418,2419,2420],"mtext",{}," ",[2422,2423,2424,2427],"mover",{"accent":1063},[2418,2425,2426],{},"A",[1042,2428,2429],{},"˚",[1055,2431,2432],{"encoding":1057},"10.5 \\, \\text{Å}",[1019,2434,2436],{"className":2435,"ariaHidden":1063},[1062],[1019,2437,2439,2443,2446,2450],{"className":2438},[1067],[1019,2440],{"className":2441,"style":2442},[1071],"height:0.9468em;",[1019,2444,2416],{"className":2445},[1076],[1019,2447],{"className":2448,"style":2449},[1082],"margin-right:0.1667em;",[1019,2451,2454],{"className":2452},[1076,2453],"text",[1019,2455,2458],{"className":2456},[1076,2457],"accent",[1019,2459,2461],{"className":2460},[1112],[1019,2462,2464],{"className":2463},[1117],[1019,2465,2467,2476],{"className":2466,"style":2442},[1121],[1019,2468,2470,2473],{"style":2469},"top:-3em;",[1019,2471],{"className":2472,"style":1130},[1129],[1019,2474,2426],{"className":2475},[1076],[1019,2477,2479,2482],{"style":2478},"top:-3.2523em;",[1019,2480],{"className":2481,"style":1130},[1129],[1019,2483,2487],{"className":2484,"style":2486},[2485],"accent-body","left:-0.375em;",[1019,2488,2429],{"className":2489},[1076],[1007,2491,2492],{},"的","栅氧化层厚度来控制漏电。传统 MOS 管常用二氧化硅作为栅氧化层。但是二氧化硅的介电常数不够高，",[1007,2495,2496],{},"High-k 材料","可以解决这一点：在保持较大栅电容的同时，让物理厚度可以做得更厚。",[1007,2499,2500],{},"有些工艺会提供多种不同厚度的栅氧化层。","同一芯片中不同供电电压下的晶体管制作不同的厚度，例如thicker oxide for 3.3 V I\u002FO transistors（核心逻辑电路通常工作在较低电压下，例如 1.0 V 或 1.2 V）",[1003,2503,2504,2505,2586,2587,2666,2667,2737],{},"电路上的改善：在电路设计层面，可以通过限制电源电压 ",[1019,2506,2508,2531],{"className":2507},[1022],[1019,2509,2511],{"className":2510},[1026],[1028,2512,2513],{"xmlns":1030},[1032,2514,2515,2528],{},[1035,2516,2517],{},[1236,2518,2519,2521],{},[1038,2520,1050],{},[1035,2522,2523,2526],{},[1038,2524,2525],{},"D",[1038,2527,2525],{},[1055,2529,2530],{"encoding":1057},"V_{DD}",[1019,2532,2534],{"className":2533,"ariaHidden":1063},[1062],[1019,2535,2537,2540],{"className":2536},[1067],[1019,2538],{"className":2539,"style":1261},[1071],[1019,2541,2543,2546],{"className":2542},[1076],[1019,2544,1050],{"className":2545,"style":1170},[1076,1077],[1019,2547,2549],{"className":2548},[1272],[1019,2550,2552,2578],{"className":2551},[1112,1113],[1019,2553,2555,2575],{"className":2554},[1117],[1019,2556,2558],{"className":2557,"style":1457},[1121],[1019,2559,2560,2563],{"style":2347},[1019,2561],{"className":2562,"style":1289},[1129],[1019,2564,2566],{"className":2565},[1134,1135,1136,1137],[1019,2567,2569,2572],{"className":2568},[1076,1137],[1019,2570,2525],{"className":2571,"style":1570},[1076,1077,1137],[1019,2573,2525],{"className":2574,"style":1570},[1076,1077,1137],[1019,2576,1175],{"className":2577},[1174],[1019,2579,2581],{"className":2580},[1117],[1019,2582,2584],{"className":2583,"style":1311},[1121],[1019,2585],{}," 来控制栅极漏电。不过这里也有权衡。降低 ",[1019,2588,2590,2611],{"className":2589},[1022],[1019,2591,2593],{"className":2592},[1026],[1028,2594,2595],{"xmlns":1030},[1032,2596,2597,2609],{},[1035,2598,2599],{},[1236,2600,2601,2603],{},[1038,2602,1050],{},[1035,2604,2605,2607],{},[1038,2606,2525],{},[1038,2608,2525],{},[1055,2610,2530],{"encoding":1057},[1019,2612,2614],{"className":2613,"ariaHidden":1063},[1062],[1019,2615,2617,2620],{"className":2616},[1067],[1019,2618],{"className":2619,"style":1261},[1071],[1019,2621,2623,2626],{"className":2622},[1076],[1019,2624,1050],{"className":2625,"style":1170},[1076,1077],[1019,2627,2629],{"className":2628},[1272],[1019,2630,2632,2658],{"className":2631},[1112,1113],[1019,2633,2635,2655],{"className":2634},[1117],[1019,2636,2638],{"className":2637,"style":1457},[1121],[1019,2639,2640,2643],{"style":2347},[1019,2641],{"className":2642,"style":1289},[1129],[1019,2644,2646],{"className":2645},[1134,1135,1136,1137],[1019,2647,2649,2652],{"className":2648},[1076,1137],[1019,2650,2525],{"className":2651,"style":1570},[1076,1077,1137],[1019,2653,2525],{"className":2654,"style":1570},[1076,1077,1137],[1019,2656,1175],{"className":2657},[1174],[1019,2659,2661],{"className":2660},[1117],[1019,2662,2664],{"className":2663,"style":1311},[1121],[1019,2665],{}," 虽然可以减少动态功耗和部分漏电，但也会降低电路速度。为了保持速度，可能又要降低阈值电压",[1019,2668,2670,2688],{"className":2669},[1022],[1019,2671,2673],{"className":2672},[1026],[1028,2674,2675],{"xmlns":1030},[1032,2676,2677,2685],{},[1035,2678,2679],{},[1236,2680,2681,2683],{},[1038,2682,1050],{},[1038,2684,1240],{},[1055,2686,2687],{"encoding":1057},"V_T",[1019,2689,2691],{"className":2690,"ariaHidden":1063},[1062],[1019,2692,2694,2697],{"className":2693},[1067],[1019,2695],{"className":2696,"style":1261},[1071],[1019,2698,2700,2703],{"className":2699},[1076],[1019,2701,1050],{"className":2702,"style":1170},[1076,1077],[1019,2704,2706],{"className":2705},[1272],[1019,2707,2709,2729],{"className":2708},[1112,1113],[1019,2710,2712,2726],{"className":2711},[1117],[1019,2713,2715],{"className":2714,"style":1457},[1121],[1019,2716,2717,2720],{"style":2347},[1019,2718],{"className":2719,"style":1289},[1129],[1019,2721,2723],{"className":2722},[1134,1135,1136,1137],[1019,2724,1240],{"className":2725,"style":1268},[1076,1077,1137],[1019,2727,1175],{"className":2728},[1174],[1019,2730,2732],{"className":2731},[1117],[1019,2733,2735],{"className":2734,"style":1311},[1121],[1019,2736],{},"，这会增加亚阈值漏电。",[2072,2739,2741],{"id":2740},"subthreshold-leakage-component亚阈值漏电流","Subthreshold Leakage Component亚阈值漏电流",[1000,2743,2744,2983],{},[1003,2745,2746,2747,2825,2826,2895,2896],{},"亚阈值：即使 ",[1019,2748,2750,2772],{"className":2749},[1022],[1019,2751,2753],{"className":2752},[1026],[1028,2754,2755],{"xmlns":1030},[1032,2756,2757,2769],{},[1035,2758,2759],{},[1236,2760,2761,2763],{},[1038,2762,1050],{},[1035,2764,2765,2767],{},[1038,2766,1425],{},[1038,2768,1009],{},[1055,2770,2771],{"encoding":1057},"V_{GS}",[1019,2773,2775],{"className":2774,"ariaHidden":1063},[1062],[1019,2776,2778,2781],{"className":2777},[1067],[1019,2779],{"className":2780,"style":1261},[1071],[1019,2782,2784,2787],{"className":2783},[1076],[1019,2785,1050],{"className":2786,"style":1170},[1076,1077],[1019,2788,2790],{"className":2789},[1272],[1019,2791,2793,2817],{"className":2792},[1112,1113],[1019,2794,2796,2814],{"className":2795},[1117],[1019,2797,2799],{"className":2798,"style":1457},[1121],[1019,2800,2801,2804],{"style":2347},[1019,2802],{"className":2803,"style":1289},[1129],[1019,2805,2807],{"className":2806},[1134,1135,1136,1137],[1019,2808,2810],{"className":2809},[1076,1137],[1019,2811,2813],{"className":2812,"style":1078},[1076,1077,1137],"GS",[1019,2815,1175],{"className":2816},[1174],[1019,2818,2820],{"className":2819},[1117],[1019,2821,2823],{"className":2822,"style":1311},[1121],[1019,2824],{}," 小于阈值电压 ",[1019,2827,2829,2846],{"className":2828},[1022],[1019,2830,2832],{"className":2831},[1026],[1028,2833,2834],{"xmlns":1030},[1032,2835,2836,2844],{},[1035,2837,2838],{},[1236,2839,2840,2842],{},[1038,2841,1050],{},[1038,2843,1240],{},[1055,2845,2687],{"encoding":1057},[1019,2847,2849],{"className":2848,"ariaHidden":1063},[1062],[1019,2850,2852,2855],{"className":2851},[1067],[1019,2853],{"className":2854,"style":1261},[1071],[1019,2856,2858,2861],{"className":2857},[1076],[1019,2859,1050],{"className":2860,"style":1170},[1076,1077],[1019,2862,2864],{"className":2863},[1272],[1019,2865,2867,2887],{"className":2866},[1112,1113],[1019,2868,2870,2884],{"className":2869},[1117],[1019,2871,2873],{"className":2872,"style":1457},[1121],[1019,2874,2875,2878],{"style":2347},[1019,2876],{"className":2877,"style":1289},[1129],[1019,2879,2881],{"className":2880},[1134,1135,1136,1137],[1019,2882,1240],{"className":2883,"style":1268},[1076,1077,1137],[1019,2885,1175],{"className":2886},[1174],[1019,2888,2890],{"className":2889},[1117],[1019,2891,2893],{"className":2892,"style":1311},[1121],[1019,2894],{},"，虽然没有形成强反型沟道，但沟道区域并不是完全没有载流子。仍然会有少量载流子由于浓度差发生扩散，从源极流向漏极。这个电流就叫",[1019,2897,2899,2925],{"className":2898},[1022],[1019,2900,2902],{"className":2901},[1026],[1028,2903,2904],{"xmlns":1030},[1032,2905,2906,2922],{},[1035,2907,2908],{},[1236,2909,2910,2912],{},[1038,2911,1422],{},[1035,2913,2914,2916,2919],{},[1038,2915,2313],{},[1038,2917,2918],{},"u",[1038,2920,2921],{},"b",[1055,2923,2924],{"encoding":1057},"I_{sub}",[1019,2926,2928],{"className":2927,"ariaHidden":1063},[1062],[1019,2929,2931,2934],{"className":2930},[1067],[1019,2932],{"className":2933,"style":1261},[1071],[1019,2935,2937,2940],{"className":2936},[1076],[1019,2938,1422],{"className":2939,"style":1444},[1076,1077],[1019,2941,2943],{"className":2942},[1272],[1019,2944,2946,2975],{"className":2945},[1112,1113],[1019,2947,2949,2972],{"className":2948},[1117],[1019,2950,2952],{"className":2951,"style":1698},[1121],[1019,2953,2954,2957],{"style":1460},[1019,2955],{"className":2956,"style":1289},[1129],[1019,2958,2960],{"className":2959},[1134,1135,1136,1137],[1019,2961,2963,2966,2969],{"className":2962},[1076,1137],[1019,2964,2313],{"className":2965},[1076,1077,1137],[1019,2967,2918],{"className":2968},[1076,1077,1137],[1019,2970,2921],{"className":2971},[1076,1077,1137],[1019,2973,1175],{"className":2974},[1174],[1019,2976,2978],{"className":2977},[1117],[1019,2979,2981],{"className":2980,"style":1311},[1121],[1019,2982],{},[1003,2984,2985,2986],{},"阈值电压越低，漏电越严重：\n",[1485,2987],{"alt":1485,"src":2988},"\u002Fimg\u002FDigitalICDesign\u002FChapter9-Power-26.png",[1019,2990,2993],{"className":2991},[2992],"katex-display",[1019,2994,2996,3069],{"className":2995},[1022],[1019,2997,2999],{"className":2998},[1026],[1028,3000,3002],{"xmlns":1030,"display":3001},"block",[1032,3003,3004,3066],{},[1035,3005,3006,3018,3021],{},[1236,3007,3008,3010],{},[1038,3009,1422],{},[1035,3011,3012,3014,3016],{},[1038,3013,2313],{},[1038,3015,2918],{},[1038,3017,2921],{},[1042,3019,3020],{},"∝",[3022,3023,3024,3026],"msup",{},[1038,3025,1667],{},[1046,3027,3028,3049],{},[1035,3029,3030,3040,3043],{},[1236,3031,3032,3034],{},[1038,3033,1050],{},[1035,3035,3036,3038],{},[1038,3037,1425],{},[1038,3039,1009],{},[1042,3041,3042],{},"−",[1236,3044,3045,3047],{},[1038,3046,1050],{},[1038,3048,1240],{},[1035,3050,3051,3054],{},[1038,3052,3053],{},"n",[3055,3056,3057,3059,3061],"msubsup",{},[1038,3058,1050],{},[1038,3060,1240],{},[1042,3062,3065],{"mathvariant":3063,"lspace":3064,"rspace":3064},"normal","0em","′",[1055,3067,3068],{"encoding":1057},"I_{sub} \\propto e^{\\frac{V_{GS}-V_T}{nV_T'}}",[1019,3070,3072,3136],{"className":3071,"ariaHidden":1063},[1062],[1019,3073,3075,3078,3127,3130,3133],{"className":3074},[1067],[1019,3076],{"className":3077,"style":1261},[1071],[1019,3079,3081,3084],{"className":3080},[1076],[1019,3082,1422],{"className":3083,"style":1444},[1076,1077],[1019,3085,3087],{"className":3086},[1272],[1019,3088,3090,3119],{"className":3089},[1112,1113],[1019,3091,3093,3116],{"className":3092},[1117],[1019,3094,3096],{"className":3095,"style":1698},[1121],[1019,3097,3098,3101],{"style":1460},[1019,3099],{"className":3100,"style":1289},[1129],[1019,3102,3104],{"className":3103},[1134,1135,1136,1137],[1019,3105,3107,3110,3113],{"className":3106},[1076,1137],[1019,3108,2313],{"className":3109},[1076,1077,1137],[1019,3111,2918],{"className":3112},[1076,1077,1137],[1019,3114,2921],{"className":3115},[1076,1077,1137],[1019,3117,1175],{"className":3118},[1174],[1019,3120,3122],{"className":3121},[1117],[1019,3123,3125],{"className":3124,"style":1311},[1121],[1019,3126],{},[1019,3128],{"className":3129,"style":1083},[1082],[1019,3131,3020],{"className":3132},[1087],[1019,3134],{"className":3135,"style":1083},[1082],[1019,3137,3139,3143],{"className":3138},[1067],[1019,3140],{"className":3141,"style":3142},[1071],"height:1.439em;",[1019,3144,3146,3149],{"className":3145},[1076],[1019,3147,1667],{"className":3148},[1076,1077],[1019,3150,3152],{"className":3151},[1272],[1019,3153,3155],{"className":3154},[1112],[1019,3156,3158],{"className":3157},[1117],[1019,3159,3161],{"className":3160,"style":3142},[1121],[1019,3162,3164,3167],{"style":3163},"top:-3.7016em;margin-right:0.05em;",[1019,3165],{"className":3166,"style":1130},[1129],[1019,3168,3170],{"className":3169},[1134,1135,1136,1137],[1019,3171,3173],{"className":3172},[1076,1137],[1019,3174,3176,3181,3381],{"className":3175},[1076,1137],[1019,3177],{"className":3178},[1104,1105,1134,3179,3180],"reset-size3","size6",[1019,3182,3184],{"className":3183},[1046],[1019,3185,3187,3372],{"className":3186},[1112,1113],[1019,3188,3190,3369],{"className":3189},[1117],[1019,3191,3194,3263,3273],{"className":3192,"style":3193},[1121],"height:1.0534em;",[1019,3195,3197,3200],{"style":3196},"top:-2.5334em;",[1019,3198],{"className":3199,"style":1130},[1129],[1019,3201,3204],{"className":3202},[1134,3179,3203,1137],"size1",[1019,3205,3207,3210],{"className":3206},[1076,1137],[1019,3208,3053],{"className":3209},[1076,1077,1137],[1019,3211,3213,3216],{"className":3212},[1076,1137],[1019,3214,1050],{"className":3215,"style":1170},[1076,1077,1137],[1019,3217,3219],{"className":3218},[1272],[1019,3220,3222,3254],{"className":3221},[1112,1113],[1019,3223,3225,3251],{"className":3224},[1117],[1019,3226,3229,3239],{"className":3227,"style":3228},[1121],"height:0.9004em;",[1019,3230,3232,3236],{"style":3231},"top:-2.1488em;margin-left:-0.2222em;margin-right:0.1em;",[1019,3233],{"className":3234,"style":3235},[1129],"height:2.6833em;",[1019,3237,1240],{"className":3238,"style":1268},[1076,1077,1137],[1019,3240,3242,3245],{"style":3241},"top:-3.0281em;margin-right:0.1em;",[1019,3243],{"className":3244,"style":3235},[1129],[1019,3246,3248],{"className":3247},[1076,1137],[1019,3249,3065],{"className":3250},[1076,1137],[1019,3252,1175],{"className":3253},[1174],[1019,3255,3257],{"className":3256},[1117],[1019,3258,3261],{"className":3259,"style":3260},[1121],"height:0.5345em;",[1019,3262],{},[1019,3264,3266,3269],{"style":3265},"top:-3.2255em;",[1019,3267],{"className":3268,"style":1130},[1129],[1019,3270],{"className":3271,"style":3272},[1153,1137],"border-bottom-width:0.049em;",[1019,3274,3276,3279],{"style":3275},"top:-3.5653em;",[1019,3277],{"className":3278,"style":1130},[1129],[1019,3280,3282],{"className":3281},[1134,3179,3203,1137],[1019,3283,3285,3328,3332],{"className":3284},[1076,1137],[1019,3286,3288,3291],{"className":3287},[1076,1137],[1019,3289,1050],{"className":3290,"style":1170},[1076,1077,1137],[1019,3292,3294],{"className":3293},[1272],[1019,3295,3297,3319],{"className":3296},[1112,1113],[1019,3298,3300,3316],{"className":3299},[1117],[1019,3301,3304],{"className":3302,"style":3303},[1121],"height:0.3448em;",[1019,3305,3307,3310],{"style":3306},"top:-2.3448em;margin-left:-0.2222em;margin-right:0.1em;",[1019,3308],{"className":3309,"style":3235},[1129],[1019,3311,3313],{"className":3312},[1076,1137],[1019,3314,2813],{"className":3315,"style":1078},[1076,1077,1137],[1019,3317,1175],{"className":3318},[1174],[1019,3320,3322],{"className":3321},[1117],[1019,3323,3326],{"className":3324,"style":3325},[1121],"height:0.3385em;",[1019,3327],{},[1019,3329,3042],{"className":3330},[3331,1137],"mbin",[1019,3333,3335,3338],{"className":3334},[1076,1137],[1019,3336,1050],{"className":3337,"style":1170},[1076,1077,1137],[1019,3339,3341],{"className":3340},[1272],[1019,3342,3344,3361],{"className":3343},[1112,1113],[1019,3345,3347,3358],{"className":3346},[1117],[1019,3348,3350],{"className":3349,"style":3303},[1121],[1019,3351,3352,3355],{"style":3306},[1019,3353],{"className":3354,"style":3235},[1129],[1019,3356,1240],{"className":3357,"style":1268},[1076,1077,1137],[1019,3359,1175],{"className":3360},[1174],[1019,3362,3364],{"className":3363},[1117],[1019,3365,3367],{"className":3366,"style":3325},[1121],[1019,3368],{},[1019,3370,1175],{"className":3371},[1174],[1019,3373,3375],{"className":3374},[1117],[1019,3376,3379],{"className":3377,"style":3378},[1121],"height:0.8484em;",[1019,3380],{},[1019,3382],{"className":3383},[1188,1105,1134,3179,3180],[1000,3385,3386],{},[1003,3387,3388],{},"怎么越来越像微电子器件了，公式里面DIBL都出来了，应该不会考这种公式，大概了解一下量级",[978,3390,3391],{},[1485,3392],{"alt":1485,"src":3393},"\u002Fimg\u002FDigitalICDesign\u002FChapter9-Power-27.png",[2072,3395,3397],{"id":3396},"junction-leakage","Junction Leakage",[978,3399,3400],{},[1485,3401],{"alt":1485,"src":3402},"\u002Fimg\u002FDigitalICDesign\u002FChapter9-Power-28.png",[1000,3404,3405,3408],{},[1003,3406,3407],{},"反向偏置 p-n 结产生的隧穿漏电，发生在扩散区与衬底或阱之间",[1003,3409,3410,3413,3414,3485,3486,3639],{},[1007,3411,3412],{},"带间隧穿（BTBT）可能会很显著，","尤其是在高 ",[1019,3415,3417,3435],{"className":3416},[1022],[1019,3418,3420],{"className":3419},[1026],[1028,3421,3422],{"xmlns":1030},[1032,3423,3424,3432],{},[1035,3425,3426],{},[1236,3427,3428,3430],{},[1038,3429,1050],{},[1038,3431,2222],{},[1055,3433,3434],{"encoding":1057},"V_t",[1019,3436,3438],{"className":3437,"ariaHidden":1063},[1062],[1019,3439,3441,3444],{"className":3440},[1067],[1019,3442],{"className":3443,"style":1261},[1071],[1019,3445,3447,3450],{"className":3446},[1076],[1019,3448,1050],{"className":3449,"style":1170},[1076,1077],[1019,3451,3453],{"className":3452},[1272],[1019,3454,3456,3477],{"className":3455},[1112,1113],[1019,3457,3459,3474],{"className":3458},[1117],[1019,3460,3463],{"className":3461,"style":3462},[1121],"height:0.2806em;",[1019,3464,3465,3468],{"style":2347},[1019,3466],{"className":3467,"style":1289},[1129],[1019,3469,3471],{"className":3470},[1134,1135,1136,1137],[1019,3472,2222],{"className":3473},[1076,1077,1137],[1019,3475,1175],{"className":3476},[1174],[1019,3478,3480],{"className":3479},[1117],[1019,3481,3483],{"className":3482,"style":1311},[1121],[1019,3484],{}," 晶体管中，因为其他漏电较小\n当 ",[1019,3487,3489,3523],{"className":3488},[1022],[1019,3490,3492],{"className":3491},[1026],[1028,3493,3494],{"xmlns":1030},[1032,3495,3496,3520],{},[1035,3497,3498,3508,3510],{},[1236,3499,3500,3502],{},[1038,3501,1050],{},[1035,3503,3504,3506],{},[1038,3505,1656],{},[1038,3507,2921],{},[1042,3509,1044],{},[1236,3511,3512,3514],{},[1038,3513,1050],{},[1035,3515,3516,3518],{},[1038,3517,2525],{},[1038,3519,2525],{},[1055,3521,3522],{"encoding":1057},"V_{db}=V_{DD}",[1019,3524,3526,3587],{"className":3525,"ariaHidden":1063},[1062],[1019,3527,3529,3532,3578,3581,3584],{"className":3528},[1067],[1019,3530],{"className":3531,"style":1261},[1071],[1019,3533,3535,3538],{"className":3534},[1076],[1019,3536,1050],{"className":3537,"style":1170},[1076,1077],[1019,3539,3541],{"className":3540},[1272],[1019,3542,3544,3570],{"className":3543},[1112,1113],[1019,3545,3547,3567],{"className":3546},[1117],[1019,3548,3550],{"className":3549,"style":1698},[1121],[1019,3551,3552,3555],{"style":2347},[1019,3553],{"className":3554,"style":1289},[1129],[1019,3556,3558],{"className":3557},[1134,1135,1136,1137],[1019,3559,3561,3564],{"className":3560},[1076,1137],[1019,3562,1656],{"className":3563},[1076,1077,1137],[1019,3565,2921],{"className":3566},[1076,1077,1137],[1019,3568,1175],{"className":3569},[1174],[1019,3571,3573],{"className":3572},[1117],[1019,3574,3576],{"className":3575,"style":1311},[1121],[1019,3577],{},[1019,3579],{"className":3580,"style":1083},[1082],[1019,3582,1044],{"className":3583},[1087],[1019,3585],{"className":3586,"style":1083},[1082],[1019,3588,3590,3593],{"className":3589},[1067],[1019,3591],{"className":3592,"style":1261},[1071],[1019,3594,3596,3599],{"className":3595},[1076],[1019,3597,1050],{"className":3598,"style":1170},[1076,1077],[1019,3600,3602],{"className":3601},[1272],[1019,3603,3605,3631],{"className":3604},[1112,1113],[1019,3606,3608,3628],{"className":3607},[1117],[1019,3609,3611],{"className":3610,"style":1457},[1121],[1019,3612,3613,3616],{"style":2347},[1019,3614],{"className":3615,"style":1289},[1129],[1019,3617,3619],{"className":3618},[1134,1135,1136,1137],[1019,3620,3622,3625],{"className":3621},[1076,1137],[1019,3623,2525],{"className":3624,"style":1570},[1076,1077,1137],[1019,3626,2525],{"className":3627,"style":1570},[1076,1077,1137],[1019,3629,1175],{"className":3630},[1174],[1019,3632,3634],{"className":3633},[1117],[1019,3635,3637],{"className":3636,"style":1311},[1121],[1019,3638],{}," 时最严重。",[2072,3641,3642],{"id":3642},"漏电流的影响因素",[978,3644,3645],{},[1485,3646],{"alt":1485,"src":3647},"\u002Fimg\u002FDigitalICDesign\u002FChapter9-Power-29.png",[978,3649,3650],{},[1485,3651],{"alt":1485,"src":3652},"\u002Fimg\u002FDigitalICDesign\u002FChapter9-Power-30.png",[995,3654,3656],{"id":3655},"重点总结","重点总结：",[978,3658,3659],{},[1485,3660],{"alt":1485,"src":3661},"\u002Fimg\u002FDigitalICDesign\u002FChapter9-Power-31.png",[985,3663,3665],{"id":3664},"三power-optimization","三、Power optimization",[990,3667,3669],{"id":3668},"减少动态功耗设计阶段","减少动态功耗——设计阶段",[978,3671,3672],{},"表格从两个角度分类：",[978,3674,3675],{},"第一，按功耗类型分为：",[1000,3677,3678,3684],{},[1003,3679,3680,3683],{},[1007,3681,3682],{},"Active Energy","：电路工作时产生的动态能量，主要来自节点翻转、电容充放电。",[1003,3685,3686,3689],{},[1007,3687,3688],{},"Leakage","：电路即使不工作也会存在的漏电功耗。",[978,3691,3692],{},"第二，按优化发生的时间和场景分为：",[1000,3694,3695,3701,3707],{},[1003,3696,3697,3700],{},[1007,3698,3699],{},"Design Time","：设计阶段就决定好的优化方法。",[1003,3702,3703,3706],{},[1007,3704,3705],{},"Non-active Modules","：模块暂时不用时采用的节能方法。",[1003,3708,3709,3712],{},[1007,3710,3711],{},"Run Time","：运行过程中动态调整的方法。",[978,3714,3715],{},"从逻辑电路设计、缩小Vdd、改变尺寸、使用多种Vdd下手",[978,3717,3718],{},[1485,3719],{"alt":1485,"src":3720},"\u002Fimg\u002FDigitalICDesign\u002FChapter9-Power-32.png",[978,3722,3723],{},[1007,3724,3725],{},"减小开关功耗:",[1781,3727,3729],{"style":3728},"width: 100%; border: 0; border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0;",[1800,3730,3731],{},[1787,3732,3734,3735,3734,3743],{"style":3733},"border: none;","\n  ",[1805,3736,3738,3734],{"style":3737},"width: 72.0%; text-align: center; border: none; padding: 0.3em; margin: 0;",[978,3739,3740],{},[1485,3741],{"alt":1485,"src":3742},"\u002Fimg\u002FDigitalICDesign\u002FChapter9-Power-33.png",[1805,3744,3746,3734],{"style":3745},"width: 27.0%; text-align: center; border: none; padding: 0.3em; margin: 0;",[978,3747,3748],{},[1485,3749],{"alt":1485,"src":3750},"\u002Fimg\u002FDigitalICDesign\u002FChapter9-Power-34.png",[2072,3752,3754],{"id":3753},"activity-factor-estimation活动因子估计","Activity Factor Estimation活动因子估计",[978,3756,3757],{},"开关功耗主要发生在输出从低电平上升到高电平的过程，我们关注会发生多少个这样的翻转过程",[1000,3759,3760],{},[1003,3761,3762,3763,3766],{},"在完全随机的情况下，节点为0和1的概率各为50%，",[1007,3764,3765],{},"节点发生 0 → 1 翻转的概率，等于“上一时刻为 0 的概率”乘以“下一时刻为 1 的概率”。","也就是：",[978,3768,3769,4011],{},[1019,3770,3772,3844],{"className":3771},[1022],[1019,3773,3775],{"className":3774},[1026],[1028,3776,3777],{"xmlns":1030},[1032,3778,3779,3841],{},[1035,3780,3781,3797,3799,3801,3803,3805,3807,3811,3813,3815,3817,3820,3823,3825,3827,3829,3831,3833,3835,3837,3839],{},[1236,3782,3783,3786],{},[1038,3784,3785],{},"P",[1035,3787,3788,3791,3794],{},[1543,3789,3790],{},"0",[1042,3792,3793],{},"→",[1543,3795,3796],{},"1",[1042,3798,1044],{},[1038,3800,3785],{},[1038,3802,1659],{},[1038,3804,1245],{},[1038,3806,2921],{},[1042,3808,3810],{"stretchy":3809},"false","(",[1038,3812,1536],{},[1042,3814,1044],{},[1543,3816,3790],{},[1042,3818,3819],{"stretchy":3809},")",[1042,3821,3822],{},"×",[1038,3824,3785],{},[1038,3826,1659],{},[1038,3828,1245],{},[1038,3830,2921],{},[1042,3832,3810],{"stretchy":3809},[1038,3834,1536],{},[1042,3836,1044],{},[1543,3838,3796],{},[1042,3840,3819],{"stretchy":3809},[1055,3842,3843],{"encoding":1057},"P_{0\\rightarrow1}=Prob(i=0)\\times Prob(i=1)",[1019,3845,3847,3911,3945,3966,3999],{"className":3846,"ariaHidden":1063},[1062],[1019,3848,3850,3853,3902,3905,3908],{"className":3849},[1067],[1019,3851],{"className":3852,"style":1261},[1071],[1019,3854,3856,3859],{"className":3855},[1076],[1019,3857,3785],{"className":3858,"style":1268},[1076,1077],[1019,3860,3862],{"className":3861},[1272],[1019,3863,3865,3894],{"className":3864},[1112,1113],[1019,3866,3868,3891],{"className":3867},[1117],[1019,3869,3871],{"className":3870,"style":1583},[1121],[1019,3872,3873,3876],{"style":1285},[1019,3874],{"className":3875,"style":1289},[1129],[1019,3877,3879],{"className":3878},[1134,1135,1136,1137],[1019,3880,3882,3885,3888],{"className":3881},[1076,1137],[1019,3883,3790],{"className":3884},[1076,1137],[1019,3886,3793],{"className":3887},[1087,1137],[1019,3889,3796],{"className":3890},[1076,1137],[1019,3892,1175],{"className":3893},[1174],[1019,3895,3897],{"className":3896},[1117],[1019,3898,3900],{"className":3899,"style":1311},[1121],[1019,3901],{},[1019,3903],{"className":3904,"style":1083},[1082],[1019,3906,1044],{"className":3907},[1087],[1019,3909],{"className":3910,"style":1083},[1082],[1019,3912,3914,3918,3921,3924,3927,3930,3933,3936,3939,3942],{"className":3913},[1067],[1019,3915],{"className":3916,"style":3917},[1071],"height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;",[1019,3919,3785],{"className":3920,"style":1268},[1076,1077],[1019,3922,1659],{"className":3923,"style":1570},[1076,1077],[1019,3925,1245],{"className":3926},[1076,1077],[1019,3928,2921],{"className":3929},[1076,1077],[1019,3931,3810],{"className":3932},[1104],[1019,3934,1536],{"className":3935},[1076,1077],[1019,3937],{"className":3938,"style":1083},[1082],[1019,3940,1044],{"className":3941},[1087],[1019,3943],{"className":3944,"style":1083},[1082],[1019,3946,3948,3951,3954,3957,3960,3963],{"className":3947},[1067],[1019,3949],{"className":3950,"style":3917},[1071],[1019,3952,3790],{"className":3953},[1076],[1019,3955,3819],{"className":3956},[1188],[1019,3958],{"className":3959,"style":1170},[1082],[1019,3961,3822],{"className":3962},[3331],[1019,3964],{"className":3965,"style":1170},[1082],[1019,3967,3969,3972,3975,3978,3981,3984,3987,3990,3993,3996],{"className":3968},[1067],[1019,3970],{"className":3971,"style":3917},[1071],[1019,3973,3785],{"className":3974,"style":1268},[1076,1077],[1019,3976,1659],{"className":3977,"style":1570},[1076,1077],[1019,3979,1245],{"className":3980},[1076,1077],[1019,3982,2921],{"className":3983},[1076,1077],[1019,3985,3810],{"className":3986},[1104],[1019,3988,1536],{"className":3989},[1076,1077],[1019,3991],{"className":3992,"style":1083},[1082],[1019,3994,1044],{"className":3995},[1087],[1019,3997],{"className":3998,"style":1083},[1082],[1019,4000,4002,4005,4008],{"className":4001},[1067],[1019,4003],{"className":4004,"style":3917},[1071],[1019,4006,3796],{"className":4007},[1076],[1019,4009,3819],{"className":4010},[1188],"，为0.25。",[1000,4013,4014,4017],{},[1003,4015,4016],{},"实际数据通常不是完全随机的。比如 64 位数据如果表示银行账户余额，高位 bit 通常是 0。因为普通账户余额不会大到需要用满 64 位，所以高位长期保持 0，很少翻转。这说明真实电路中的活动因子往往小于完全随机情况下的 0.25。",[1003,4018,4019],{},"数据经过 AND 门和 OR 门之后，活动因子通常会降低。因为 AND 门、OR 门的输出不一定像输入那样随机。例如 AND 门只有所有输入都为 1 时输出才为 1，所以输出更容易偏向 0；OR 门只要有一个输入为 1 输出就为 1，所以输出更容易偏向 1。输出一旦偏向某个固定值，翻转概率就会下降。",[2072,4021,4023],{"id":4022},"复杂逻辑门的活动因子估算️会计算","🌟复杂逻辑门的活动因子估算‼️会计算",[978,4025,4026],{},"同样的，输出为0的概率乘上输出为1的概率。",[978,4028,4029],{},[1485,4030],{"alt":1485,"src":4031},"\u002Fimg\u002FDigitalICDesign\u002FChapter9-Power-35.png",[2072,4033,4034],{"id":4034},"信号相关性对活动因子的影响",[978,4036,4037],{},"当信号间有相关性时，如A=B，最后的结果也会完全不同。",[978,4039,4040],{},[1485,4041],{"alt":1485,"src":4042},"\u002Fimg\u002FDigitalICDesign\u002FChapter9-Power-36.png",[2072,4044,4046],{"id":4045},"改变逻辑电路结构来减小开关功耗","改变逻辑电路结构来减小开关功耗：",[978,4048,4049],{},[1485,4050],{"alt":1485,"src":4051},"\u002Fimg\u002FDigitalICDesign\u002FChapter9-Power-37.png",[2072,4053,4055],{"id":4054},"改变输入信号顺序来降低翻转频率","改变输入信号顺序来降低翻转频率：",[978,4057,4058],{},[1485,4059],{"alt":1485,"src":4060},"\u002Fimg\u002FDigitalICDesign\u002FChapter9-Power-38.png",[978,4062,4063],{},"尽量把容易频繁翻转的信号置于逻辑结构中的后几环",[2072,4065,4067],{"id":4066},"降低vdd来减小开关功耗","降低Vdd来减小开关功耗",[978,4069,4070],{},"需要在开关速度和功耗的矛盾中选取一个折中的方案。",[978,4072,4073],{},[1485,4074],{"alt":1485,"src":4075},"\u002Fimg\u002FDigitalICDesign\u002FChapter9-Power-39.png",[1000,4077,4078,4083],{},[1003,4079,4080],{},[1007,4081,4082],{},"器件尺寸调整与降低电源电压相结合，是减少逻辑网络能量消耗的一种非常有效的方法。",[1003,4084,4085,4088],{},[1007,4086,4087],{},"器件尺寸调整会影响动态能量消耗。",[1000,4089,4090],{},[1003,4091,4092,4093],{},"对于整体有效扇出较大的网络，收益最大。",[1019,4094,4096,4135],{"className":4095},[1022],[1019,4097,4099],{"className":4098},[1026],[1028,4100,4101],{"xmlns":1030},[1032,4102,4103,4132],{},[1035,4104,4105,4108,4110],{},[1038,4106,4107],{},"F",[1042,4109,1044],{},[1046,4111,4112,4119],{},[1236,4113,4114,4117],{},[1038,4115,4116],{},"C",[1038,4118,1053],{},[1236,4120,4121,4123],{},[1038,4122,4116],{},[1035,4124,4125,4127,4130],{},[1038,4126,2310],{},[1042,4128,4129],{"separator":1063},",",[1543,4131,3796],{},[1055,4133,4134],{"encoding":1057},"F = \\frac{C_L}{C_{g,1}}",[1019,4136,4138,4156],{"className":4137,"ariaHidden":1063},[1062],[1019,4139,4141,4144,4147,4150,4153],{"className":4140},[1067],[1019,4142],{"className":4143,"style":1072},[1071],[1019,4145,4107],{"className":4146,"style":1268},[1076,1077],[1019,4148],{"className":4149,"style":1083},[1082],[1019,4151,1044],{"className":4152},[1087],[1019,4154],{"className":4155,"style":1083},[1082],[1019,4157,4159,4163],{"className":4158},[1067],[1019,4160],{"className":4161,"style":4162},[1071],"height:1.431em;vertical-align:-0.5423em;",[1019,4164,4166,4169,4322],{"className":4165},[1076],[1019,4167],{"className":4168},[1104,1105],[1019,4170,4172],{"className":4171},[1046],[1019,4173,4175,4313],{"className":4174},[1112,1113],[1019,4176,4178,4310],{"className":4177},[1117],[1019,4179,4182,4248,4256],{"className":4180,"style":4181},[1121],"height:0.8886em;",[1019,4183,4184,4187],{"style":1125},[1019,4185],{"className":4186,"style":1130},[1129],[1019,4188,4190],{"className":4189},[1134,1135,1136,1137],[1019,4191,4193],{"className":4192},[1076,1137],[1019,4194,4196,4200],{"className":4195},[1076,1137],[1019,4197,4116],{"className":4198,"style":4199},[1076,1077,1137],"margin-right:0.0715em;",[1019,4201,4203],{"className":4202},[1272],[1019,4204,4206,4239],{"className":4205},[1112,1113],[1019,4207,4209,4236],{"className":4208},[1117],[1019,4210,4213],{"className":4211,"style":4212},[1121],"height:0.3173em;",[1019,4214,4216,4220],{"style":4215},"top:-2.357em;margin-left:-0.0715em;margin-right:0.0714em;",[1019,4217],{"className":4218,"style":4219},[1129],"height:2.5em;",[1019,4221,4223],{"className":4222},[1134,3179,3203,1137],[1019,4224,4226,4229,4233],{"className":4225},[1076,1137],[1019,4227,2310],{"className":4228,"style":1722},[1076,1077,1137],[1019,4230,4129],{"className":4231},[4232,1137],"mpunct",[1019,4234,3796],{"className":4235},[1076,1137],[1019,4237,1175],{"className":4238},[1174],[1019,4240,4242],{"className":4241},[1117],[1019,4243,4246],{"className":4244,"style":4245},[1121],"height:0.2819em;",[1019,4247],{},[1019,4249,4250,4253],{"style":1146},[1019,4251],{"className":4252,"style":1130},[1129],[1019,4254],{"className":4255,"style":1154},[1153],[1019,4257,4259,4262],{"style":4258},"top:-3.4103em;",[1019,4260],{"className":4261,"style":1130},[1129],[1019,4263,4265],{"className":4264},[1134,1135,1136,1137],[1019,4266,4268],{"className":4267},[1076,1137],[1019,4269,4271,4274],{"className":4270},[1076,1137],[1019,4272,4116],{"className":4273,"style":4199},[1076,1077,1137],[1019,4275,4277],{"className":4276},[1272],[1019,4278,4280,4301],{"className":4279},[1112,1113],[1019,4281,4283,4298],{"className":4282},[1117],[1019,4284,4286],{"className":4285,"style":3303},[1121],[1019,4287,4289,4292],{"style":4288},"top:-2.3567em;margin-left:-0.0715em;margin-right:0.0714em;",[1019,4290],{"className":4291,"style":4219},[1129],[1019,4293,4295],{"className":4294},[1134,3179,3203,1137],[1019,4296,1053],{"className":4297},[1076,1077,1137],[1019,4299,1175],{"className":4300},[1174],[1019,4302,4304],{"className":4303},[1117],[1019,4305,4308],{"className":4306,"style":4307},[1121],"height:0.1433em;",[1019,4309],{},[1019,4311,1175],{"className":4312},[1174],[1019,4314,4316],{"className":4315},[1117],[1019,4317,4320],{"className":4318,"style":4319},[1121],"height:0.5423em;",[1019,4321],{},[1019,4323],{"className":4324},[1188,1105],[978,4326,4327,4328,4356,4357,4428,4429,4514],{},"其中，",[1019,4329,4331,4344],{"className":4330},[1022],[1019,4332,4334],{"className":4333},[1026],[1028,4335,4336],{"xmlns":1030},[1032,4337,4338,4342],{},[1035,4339,4340],{},[1038,4341,4107],{},[1055,4343,4107],{"encoding":1057},[1019,4345,4347],{"className":4346,"ariaHidden":1063},[1062],[1019,4348,4350,4353],{"className":4349},[1067],[1019,4351],{"className":4352,"style":1072},[1071],[1019,4354,4107],{"className":4355,"style":1268},[1076,1077],"表示整体有效扇出，",[1019,4358,4360,4378],{"className":4359},[1022],[1019,4361,4363],{"className":4362},[1026],[1028,4364,4365],{"xmlns":1030},[1032,4366,4367,4375],{},[1035,4368,4369],{},[1236,4370,4371,4373],{},[1038,4372,4116],{},[1038,4374,1053],{},[1055,4376,4377],{"encoding":1057},"C_L",[1019,4379,4381],{"className":4380,"ariaHidden":1063},[1062],[1019,4382,4384,4387],{"className":4383},[1067],[1019,4385],{"className":4386,"style":1261},[1071],[1019,4388,4390,4393],{"className":4389},[1076],[1019,4391,4116],{"className":4392,"style":4199},[1076,1077],[1019,4394,4396],{"className":4395},[1272],[1019,4397,4399,4420],{"className":4398},[1112,1113],[1019,4400,4402,4417],{"className":4401},[1117],[1019,4403,4405],{"className":4404,"style":1457},[1121],[1019,4406,4408,4411],{"style":4407},"top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.0715em;margin-right:0.05em;",[1019,4409],{"className":4410,"style":1289},[1129],[1019,4412,4414],{"className":4413},[1134,1135,1136,1137],[1019,4415,1053],{"className":4416},[1076,1077,1137],[1019,4418,1175],{"className":4419},[1174],[1019,4421,4423],{"className":4422},[1117],[1019,4424,4426],{"className":4425,"style":1311},[1121],[1019,4427],{}," 是负载电容，",[1019,4430,4432,4456],{"className":4431},[1022],[1019,4433,4435],{"className":4434},[1026],[1028,4436,4437],{"xmlns":1030},[1032,4438,4439,4453],{},[1035,4440,4441],{},[1236,4442,4443,4445],{},[1038,4444,4116],{},[1035,4446,4447,4449,4451],{},[1038,4448,2310],{},[1042,4450,4129],{"separator":1063},[1543,4452,3796],{},[1055,4454,4455],{"encoding":1057},"C_{g,1}",[1019,4457,4459],{"className":4458,"ariaHidden":1063},[1062],[1019,4460,4462,4465],{"className":4461},[1067],[1019,4463],{"className":4464,"style":2326},[1071],[1019,4466,4468,4471],{"className":4467},[1076],[1019,4469,4116],{"className":4470,"style":4199},[1076,1077],[1019,4472,4474],{"className":4473},[1272],[1019,4475,4477,4506],{"className":4476},[1112,1113],[1019,4478,4480,4503],{"className":4479},[1117],[1019,4481,4483],{"className":4482,"style":1583},[1121],[1019,4484,4485,4488],{"style":4407},[1019,4486],{"className":4487,"style":1289},[1129],[1019,4489,4491],{"className":4490},[1134,1135,1136,1137],[1019,4492,4494,4497,4500],{"className":4493},[1076,1137],[1019,4495,2310],{"className":4496,"style":1722},[1076,1077,1137],[1019,4498,4129],{"className":4499},[4232,1137],[1019,4501,3796],{"className":4502},[1076,1137],[1019,4504,1175],{"className":4505},[1174],[1019,4507,4509],{"className":4508},[1117],[1019,4510,4512],{"className":4511,"style":2372},[1121],[1019,4513],{},"是第一级门的输入栅电容。",[2072,4516,4518],{"id":4517},"️最小能量的晶体管尺寸设计transistor-sizing-for-minimum-energy","🛠️最小能量的晶体管尺寸设计Transistor Sizing for Minimum Energy",[978,4520,4521],{},"这一块lzm还不太会，先跳过，奉上ppt",[978,4523,4524],{},[1485,4525],{"alt":1485,"src":4526},"\u002Fimg\u002FDigitalICDesign\u002FChapter9-Power-40.png",[978,4528,4529],{},[1485,4530],{"alt":1485,"src":4531},"\u002Fimg\u002FDigitalICDesign\u002FChapter9-Power-41.png",[978,4533,4534],{},[1485,4535],{"alt":1485,"src":4536},"\u002Fimg\u002FDigitalICDesign\u002FChapter9-Power-42.png",[2072,4538,4540],{"id":4539},"multiple-vdd","Multiple VDD",[1000,4542,4543,4635,4804,4896],{},[1003,4544,4545,4548,4627,4630],{},[1007,4546,4547],{},"降低",[1019,4549,4551,4572],{"className":4550},[1022],[1019,4552,4554],{"className":4553},[1026],[1028,4555,4556],{"xmlns":1030},[1032,4557,4558,4570],{},[1035,4559,4560],{},[1236,4561,4562,4564],{},[1038,4563,1050],{},[1035,4565,4566,4568],{},[1038,4567,2525],{},[1038,4569,2525],{},[1055,4571,2530],{"encoding":1057},[1019,4573,4575],{"className":4574,"ariaHidden":1063},[1062],[1019,4576,4578,4581],{"className":4577},[1067],[1019,4579],{"className":4580,"style":1261},[1071],[1019,4582,4584,4587],{"className":4583},[1076],[1019,4585,1050],{"className":4586,"style":1170},[1076,1077],[1019,4588,4590],{"className":4589},[1272],[1019,4591,4593,4619],{"className":4592},[1112,1113],[1019,4594,4596,4616],{"className":4595},[1117],[1019,4597,4599],{"className":4598,"style":1457},[1121],[1019,4600,4601,4604],{"style":2347},[1019,4602],{"className":4603,"style":1289},[1129],[1019,4605,4607],{"className":4606},[1134,1135,1136,1137],[1019,4608,4610,4613],{"className":4609},[1076,1137],[1019,4611,2525],{"className":4612,"style":1570},[1076,1077,1137],[1019,4614,2525],{"className":4615,"style":1570},[1076,1077,1137],[1019,4617,1175],{"className":4618},[1174],[1019,4620,4622],{"className":4621},[1117],[1019,4623,4625],{"className":4624,"style":1311},[1121],[1019,4626],{},[1007,4628,4629],{},"会以平方关系降低动态能量消耗。",[1000,4631,4632],{},[1003,4633,4634],{},"但会增加门延迟，也就是降低性能。",[1003,4636,4637,4640,4719,1405,4722,4801],{},[1007,4638,4639],{},"在设计阶段确定关键路径，并为这些关键路径上的晶体管使用较高的",[1019,4641,4643,4664],{"className":4642},[1022],[1019,4644,4646],{"className":4645},[1026],[1028,4647,4648],{"xmlns":1030},[1032,4649,4650,4662],{},[1035,4651,4652],{},[1236,4653,4654,4656],{},[1038,4655,1050],{},[1035,4657,4658,4660],{},[1038,4659,2525],{},[1038,4661,2525],{},[1055,4663,2530],{"encoding":1057},[1019,4665,4667],{"className":4666,"ariaHidden":1063},[1062],[1019,4668,4670,4673],{"className":4669},[1067],[1019,4671],{"className":4672,"style":1261},[1071],[1019,4674,4676,4679],{"className":4675},[1076],[1019,4677,1050],{"className":4678,"style":1170},[1076,1077],[1019,4680,4682],{"className":4681},[1272],[1019,4683,4685,4711],{"className":4684},[1112,1113],[1019,4686,4688,4708],{"className":4687},[1117],[1019,4689,4691],{"className":4690,"style":1457},[1121],[1019,4692,4693,4696],{"style":2347},[1019,4694],{"className":4695,"style":1289},[1129],[1019,4697,4699],{"className":4698},[1134,1135,1136,1137],[1019,4700,4702,4705],{"className":4701},[1076,1137],[1019,4703,2525],{"className":4704,"style":1570},[1076,1077,1137],[1019,4706,2525],{"className":4707,"style":1570},[1076,1077,1137],[1019,4709,1175],{"className":4710},[1174],[1019,4712,4714],{"className":4713},[1117],[1019,4715,4717],{"className":4716,"style":1311},[1121],[1019,4718],{},[1007,4720,4721],{},"，以保证速度。对于其他门，则使用较低的",[1019,4723,4725,4746],{"className":4724},[1022],[1019,4726,4728],{"className":4727},[1026],[1028,4729,4730],{"xmlns":1030},[1032,4731,4732,4744],{},[1035,4733,4734],{},[1236,4735,4736,4738],{},[1038,4737,1050],{},[1035,4739,4740,4742],{},[1038,4741,2525],{},[1038,4743,2525],{},[1055,4745,2530],{"encoding":1057},[1019,4747,4749],{"className":4748,"ariaHidden":1063},[1062],[1019,4750,4752,4755],{"className":4751},[1067],[1019,4753],{"className":4754,"style":1261},[1071],[1019,4756,4758,4761],{"className":4757},[1076],[1019,4759,1050],{"className":4760,"style":1170},[1076,1077],[1019,4762,4764],{"className":4763},[1272],[1019,4765,4767,4793],{"className":4766},[1112,1113],[1019,4768,4770,4790],{"className":4769},[1117],[1019,4771,4773],{"className":4772,"style":1457},[1121],[1019,4774,4775,4778],{"style":2347},[1019,4776],{"className":4777,"style":1289},[1129],[1019,4779,4781],{"className":4780},[1134,1135,1136,1137],[1019,4782,4784,4787],{"className":4783},[1076,1137],[1019,4785,2525],{"className":4786,"style":1570},[1076,1077,1137],[1019,4788,2525],{"className":4789,"style":1570},[1076,1077,1137],[1019,4791,1175],{"className":4792},[1174],[1019,4794,4796],{"className":4795},[1117],[1019,4797,4799],{"className":4798,"style":1311},[1121],[1019,4800],{},[1007,4802,4803],{},"，尤其是那些驱动大电容的门，因为这样可以获得最大的能量收益。",[1003,4805,4806,1405,4809,4888,4891],{},[1007,4807,4808],{},"需要多少个",[1019,4810,4812,4833],{"className":4811},[1022],[1019,4813,4815],{"className":4814},[1026],[1028,4816,4817],{"xmlns":1030},[1032,4818,4819,4831],{},[1035,4820,4821],{},[1236,4822,4823,4825],{},[1038,4824,1050],{},[1035,4826,4827,4829],{},[1038,4828,2525],{},[1038,4830,2525],{},[1055,4832,2530],{"encoding":1057},[1019,4834,4836],{"className":4835,"ariaHidden":1063},[1062],[1019,4837,4839,4842],{"className":4838},[1067],[1019,4840],{"className":4841,"style":1261},[1071],[1019,4843,4845,4848],{"className":4844},[1076],[1019,4846,1050],{"className":4847,"style":1170},[1076,1077],[1019,4849,4851],{"className":4850},[1272],[1019,4852,4854,4880],{"className":4853},[1112,1113],[1019,4855,4857,4877],{"className":4856},[1117],[1019,4858,4860],{"className":4859,"style":1457},[1121],[1019,4861,4862,4865],{"style":2347},[1019,4863],{"className":4864,"style":1289},[1129],[1019,4866,4868],{"className":4867},[1134,1135,1136,1137],[1019,4869,4871,4874],{"className":4870},[1076,1137],[1019,4872,2525],{"className":4873,"style":1570},[1076,1077,1137],[1019,4875,2525],{"className":4876,"style":1570},[1076,1077,1137],[1019,4878,1175],{"className":4879},[1174],[1019,4881,4883],{"className":4882},[1117],[1019,4884,4886],{"className":4885,"style":1311},[1121],[1019,4887],{},[1007,4889,4890],{},"？——两个电源电压正在变得越来越常见",[1000,4892,4893],{},[1003,4894,4895],{},"许多芯片已经有两个电源：一个用于核心电路，一个用于 I\u002FO 接口。",[1003,4897,4898,4901,4902,4905,4906],{},[1007,4899,4900],{},"当结合使用多个电源电压时，如果低电源电压模块要驱动高电源电压的门，就需要电平转换器。","\n也就是从低电压到高电压的转换，称为 ",[1007,4903,4904],{},"升压 step-up","。\n",[1000,4907,4908,5085],{},[1003,4909,4910,4911,4996,4997,5084],{},"如果一个由 ",[1019,4912,4914,4938],{"className":4913},[1022],[1019,4915,4917],{"className":4916},[1026],[1028,4918,4919],{"xmlns":1030},[1032,4920,4921,4935],{},[1035,4922,4923],{},[1236,4924,4925,4927],{},[1038,4926,1050],{},[1035,4928,4929,4931,4933],{},[1038,4930,2525],{},[1038,4932,2525],{},[1038,4934,1053],{},[1055,4936,4937],{"encoding":1057},"V_{DDL}",[1019,4939,4941],{"className":4940,"ariaHidden":1063},[1062],[1019,4942,4944,4947],{"className":4943},[1067],[1019,4945],{"className":4946,"style":1261},[1071],[1019,4948,4950,4953],{"className":4949},[1076],[1019,4951,1050],{"className":4952,"style":1170},[1076,1077],[1019,4954,4956],{"className":4955},[1272],[1019,4957,4959,4988],{"className":4958},[1112,1113],[1019,4960,4962,4985],{"className":4961},[1117],[1019,4963,4965],{"className":4964,"style":1457},[1121],[1019,4966,4967,4970],{"style":2347},[1019,4968],{"className":4969,"style":1289},[1129],[1019,4971,4973],{"className":4972},[1134,1135,1136,1137],[1019,4974,4976,4979,4982],{"className":4975},[1076,1137],[1019,4977,2525],{"className":4978,"style":1570},[1076,1077,1137],[1019,4980,2525],{"className":4981,"style":1570},[1076,1077,1137],[1019,4983,1053],{"className":4984},[1076,1077,1137],[1019,4986,1175],{"className":4987},[1174],[1019,4989,4991],{"className":4990},[1117],[1019,4992,4994],{"className":4993,"style":1311},[1121],[1019,4995],{},"供电的门去驱动一个由",[1019,4998,5000,5025],{"className":4999},[1022],[1019,5001,5003],{"className":5002},[1026],[1028,5004,5005],{"xmlns":1030},[1032,5006,5007,5022],{},[1035,5008,5009],{},[1236,5010,5011,5013],{},[1038,5012,1050],{},[1035,5014,5015,5017,5019],{},[1038,5016,2525],{},[1038,5018,2525],{},[1038,5020,5021],{},"H",[1055,5023,5024],{"encoding":1057},"V_{DDH}",[1019,5026,5028],{"className":5027,"ariaHidden":1063},[1062],[1019,5029,5031,5034],{"className":5030},[1067],[1019,5032],{"className":5033,"style":1261},[1071],[1019,5035,5037,5040],{"className":5036},[1076],[1019,5038,1050],{"className":5039,"style":1170},[1076,1077],[1019,5041,5043],{"className":5042},[1272],[1019,5044,5046,5076],{"className":5045},[1112,1113],[1019,5047,5049,5073],{"className":5048},[1117],[1019,5050,5052],{"className":5051,"style":1457},[1121],[1019,5053,5054,5057],{"style":2347},[1019,5055],{"className":5056,"style":1289},[1129],[1019,5058,5060],{"className":5059},[1134,1135,1136,1137],[1019,5061,5063,5066,5069],{"className":5062},[1076,1137],[1019,5064,2525],{"className":5065,"style":1570},[1076,1077,1137],[1019,5067,2525],{"className":5068,"style":1570},[1076,1077,1137],[1019,5070,5021],{"className":5071,"style":5072},[1076,1077,1137],"margin-right:0.0813em;",[1019,5074,1175],{"className":5075},[1174],[1019,5077,5079],{"className":5078},[1117],[1019,5080,5082],{"className":5081,"style":1311},[1121],[1019,5083],{},"供电的门，那么 PMOS 可能永远无法完全关断。",[1003,5086,5087,5088,5091],{},"对于从高电压到低电压的变化，也就是 ",[1007,5089,5090],{},"降压 step-down","，通常不需要电平转换器。",[978,5093,5094],{},[1485,5095],{"alt":1485,"src":5096},"\u002Fimg\u002FDigitalICDesign\u002FChapter9-Power-43.png",[990,5098,5100],{"id":5099},"减少动态功耗运行阶段","减少动态功耗——运行阶段",[978,5102,5103],{},[1485,5104],{"alt":1485,"src":5105},"\u002Fimg\u002FDigitalICDesign\u002FChapter9-Power-44.png",[1000,5107,5108,5113],{},[1003,5109,5110],{},[1007,5111,5112],{},"DFS：Dynamic Frequency Scaling，动态频率调节",[1003,5114,5115],{},[1007,5116,5117],{},"DVS：Dynamic Voltage Scaling，动态电压调节",[978,5119,5120,5121,5124],{},"它们属于 ",[1007,5122,5123],{},"运行时优化方法","。当系统性能需求不高时，可以降低频率或降低电压，从而减少动态能量；当性能需求提高时，再提高频率或电压。",[2072,5126,5128],{"id":5127},"电压-频率动态调节","电压 \u002F 频率动态调节",[1000,5130,5131,5152,5325],{},[1003,5132,5133,5136],{},[1007,5134,5135],{},"让每个模块在满足性能要求的前提下，以尽可能低的电压和频率运行",[1000,5137,5138],{},[1003,5139,5140,5141],{},"例如，一个片上系统（System-on-Chip, SoC）：\n",[1000,5142,5143,5146,5149],{},[1003,5144,5145],{},"对存储器使用较高的电源电压，以保证存储单元稳定性；",[1003,5147,5148],{},"对处理器使用中等电压；",[1003,5150,5151],{},"对以较低速度运行的 I\u002FO 外设使用较低电压。",[1003,5153,5154,5157],{},[1007,5155,5156],{},"电压域",[1000,5158,5159,5162],{},[1003,5160,5161],{},"为不同模块提供独立的电源；",[1003,5163,5164,5165,5244,5245,5324],{},"当信号从低 ",[1019,5166,5168,5189],{"className":5167},[1022],[1019,5169,5171],{"className":5170},[1026],[1028,5172,5173],{"xmlns":1030},[1032,5174,5175,5187],{},[1035,5176,5177],{},[1236,5178,5179,5181],{},[1038,5180,1050],{},[1035,5182,5183,5185],{},[1038,5184,2525],{},[1038,5186,2525],{},[1055,5188,2530],{"encoding":1057},[1019,5190,5192],{"className":5191,"ariaHidden":1063},[1062],[1019,5193,5195,5198],{"className":5194},[1067],[1019,5196],{"className":5197,"style":1261},[1071],[1019,5199,5201,5204],{"className":5200},[1076],[1019,5202,1050],{"className":5203,"style":1170},[1076,1077],[1019,5205,5207],{"className":5206},[1272],[1019,5208,5210,5236],{"className":5209},[1112,1113],[1019,5211,5213,5233],{"className":5212},[1117],[1019,5214,5216],{"className":5215,"style":1457},[1121],[1019,5217,5218,5221],{"style":2347},[1019,5219],{"className":5220,"style":1289},[1129],[1019,5222,5224],{"className":5223},[1134,1135,1136,1137],[1019,5225,5227,5230],{"className":5226},[1076,1137],[1019,5228,2525],{"className":5229,"style":1570},[1076,1077,1137],[1019,5231,2525],{"className":5232,"style":1570},[1076,1077,1137],[1019,5234,1175],{"className":5235},[1174],[1019,5237,5239],{"className":5238},[1117],[1019,5240,5242],{"className":5241,"style":1311},[1121],[1019,5243],{},"电压域跨越到高 ",[1019,5246,5248,5269],{"className":5247},[1022],[1019,5249,5251],{"className":5250},[1026],[1028,5252,5253],{"xmlns":1030},[1032,5254,5255,5267],{},[1035,5256,5257],{},[1236,5258,5259,5261],{},[1038,5260,1050],{},[1035,5262,5263,5265],{},[1038,5264,2525],{},[1038,5266,2525],{},[1055,5268,2530],{"encoding":1057},[1019,5270,5272],{"className":5271,"ariaHidden":1063},[1062],[1019,5273,5275,5278],{"className":5274},[1067],[1019,5276],{"className":5277,"style":1261},[1071],[1019,5279,5281,5284],{"className":5280},[1076],[1019,5282,1050],{"className":5283,"style":1170},[1076,1077],[1019,5285,5287],{"className":5286},[1272],[1019,5288,5290,5316],{"className":5289},[1112,1113],[1019,5291,5293,5313],{"className":5292},[1117],[1019,5294,5296],{"className":5295,"style":1457},[1121],[1019,5297,5298,5301],{"style":2347},[1019,5299],{"className":5300,"style":1289},[1129],[1019,5302,5304],{"className":5303},[1134,1135,1136,1137],[1019,5305,5307,5310],{"className":5306},[1076,1137],[1019,5308,2525],{"className":5309,"style":1570},[1076,1077,1137],[1019,5311,2525],{"className":5312,"style":1570},[1076,1077,1137],[1019,5314,1175],{"className":5315},[1174],[1019,5317,5319],{"className":5318},[1117],[1019,5320,5322],{"className":5321,"style":1311},[1121],[1019,5323],{},"电压域时，需要使用电平转换器。\n（不知道这里为什么要放这一页PPT，感觉这个属于multi Vdd的范畴）",[1003,5326,5327],{},"当系统任务少、性能需求低时，就降低电压和频率，让电路慢一点工作，从而降低功耗；当系统任务多、需要快速处理时，就提高电压和频率，让电路进入高速工作状态。",[978,5329,5330],{},[1485,5331],{"alt":1485,"src":5332},"\u002Fimg\u002FDigitalICDesign\u002FChapter9-Power-45.png",[2072,5334,5335],{"id":5335},"作用机制",[978,5337,5338],{},[1485,5339],{"alt":1485,"src":5340},"\u002Fimg\u002FDigitalICDesign\u002FChapter9-Power-46.png",[1000,5342,5343,5349,5434],{},[1003,5344,5345,5348],{},[1007,5346,5347],{},"DVS Controller","\n动态电压调节控制器，负责判断系统现在应该快还是慢。",[1003,5350,5351,5354,5355,1481],{},[1007,5352,5353],{},"Switching Voltage Regulator","\n开关电压调节器，根据控制器的指令输出合适的",[1019,5356,5358,5379],{"className":5357},[1022],[1019,5359,5361],{"className":5360},[1026],[1028,5362,5363],{"xmlns":1030},[1032,5364,5365,5377],{},[1035,5366,5367],{},[1236,5368,5369,5371],{},[1038,5370,1050],{},[1035,5372,5373,5375],{},[1038,5374,2525],{},[1038,5376,2525],{},[1055,5378,2530],{"encoding":1057},[1019,5380,5382],{"className":5381,"ariaHidden":1063},[1062],[1019,5383,5385,5388],{"className":5384},[1067],[1019,5386],{"className":5387,"style":1261},[1071],[1019,5389,5391,5394],{"className":5390},[1076],[1019,5392,1050],{"className":5393,"style":1170},[1076,1077],[1019,5395,5397],{"className":5396},[1272],[1019,5398,5400,5426],{"className":5399},[1112,1113],[1019,5401,5403,5423],{"className":5402},[1117],[1019,5404,5406],{"className":5405,"style":1457},[1121],[1019,5407,5408,5411],{"style":2347},[1019,5409],{"className":5410,"style":1289},[1129],[1019,5412,5414],{"className":5413},[1134,1135,1136,1137],[1019,5415,5417,5420],{"className":5416},[1076,1137],[1019,5418,2525],{"className":5419,"style":1570},[1076,1077,1137],[1019,5421,2525],{"className":5422,"style":1570},[1076,1077,1137],[1019,5424,1175],{"className":5425},[1174],[1019,5427,5429],{"className":5428},[1117],[1019,5430,5432],{"className":5431,"style":1311},[1121],[1019,5433],{},[1003,5435,5436,5439],{},[1007,5437,5438],{},"Core Logic","\n核心逻辑电路，也就是实际工作的计算模块。",[978,5441,5442],{},"Core Logic 会向 DVS Controller 反馈：",[1000,5444,5445,5451],{},[1003,5446,5447,5450],{},[1007,5448,5449],{},"Workload","：当前工作负载；",[1003,5452,5453,5456],{},[1007,5454,5455],{},"Temperature","：当前温度。",[978,5458,5459],{},"DVS Controller 根据这些信息输出：",[1000,5461,5462,5548],{},[1003,5463,5464,5467,5468,5547],{},[1007,5465,5466],{},"Voltage Control","：控制电压调节器改变 ",[1019,5469,5471,5492],{"className":5470},[1022],[1019,5472,5474],{"className":5473},[1026],[1028,5475,5476],{"xmlns":1030},[1032,5477,5478,5490],{},[1035,5479,5480],{},[1236,5481,5482,5484],{},[1038,5483,1050],{},[1035,5485,5486,5488],{},[1038,5487,2525],{},[1038,5489,2525],{},[1055,5491,2530],{"encoding":1057},[1019,5493,5495],{"className":5494,"ariaHidden":1063},[1062],[1019,5496,5498,5501],{"className":5497},[1067],[1019,5499],{"className":5500,"style":1261},[1071],[1019,5502,5504,5507],{"className":5503},[1076],[1019,5505,1050],{"className":5506,"style":1170},[1076,1077],[1019,5508,5510],{"className":5509},[1272],[1019,5511,5513,5539],{"className":5512},[1112,1113],[1019,5514,5516,5536],{"className":5515},[1117],[1019,5517,5519],{"className":5518,"style":1457},[1121],[1019,5520,5521,5524],{"style":2347},[1019,5522],{"className":5523,"style":1289},[1129],[1019,5525,5527],{"className":5526},[1134,1135,1136,1137],[1019,5528,5530,5533],{"className":5529},[1076,1137],[1019,5531,2525],{"className":5532,"style":1570},[1076,1077,1137],[1019,5534,2525],{"className":5535,"style":1570},[1076,1077,1137],[1019,5537,1175],{"className":5538},[1174],[1019,5540,5542],{"className":5541},[1117],[1019,5543,5545],{"className":5544,"style":1311},[1121],[1019,5546],{},"；",[1003,5549,5550,5553],{},[1007,5551,5552],{},"Freq Control","：控制核心逻辑的工作频率。",[978,5555,5556],{},"所以这个系统可以根据运行状态自动调节功耗。",[5558,5559,5561,5564,5567],"alert",{"type":5560},"tip",[978,5562,5563],{},"DVS总结：\n调节电压可以使得功耗可以按平方关系降低",[978,5565,5566],{},"只需要工作得“刚好足够快”，满足截止时间即可。",[978,5568,5569],{},"DVS算法可以通过软件或者硬件来实现",[978,5571,5572],{},[1485,5573],{"alt":1485,"src":5574},"\u002Fimg\u002FDigitalICDesign\u002FChapter9-Power-47.png",[990,5576,5578],{"id":5577},"减少动态功耗non-active-modules","减少动态功耗——Non-active Modules",[978,5580,5581],{},[1485,5582],{"alt":1485,"src":5583},"\u002Fimg\u002FDigitalICDesign\u002FChapter9-Power-48.png",[2072,5585,5586],{"id":5586},"时钟门控",[978,5588,5589],{},[1007,5590,5591],{},"降低活动因子的最佳方法，是关闭未使用模块中寄存器的时钟。",[1000,5593,5594,5597,5654,5657,5660],{},[1003,5595,5596],{},"节省时钟活动功耗",[1003,5598,5599],{},[1019,5600,5602,5621],{"className":5601},[1022],[1019,5603,5605],{"className":5604},[1026],[1028,5606,5607],{"xmlns":1030},[1032,5608,5609,5618],{},[1035,5610,5611,5614,5616],{},[1038,5612,5613],{},"α",[1042,5615,1044],{},[1543,5617,3796],{},[1055,5619,5620],{"encoding":1057},"\\alpha = 1",[1019,5622,5624,5644],{"className":5623,"ariaHidden":1063},[1062],[1019,5625,5627,5631,5635,5638,5641],{"className":5626},[1067],[1019,5628],{"className":5629,"style":5630},[1071],"height:0.4306em;",[1019,5632,5613],{"className":5633,"style":5634},[1076,1077],"margin-right:0.0037em;",[1019,5636],{"className":5637,"style":1083},[1082],[1019,5639,1044],{"className":5640},[1087],[1019,5642],{"className":5643,"style":1083},[1082],[1019,5645,5647,5651],{"className":5646},[1067],[1019,5648],{"className":5649,"style":5650},[1071],"height:0.6444em;",[1019,5652,3796],{"className":5653},[1076],[1003,5655,5656],{},"这里表示时钟信号每个周期都会翻转，活动因子很高。",[1003,5658,5659],{},"消除该模块中的所有开关活动。",[1003,5661,5662],{},"需要判断该模块是否会被使用。",[978,5664,5665],{},[1485,5666],{"alt":1485,"src":5667},"\u002Fimg\u002FDigitalICDesign\u002FChapter9-Power-49.png",[990,5669,5671],{"id":5670},"减少静态功耗multiple-vtstack-effect","减少静态功耗——Multiple Vt&Stack Effect",[978,5673,5674],{},[1485,5675],{"alt":1485,"src":5676},"\u002Fimg\u002FDigitalICDesign\u002FChapter9-Power-50.png",[2072,5678,5680],{"id":5679},"leakage-control","Leakage Control",[1000,5682,5683,5693],{},[1003,5684,5685,5688],{},[1007,5686,5687],{},"漏电和延迟之间存在权衡",[1000,5689,5690],{},[1003,5691,5692],{},"目标是在睡眠模式下降低漏电，在工作模式下降低延迟。",[1003,5694,5695,5698],{},[1007,5696,5697],{},"为了降低漏电：",[1000,5699,5700,5916,5994],{},[1003,5701,5702,5703,5772,5773,5842],{},"增大 ",[1019,5704,5706,5723],{"className":5705},[1022],[1019,5707,5709],{"className":5708},[1026],[1028,5710,5711],{"xmlns":1030},[1032,5712,5713,5721],{},[1035,5714,5715],{},[1236,5716,5717,5719],{},[1038,5718,1050],{},[1038,5720,2222],{},[1055,5722,3434],{"encoding":1057},[1019,5724,5726],{"className":5725,"ariaHidden":1063},[1062],[1019,5727,5729,5732],{"className":5728},[1067],[1019,5730],{"className":5731,"style":1261},[1071],[1019,5733,5735,5738],{"className":5734},[1076],[1019,5736,1050],{"className":5737,"style":1170},[1076,1077],[1019,5739,5741],{"className":5740},[1272],[1019,5742,5744,5764],{"className":5743},[1112,1113],[1019,5745,5747,5761],{"className":5746},[1117],[1019,5748,5750],{"className":5749,"style":3462},[1121],[1019,5751,5752,5755],{"style":2347},[1019,5753],{"className":5754,"style":1289},[1129],[1019,5756,5758],{"className":5757},[1134,1135,1136,1137],[1019,5759,2222],{"className":5760},[1076,1077,1137],[1019,5762,1175],{"className":5763},[1174],[1019,5765,5767],{"className":5766},[1117],[1019,5768,5770],{"className":5769,"style":1311},[1121],[1019,5771],{},"：采用多阈值电压 ",[1019,5774,5776,5793],{"className":5775},[1022],[1019,5777,5779],{"className":5778},[1026],[1028,5780,5781],{"xmlns":1030},[1032,5782,5783,5791],{},[1035,5784,5785],{},[1236,5786,5787,5789],{},[1038,5788,1050],{},[1038,5790,2222],{},[1055,5792,3434],{"encoding":1057},[1019,5794,5796],{"className":5795,"ariaHidden":1063},[1062],[1019,5797,5799,5802],{"className":5798},[1067],[1019,5800],{"className":5801,"style":1261},[1071],[1019,5803,5805,5808],{"className":5804},[1076],[1019,5806,1050],{"className":5807,"style":1170},[1076,1077],[1019,5809,5811],{"className":5810},[1272],[1019,5812,5814,5834],{"className":5813},[1112,1113],[1019,5815,5817,5831],{"className":5816},[1117],[1019,5818,5820],{"className":5819,"style":3462},[1121],[1019,5821,5822,5825],{"style":2347},[1019,5823],{"className":5824,"style":1289},[1129],[1019,5826,5828],{"className":5827},[1134,1135,1136,1137],[1019,5829,2222],{"className":5830},[1076,1077,1137],[1019,5832,1175],{"className":5833},[1174],[1019,5835,5837],{"className":5836},[1117],[1019,5838,5840],{"className":5839,"style":1311},[1121],[1019,5841],{},[1000,5843,5844],{},[1003,5845,5846,5847],{},"只在关键电路中使用低 ",[1019,5848,5850,5867],{"className":5849},[1022],[1019,5851,5853],{"className":5852},[1026],[1028,5854,5855],{"xmlns":1030},[1032,5856,5857,5865],{},[1035,5858,5859],{},[1236,5860,5861,5863],{},[1038,5862,1050],{},[1038,5864,2222],{},[1055,5866,3434],{"encoding":1057},[1019,5868,5870],{"className":5869,"ariaHidden":1063},[1062],[1019,5871,5873,5876],{"className":5872},[1067],[1019,5874],{"className":5875,"style":1261},[1071],[1019,5877,5879,5882],{"className":5878},[1076],[1019,5880,1050],{"className":5881,"style":1170},[1076,1077],[1019,5883,5885],{"className":5884},[1272],[1019,5886,5888,5908],{"className":5887},[1112,1113],[1019,5889,5891,5905],{"className":5890},[1117],[1019,5892,5894],{"className":5893,"style":3462},[1121],[1019,5895,5896,5899],{"style":2347},[1019,5897],{"className":5898,"style":1289},[1129],[1019,5900,5902],{"className":5901},[1134,1135,1136,1137],[1019,5903,2222],{"className":5904},[1076,1077,1137],[1019,5906,1175],{"className":5907},[1174],[1019,5909,5911],{"className":5910},[1117],[1019,5912,5914],{"className":5913,"style":1311},[1121],[1019,5915],{},[1003,5917,5702,5918,5988,5989],{},[1019,5919,5921,5939],{"className":5920},[1022],[1019,5922,5924],{"className":5923},[1026],[1028,5925,5926],{"xmlns":1030},[1032,5927,5928,5936],{},[1035,5929,5930],{},[1236,5931,5932,5934],{},[1038,5933,1050],{},[1038,5935,2313],{},[1055,5937,5938],{"encoding":1057},"V_s",[1019,5940,5942],{"className":5941,"ariaHidden":1063},[1062],[1019,5943,5945,5948],{"className":5944},[1067],[1019,5946],{"className":5947,"style":1261},[1071],[1019,5949,5951,5954],{"className":5950},[1076],[1019,5952,1050],{"className":5953,"style":1170},[1076,1077],[1019,5955,5957],{"className":5956},[1272],[1019,5958,5960,5980],{"className":5959},[1112,1113],[1019,5961,5963,5977],{"className":5962},[1117],[1019,5964,5966],{"className":5965,"style":1282},[1121],[1019,5967,5968,5971],{"style":2347},[1019,5969],{"className":5970,"style":1289},[1129],[1019,5972,5974],{"className":5973},[1134,1135,1136,1137],[1019,5975,2313],{"className":5976},[1076,1077,1137],[1019,5978,1175],{"className":5979},[1174],[1019,5981,5983],{"className":5982},[1117],[1019,5984,5986],{"className":5985,"style":1311},[1121],[1019,5987],{},"：利用堆叠效应\n",[1000,5990,5991],{},[1003,5992,5993],{},"在睡眠模式下进行输入向量控制",[1003,5995,4547,5996,6066],{},[1019,5997,5999,6017],{"className":5998},[1022],[1019,6000,6002],{"className":6001},[1026],[1028,6003,6004],{"xmlns":1030},[1032,6005,6006,6014],{},[1035,6007,6008],{},[1236,6009,6010,6012],{},[1038,6011,1050],{},[1038,6013,2921],{},[1055,6015,6016],{"encoding":1057},"V_b",[1019,6018,6020],{"className":6019,"ariaHidden":1063},[1062],[1019,6021,6023,6026],{"className":6022},[1067],[1019,6024],{"className":6025,"style":1261},[1071],[1019,6027,6029,6032],{"className":6028},[1076],[1019,6030,1050],{"className":6031,"style":1170},[1076,1077],[1019,6033,6035],{"className":6034},[1272],[1019,6036,6038,6058],{"className":6037},[1112,1113],[1019,6039,6041,6055],{"className":6040},[1117],[1019,6042,6044],{"className":6043,"style":1698},[1121],[1019,6045,6046,6049],{"style":2347},[1019,6047],{"className":6048,"style":1289},[1129],[1019,6050,6052],{"className":6051},[1134,1135,1136,1137],[1019,6053,2921],{"className":6054},[1076,1077,1137],[1019,6056,1175],{"className":6057},[1174],[1019,6059,6061],{"className":6060},[1117],[1019,6062,6064],{"className":6063,"style":1311},[1121],[1019,6065],{},[1000,6067,6068],{},[1003,6069,6070],{},"采用体偏置技术",[2072,6072,6074],{"id":6073},"multiple-vt","Multiple Vt",[1000,6076,6077,6312],{},[1003,6078,6079,6082,6161,6164],{},[1007,6080,6081],{},"与 multiple",[1019,6083,6085,6106],{"className":6084},[1022],[1019,6086,6088],{"className":6087},[1026],[1028,6089,6090],{"xmlns":1030},[1032,6091,6092,6104],{},[1035,6093,6094],{},[1236,6095,6096,6098],{},[1038,6097,1050],{},[1035,6099,6100,6102],{},[1038,6101,2525],{},[1038,6103,2525],{},[1055,6105,2530],{"encoding":1057},[1019,6107,6109],{"className":6108,"ariaHidden":1063},[1062],[1019,6110,6112,6115],{"className":6111},[1067],[1019,6113],{"className":6114,"style":1261},[1071],[1019,6116,6118,6121],{"className":6117},[1076],[1019,6119,1050],{"className":6120,"style":1170},[1076,1077],[1019,6122,6124],{"className":6123},[1272],[1019,6125,6127,6153],{"className":6126},[1112,1113],[1019,6128,6130,6150],{"className":6129},[1117],[1019,6131,6133],{"className":6132,"style":1457},[1121],[1019,6134,6135,6138],{"style":2347},[1019,6136],{"className":6137,"style":1289},[1129],[1019,6139,6141],{"className":6140},[1134,1135,1136,1137],[1019,6142,6144,6147],{"className":6143},[1076,1137],[1019,6145,2525],{"className":6146,"style":1570},[1076,1077,1137],[1019,6148,2525],{"className":6149,"style":1570},[1076,1077,1137],[1019,6151,1175],{"className":6152},[1174],[1019,6154,6156],{"className":6155},[1117],[1019,6157,6159],{"className":6158,"style":1311},[1121],[1019,6160],{},[1007,6162,6163],{},"类似，核心思想是利用可用的时序余量。",[1000,6165,6166,6239],{},[1003,6167,6168,6169,6238],{},"对关键路径上的门分配低 ",[1019,6170,6172,6189],{"className":6171},[1022],[1019,6173,6175],{"className":6174},[1026],[1028,6176,6177],{"xmlns":1030},[1032,6178,6179,6187],{},[1035,6180,6181],{},[1236,6182,6183,6185],{},[1038,6184,1050],{},[1038,6186,2222],{},[1055,6188,3434],{"encoding":1057},[1019,6190,6192],{"className":6191,"ariaHidden":1063},[1062],[1019,6193,6195,6198],{"className":6194},[1067],[1019,6196],{"className":6197,"style":1261},[1071],[1019,6199,6201,6204],{"className":6200},[1076],[1019,6202,1050],{"className":6203,"style":1170},[1076,1077],[1019,6205,6207],{"className":6206},[1272],[1019,6208,6210,6230],{"className":6209},[1112,1113],[1019,6211,6213,6227],{"className":6212},[1117],[1019,6214,6216],{"className":6215,"style":3462},[1121],[1019,6217,6218,6221],{"style":2347},[1019,6219],{"className":6220,"style":1289},[1129],[1019,6222,6224],{"className":6223},[1134,1135,1136,1137],[1019,6225,2222],{"className":6226},[1076,1077,1137],[1019,6228,1175],{"className":6229},[1174],[1019,6231,6233],{"className":6232},[1117],[1019,6234,6236],{"className":6235,"style":1311},[1121],[1019,6237],{},"\n这些路径通常具有负 slack 或没有 slack。",[1003,6240,6241,6242,6311],{},"对非关键路径上的门分配高 ",[1019,6243,6245,6262],{"className":6244},[1022],[1019,6246,6248],{"className":6247},[1026],[1028,6249,6250],{"xmlns":1030},[1032,6251,6252,6260],{},[1035,6253,6254],{},[1236,6255,6256,6258],{},[1038,6257,1050],{},[1038,6259,2222],{},[1055,6261,3434],{"encoding":1057},[1019,6263,6265],{"className":6264,"ariaHidden":1063},[1062],[1019,6266,6268,6271],{"className":6267},[1067],[1019,6269],{"className":6270,"style":1261},[1071],[1019,6272,6274,6277],{"className":6273},[1076],[1019,6275,1050],{"className":6276,"style":1170},[1076,1077],[1019,6278,6280],{"className":6279},[1272],[1019,6281,6283,6303],{"className":6282},[1112,1113],[1019,6284,6286,6300],{"className":6285},[1117],[1019,6287,6289],{"className":6288,"style":3462},[1121],[1019,6290,6291,6294],{"style":2347},[1019,6292],{"className":6293,"style":1289},[1129],[1019,6295,6297],{"className":6296},[1134,1135,1136,1137],[1019,6298,2222],{"className":6299},[1076,1077,1137],[1019,6301,1175],{"className":6302},[1174],[1019,6304,6306],{"className":6305},[1117],[1019,6307,6309],{"className":6308,"style":1311},[1121],[1019,6310],{},"\n这些路径通常具有正 slack。",[1003,6313,6314,1405,6317,6386,6389],{},[1007,6315,6316],{},"Multiple",[1019,6318,6320,6337],{"className":6319},[1022],[1019,6321,6323],{"className":6322},[1026],[1028,6324,6325],{"xmlns":1030},[1032,6326,6327,6335],{},[1035,6328,6329],{},[1236,6330,6331,6333],{},[1038,6332,1050],{},[1038,6334,2222],{},[1055,6336,3434],{"encoding":1057},[1019,6338,6340],{"className":6339,"ariaHidden":1063},[1062],[1019,6341,6343,6346],{"className":6342},[1067],[1019,6344],{"className":6345,"style":1261},[1071],[1019,6347,6349,6352],{"className":6348},[1076],[1019,6350,1050],{"className":6351,"style":1170},[1076,1077],[1019,6353,6355],{"className":6354},[1272],[1019,6356,6358,6378],{"className":6357},[1112,1113],[1019,6359,6361,6375],{"className":6360},[1117],[1019,6362,6364],{"className":6363,"style":3462},[1121],[1019,6365,6366,6369],{"style":2347},[1019,6367],{"className":6368,"style":1289},[1129],[1019,6370,6372],{"className":6371},[1134,1135,1136,1137],[1019,6373,2222],{"className":6374},[1076,1077,1137],[1019,6376,1175],{"className":6377},[1174],[1019,6379,6381],{"className":6380},[1117],[1019,6382,6384],{"className":6383,"style":1311},[1121],[1019,6385],{},[1007,6387,6388],{},"可以在不同粒度上实现：门级、半门级、晶体管级等。",[1000,6390,6391,6394],{},[1003,6392,6393],{},"由于标准单元库的存在，门级实现比较常见。",[1003,6395,6396],{},"粒度越细，漏电控制效果越好，但控制和设计工作量也越大。",[2072,6398,6400],{"id":6399},"️️例子承接上面的计算题感觉可以出成大题的两问","🌟🌟🌟‼️‼️例子（承接上面的计算题，感觉可以出成大题的两问）",[978,6402,6403,6404,6407],{},"重新回顾一个 ",[1007,6405,6406],{},"10 亿晶体管芯片"," 的功耗估算",[978,6409,6410],{},[1485,6411],{"alt":1485,"src":6412},"\u002Fimg\u002FDigitalICDesign\u002FChapter9-Power-51.png",[1000,6414,6415],{},[1003,6416,6417,6420],{},[1007,6418,6419],{},"估算静态功耗",[1000,6421,6422,6756,6814],{},[1003,6423,6424,6427],{},[1007,6425,6426],{},"亚阈值漏电",[1000,6428,6429,6559,6684],{},[1003,6430,6431,6432,6501,6502],{},"普通 ",[1019,6433,6435,6452],{"className":6434},[1022],[1019,6436,6438],{"className":6437},[1026],[1028,6439,6440],{"xmlns":1030},[1032,6441,6442,6450],{},[1035,6443,6444],{},[1236,6445,6446,6448],{},[1038,6447,1050],{},[1038,6449,2222],{},[1055,6451,3434],{"encoding":1057},[1019,6453,6455],{"className":6454,"ariaHidden":1063},[1062],[1019,6456,6458,6461],{"className":6457},[1067],[1019,6459],{"className":6460,"style":1261},[1071],[1019,6462,6464,6467],{"className":6463},[1076],[1019,6465,1050],{"className":6466,"style":1170},[1076,1077],[1019,6468,6470],{"className":6469},[1272],[1019,6471,6473,6493],{"className":6472},[1112,1113],[1019,6474,6476,6490],{"className":6475},[1117],[1019,6477,6479],{"className":6478,"style":3462},[1121],[1019,6480,6481,6484],{"style":2347},[1019,6482],{"className":6483,"style":1289},[1129],[1019,6485,6487],{"className":6486},[1134,1135,1136,1137],[1019,6488,2222],{"className":6489},[1076,1077,1137],[1019,6491,1175],{"className":6492},[1174],[1019,6494,6496],{"className":6495},[1117],[1019,6497,6499],{"className":6498,"style":1311},[1121],[1019,6500],{},"：",[1019,6503,6505,6532],{"className":6504},[1022],[1019,6506,6508],{"className":6507},[1026],[1028,6509,6510],{"xmlns":1030},[1032,6511,6512,6529],{},[1035,6513,6514,6517,6520,6523,6526],{},[1543,6515,6516],{},"100",[2418,6518,6519],{}," nA",[1038,6521,6522],{"mathvariant":3063},"\u002F",[1038,6524,6525],{},"μ",[1038,6527,6528],{},"m",[1055,6530,6531],{"encoding":1057},"100 \\text{ nA}\u002F\\mu m",[1019,6533,6535],{"className":6534,"ariaHidden":1063},[1062],[1019,6536,6538,6541,6544,6550,6553,6556],{"className":6537},[1067],[1019,6539],{"className":6540,"style":3917},[1071],[1019,6542,6516],{"className":6543},[1076],[1019,6545,6547],{"className":6546},[1076,2453],[1019,6548,6519],{"className":6549},[1076],[1019,6551,6522],{"className":6552},[1076],[1019,6554,6525],{"className":6555},[1076,1077],[1019,6557,6528],{"className":6558},[1076,1077],[1003,6560,6561,6562,6501,6631],{},"高 ",[1019,6563,6565,6582],{"className":6564},[1022],[1019,6566,6568],{"className":6567},[1026],[1028,6569,6570],{"xmlns":1030},[1032,6571,6572,6580],{},[1035,6573,6574],{},[1236,6575,6576,6578],{},[1038,6577,1050],{},[1038,6579,2222],{},[1055,6581,3434],{"encoding":1057},[1019,6583,6585],{"className":6584,"ariaHidden":1063},[1062],[1019,6586,6588,6591],{"className":6587},[1067],[1019,6589],{"className":6590,"style":1261},[1071],[1019,6592,6594,6597],{"className":6593},[1076],[1019,6595,1050],{"className":6596,"style":1170},[1076,1077],[1019,6598,6600],{"className":6599},[1272],[1019,6601,6603,6623],{"className":6602},[1112,1113],[1019,6604,6606,6620],{"className":6605},[1117],[1019,6607,6609],{"className":6608,"style":3462},[1121],[1019,6610,6611,6614],{"style":2347},[1019,6612],{"className":6613,"style":1289},[1129],[1019,6615,6617],{"className":6616},[1134,1135,1136,1137],[1019,6618,2222],{"className":6619},[1076,1077,1137],[1019,6621,1175],{"className":6622},[1174],[1019,6624,6626],{"className":6625},[1117],[1019,6627,6629],{"className":6628,"style":1311},[1121],[1019,6630],{},[1019,6632,6634,6657],{"className":6633},[1022],[1019,6635,6637],{"className":6636},[1026],[1028,6638,6639],{"xmlns":1030},[1032,6640,6641,6654],{},[1035,6642,6643,6646,6648,6650,6652],{},[1543,6644,6645],{},"10",[2418,6647,6519],{},[1038,6649,6522],{"mathvariant":3063},[1038,6651,6525],{},[1038,6653,6528],{},[1055,6655,6656],{"encoding":1057},"10 \\text{ nA}\u002F\\mu m",[1019,6658,6660],{"className":6659,"ariaHidden":1063},[1062],[1019,6661,6663,6666,6669,6675,6678,6681],{"className":6662},[1067],[1019,6664],{"className":6665,"style":3917},[1071],[1019,6667,6645],{"className":6668},[1076],[1019,6670,6672],{"className":6671},[1076,2453],[1019,6673,6519],{"className":6674},[1076],[1019,6676,6522],{"className":6677},[1076],[1019,6679,6525],{"className":6680},[1076,1077],[1019,6682,6528],{"className":6683},[1076,1077],[1003,6685,6561,6686,6755],{},[1019,6687,6689,6706],{"className":6688},[1022],[1019,6690,6692],{"className":6691},[1026],[1028,6693,6694],{"xmlns":1030},[1032,6695,6696,6704],{},[1035,6697,6698],{},[1236,6699,6700,6702],{},[1038,6701,1050],{},[1038,6703,2222],{},[1055,6705,3434],{"encoding":1057},[1019,6707,6709],{"className":6708,"ariaHidden":1063},[1062],[1019,6710,6712,6715],{"className":6711},[1067],[1019,6713],{"className":6714,"style":1261},[1071],[1019,6716,6718,6721],{"className":6717},[1076],[1019,6719,1050],{"className":6720,"style":1170},[1076,1077],[1019,6722,6724],{"className":6723},[1272],[1019,6725,6727,6747],{"className":6726},[1112,1113],[1019,6728,6730,6744],{"className":6729},[1117],[1019,6731,6733],{"className":6732,"style":3462},[1121],[1019,6734,6735,6738],{"style":2347},[1019,6736],{"className":6737,"style":1289},[1129],[1019,6739,6741],{"className":6740},[1134,1135,1136,1137],[1019,6742,2222],{"className":6743},[1076,1077,1137],[1019,6745,1175],{"className":6746},[1174],[1019,6748,6750],{"className":6749},[1117],[1019,6751,6753],{"className":6752,"style":1311},[1121],[1019,6754],{}," 用于所有存储器，以及 95% 的逻辑门",[1003,6757,6758,6501,6761],{},[1007,6759,6760],{},"栅极漏电",[1019,6762,6764,6787],{"className":6763},[1022],[1019,6765,6767],{"className":6766},[1026],[1028,6768,6769],{"xmlns":1030},[1032,6770,6771,6784],{},[1035,6772,6773,6776,6778,6780,6782],{},[1543,6774,6775],{},"5",[2418,6777,6519],{},[1038,6779,6522],{"mathvariant":3063},[1038,6781,6525],{},[1038,6783,6528],{},[1055,6785,6786],{"encoding":1057},"5 \\text{ nA}\u002F\\mu m",[1019,6788,6790],{"className":6789,"ariaHidden":1063},[1062],[1019,6791,6793,6796,6799,6805,6808,6811],{"className":6792},[1067],[1019,6794],{"className":6795,"style":3917},[1071],[1019,6797,6775],{"className":6798},[1076],[1019,6800,6802],{"className":6801},[1076,2453],[1019,6803,6519],{"className":6804},[1076],[1019,6806,6522],{"className":6807},[1076],[1019,6809,6525],{"className":6810},[1076,1077],[1019,6812,6528],{"className":6813},[1076,1077],[1003,6815,6816,6819],{},[1007,6817,6818],{},"结漏电可以忽略不计",[1485,6820],{"alt":1485,"src":6821},"\u002Fimg\u002FDigitalICDesign\u002FChapter9-Power-52.png",[2072,6823,6825],{"id":6824},"stack-effect堆叠效应","Stack Effect堆叠效应",[1781,6827,6828],{"style":3728},[1800,6829,6830],{},[1787,6831,3734,6832,3734,6840],{"style":3733},[1805,6833,6835,3734],{"style":6834},"width: 39.0%; text-align: center; border: none; padding: 0.3em; margin: 0;",[978,6836,6837],{},[1485,6838],{"alt":1485,"src":6839},"\u002Fimg\u002FDigitalICDesign\u002FChapter9-Power-53.png",[1805,6841,6843,3734],{"style":6842},"width: 60.0%; text-align: center; border: none; padding: 0.3em; margin: 0;",[978,6844,6845],{},[1485,6846],{"alt":1485,"src":6847},"\u002Fimg\u002FDigitalICDesign\u002FChapter9-Power-54.png",[1000,6849,6850],{},[1003,6851,6852,6855],{},[1007,6853,6854],{},"串联关断的晶体管具有更小的漏电",[1000,6856,6857],{},[1003,6858,6859,6952,6953,7032],{},[1019,6860,6862,6885],{"className":6861},[1022],[1019,6863,6865],{"className":6864},[1026],[1028,6866,6867],{"xmlns":1030},[1032,6868,6869,6882],{},[1035,6870,6871,6877,6880],{},[1236,6872,6873,6875],{},[1038,6874,1050],{},[1038,6876,1248],{},[1042,6878,6879],{},">",[1543,6881,3790],{},[1055,6883,6884],{"encoding":1057},"V_x > 0",[1019,6886,6888,6943],{"className":6887,"ariaHidden":1063},[1062],[1019,6889,6891,6894,6934,6937,6940],{"className":6890},[1067],[1019,6892],{"className":6893,"style":1261},[1071],[1019,6895,6897,6900],{"className":6896},[1076],[1019,6898,1050],{"className":6899,"style":1170},[1076,1077],[1019,6901,6903],{"className":6902},[1272],[1019,6904,6906,6926],{"className":6905},[1112,1113],[1019,6907,6909,6923],{"className":6908},[1117],[1019,6910,6912],{"className":6911,"style":1282},[1121],[1019,6913,6914,6917],{"style":2347},[1019,6915],{"className":6916,"style":1289},[1129],[1019,6918,6920],{"className":6919},[1134,1135,1136,1137],[1019,6921,1248],{"className":6922},[1076,1077,1137],[1019,6924,1175],{"className":6925},[1174],[1019,6927,6929],{"className":6928},[1117],[1019,6930,6932],{"className":6931,"style":1311},[1121],[1019,6933],{},[1019,6935],{"className":6936,"style":1083},[1082],[1019,6938,6879],{"className":6939},[1087],[1019,6941],{"className":6942,"style":1083},[1082],[1019,6944,6946,6949],{"className":6945},[1067],[1019,6947],{"className":6948,"style":5650},[1071],[1019,6950,3790],{"className":6951},[1076],"，因此 N2 具有负的 ",[1019,6954,6956,6977],{"className":6955},[1022],[1019,6957,6959],{"className":6958},[1026],[1028,6960,6961],{"xmlns":1030},[1032,6962,6963,6975],{},[1035,6964,6965],{},[1236,6966,6967,6969],{},[1038,6968,1050],{},[1035,6970,6971,6973],{},[1038,6972,2310],{},[1038,6974,2313],{},[1055,6976,2316],{"encoding":1057},[1019,6978,6980],{"className":6979,"ariaHidden":1063},[1062],[1019,6981,6983,6986],{"className":6982},[1067],[1019,6984],{"className":6985,"style":2326},[1071],[1019,6987,6989,6992],{"className":6988},[1076],[1019,6990,1050],{"className":6991,"style":1170},[1076,1077],[1019,6993,6995],{"className":6994},[1272],[1019,6996,6998,7024],{"className":6997},[1112,1113],[1019,6999,7001,7021],{"className":7000},[1117],[1019,7002,7004],{"className":7003,"style":1282},[1121],[1019,7005,7006,7009],{"style":2347},[1019,7007],{"className":7008,"style":1289},[1129],[1019,7010,7012],{"className":7011},[1134,1135,1136,1137],[1019,7013,7015,7018],{"className":7014},[1076,1137],[1019,7016,2310],{"className":7017,"style":1722},[1076,1077,1137],[1019,7019,2313],{"className":7020},[1076,1077,1137],[1019,7022,1175],{"className":7023},[1174],[1019,7025,7027],{"className":7026},[1117],[1019,7028,7030],{"className":7029,"style":2372},[1121],[1019,7031],{},[1000,7033,7034,7189],{},[1003,7035,7036,7106,7107,7188],{},[1019,7037,7039,7057],{"className":7038},[1022],[1019,7040,7042],{"className":7041},[1026],[1028,7043,7044],{"xmlns":1030},[1032,7045,7046,7054],{},[1035,7047,7048],{},[1236,7049,7050,7052],{},[1038,7051,1050],{},[1038,7053,1248],{},[1055,7055,7056],{"encoding":1057},"V_x",[1019,7058,7060],{"className":7059,"ariaHidden":1063},[1062],[1019,7061,7063,7066],{"className":7062},[1067],[1019,7064],{"className":7065,"style":1261},[1071],[1019,7067,7069,7072],{"className":7068},[1076],[1019,7070,1050],{"className":7071,"style":1170},[1076,1077],[1019,7073,7075],{"className":7074},[1272],[1019,7076,7078,7098],{"className":7077},[1112,1113],[1019,7079,7081,7095],{"className":7080},[1117],[1019,7082,7084],{"className":7083,"style":1282},[1121],[1019,7085,7086,7089],{"style":2347},[1019,7087],{"className":7088,"style":1289},[1129],[1019,7090,7092],{"className":7091},[1134,1135,1136,1137],[1019,7093,1248],{"className":7094},[1076,1077,1137],[1019,7096,1175],{"className":7097},[1174],[1019,7099,7101],{"className":7100},[1117],[1019,7102,7104],{"className":7103,"style":1311},[1121],[1019,7105],{}," 会减小 N2 的漏源电压，从而提高它的阈值电压 ",[1019,7108,7110,7133],{"className":7109},[1022],[1019,7111,7113],{"className":7112},[1026],[1028,7114,7115],{"xmlns":1030},[1032,7116,7117,7130],{},[1035,7118,7119],{},[1236,7120,7121,7123],{},[1038,7122,1050],{},[1035,7124,7125,7127],{},[1038,7126,2222],{},[1038,7128,7129],{},"h",[1055,7131,7132],{"encoding":1057},"V_{th}",[1019,7134,7136],{"className":7135,"ariaHidden":1063},[1062],[1019,7137,7139,7142],{"className":7138},[1067],[1019,7140],{"className":7141,"style":1261},[1071],[1019,7143,7145,7148],{"className":7144},[1076],[1019,7146,1050],{"className":7147,"style":1170},[1076,1077],[1019,7149,7151],{"className":7150},[1272],[1019,7152,7154,7180],{"className":7153},[1112,1113],[1019,7155,7157,7177],{"className":7156},[1117],[1019,7158,7160],{"className":7159,"style":1698},[1121],[1019,7161,7162,7165],{"style":2347},[1019,7163],{"className":7164,"style":1289},[1129],[1019,7166,7168],{"className":7167},[1134,1135,1136,1137],[1019,7169,7171,7174],{"className":7170},[1076,1137],[1019,7172,2222],{"className":7173},[1076,1077,1137],[1019,7175,7129],{"className":7176},[1076,1077,1137],[1019,7178,1175],{"className":7179},[1174],[1019,7181,7183],{"className":7182},[1117],[1019,7184,7186],{"className":7185,"style":1311},[1121],[1019,7187],{},"，并降低它的漏电。",[1003,7190,7191],{},"DIBL 效应。",[1019,7193,7195],{"className":7194},[2992],[1019,7196,7198,7348],{"className":7197},[1022],[1019,7199,7201],{"className":7200},[1026],[1028,7202,7203],{"xmlns":1030,"display":3001},[1032,7204,7205,7345],{},[1035,7206,7207,7219,7221,7234,7306,7309,7321],{},[1236,7208,7209,7211],{},[1038,7210,1422],{},[1035,7212,7213,7215,7217],{},[1038,7214,2313],{},[1038,7216,2918],{},[1038,7218,2921],{},[1042,7220,1044],{},[1236,7222,7223,7225],{},[1038,7224,1422],{},[1035,7226,7227,7229,7232],{},[1038,7228,1245],{},[1038,7230,7231],{},"f",[1038,7233,7231],{},[3022,7235,7236,7238],{},[1543,7237,6645],{},[1035,7239,7240,7261],{},[1046,7241,7242,7259],{},[1035,7243,7244,7246,7249],{},[1042,7245,3042],{},[1038,7247,7248],{},"η",[1236,7250,7251,7253],{},[1038,7252,1050],{},[1035,7254,7255,7257],{},[1038,7256,2525],{},[1038,7258,2525],{},[1038,7260,1009],{},[1035,7262,7263,7265,7304],{},[1042,7264,3810],{"fence":1063},[1046,7266,7267,7286],{},[1035,7268,7269,7271,7274,7276,7278],{},[1543,7270,3796],{},[1042,7272,7273],{},"+",[1038,7275,7248],{},[1042,7277,7273],{},[1236,7279,7280,7283],{},[1038,7281,7282],{},"k",[1038,7284,7285],{},"γ",[1035,7287,7288,7290,7292,7294,7296,7298],{},[1543,7289,3796],{},[1042,7291,7273],{},[1543,7293,1545],{},[1038,7295,7248],{},[1042,7297,7273],{},[1236,7299,7300,7302],{},[1038,7301,7282],{},[1038,7303,7285],{},[1042,7305,3819],{"fence":1063},[1042,7307,7308],{},"≈",[1236,7310,7311,7313],{},[1038,7312,1422],{},[1035,7314,7315,7317,7319],{},[1038,7316,1245],{},[1038,7318,7231],{},[1038,7320,7231],{},[3022,7322,7323,7325],{},[1543,7324,6645],{},[1046,7326,7327,7343],{},[1035,7328,7329,7331,7333],{},[1042,7330,3042],{},[1038,7332,7248],{},[1236,7334,7335,7337],{},[1038,7336,1050],{},[1035,7338,7339,7341],{},[1038,7340,2525],{},[1038,7342,2525],{},[1038,7344,1009],{},[1055,7346,7347],{"encoding":1057},"I_{sub}=I_{off}10^{\\frac{-\\eta V_{DD}}{S}\\left(\\frac{1+\\eta+k_\\gamma}{1+2\\eta+k_\\gamma}\\right)} \\approx I_{off}10^{\\frac{-\\eta V_{DD}}{S}}",[1019,7349,7351,7415,7827],{"className":7350,"ariaHidden":1063},[1062],[1019,7352,7354,7357,7406,7409,7412],{"className":7353},[1067],[1019,7355],{"className":7356,"style":1261},[1071],[1019,7358,7360,7363],{"className":7359},[1076],[1019,7361,1422],{"className":7362,"style":1444},[1076,1077],[1019,7364,7366],{"className":7365},[1272],[1019,7367,7369,7398],{"className":7368},[1112,1113],[1019,7370,7372,7395],{"className":7371},[1117],[1019,7373,7375],{"className":7374,"style":1698},[1121],[1019,7376,7377,7380],{"style":1460},[1019,7378],{"className":7379,"style":1289},[1129],[1019,7381,7383],{"className":7382},[1134,1135,1136,1137],[1019,7384,7386,7389,7392],{"className":7385},[1076,1137],[1019,7387,2313],{"className":7388},[1076,1077,1137],[1019,7390,2918],{"className":7391},[1076,1077,1137],[1019,7393,2921],{"className":7394},[1076,1077,1137],[1019,7396,1175],{"className":7397},[1174],[1019,7399,7401],{"className":7400},[1117],[1019,7402,7404],{"className":7403,"style":1311},[1121],[1019,7405],{},[1019,7407],{"className":7408,"style":1083},[1082],[1019,7410,1044],{"className":7411},[1087],[1019,7413],{"className":7414,"style":1083},[1082],[1019,7416,7418,7422,7472,7475,7818,7821,7824],{"className":7417},[1067],[1019,7419],{"className":7420,"style":7421},[1071],"height:1.6294em;vertical-align:-0.2861em;",[1019,7423,7425,7428],{"className":7424},[1076],[1019,7426,1422],{"className":7427,"style":1444},[1076,1077],[1019,7429,7431],{"className":7430},[1272],[1019,7432,7434,7464],{"className":7433},[1112,1113],[1019,7435,7437,7461],{"className":7436},[1117],[1019,7438,7440],{"className":7439,"style":1698},[1121],[1019,7441,7442,7445],{"style":1460},[1019,7443],{"className":7444,"style":1289},[1129],[1019,7446,7448],{"className":7447},[1134,1135,1136,1137],[1019,7449,7451,7454,7458],{"className":7450},[1076,1137],[1019,7452,1245],{"className":7453},[1076,1077,1137],[1019,7455,7231],{"className":7456,"style":7457},[1076,1077,1137],"margin-right:0.1076em;",[1019,7459,7231],{"className":7460,"style":7457},[1076,1077,1137],[1019,7462,1175],{"className":7463},[1174],[1019,7465,7467],{"className":7466},[1117],[1019,7468,7470],{"className":7469,"style":2372},[1121],[1019,7471],{},[1019,7473,3796],{"className":7474},[1076],[1019,7476,7478,7481],{"className":7477},[1076],[1019,7479,3790],{"className":7480},[1076],[1019,7482,7484],{"className":7483},[1272],[1019,7485,7487],{"className":7486},[1112],[1019,7488,7490],{"className":7489},[1117],[1019,7491,7494],{"className":7492,"style":7493},[1121],"height:1.3433em;",[1019,7495,7497,7500],{"style":7496},"top:-3.5458em;margin-right:0.05em;",[1019,7498],{"className":7499,"style":1130},[1129],[1019,7501,7503],{"className":7502},[1134,1135,1136,1137],[1019,7504,7506,7622],{"className":7505},[1076,1137],[1019,7507,7509,7512,7619],{"className":7508},[1076,1137],[1019,7510],{"className":7511},[1104,1105,1134,3179,3180],[1019,7513,7515],{"className":7514},[1046],[1019,7516,7518,7610],{"className":7517},[1112,1113],[1019,7519,7521,7607],{"className":7520},[1117],[1019,7522,7524,7539,7547],{"className":7523,"style":3193},[1121],[1019,7525,7527,7530],{"style":7526},"top:-2.656em;",[1019,7528],{"className":7529,"style":1130},[1129],[1019,7531,7533],{"className":7532},[1134,3179,3203,1137],[1019,7534,7536],{"className":7535},[1076,1137],[1019,7537,1009],{"className":7538,"style":1078},[1076,1077,1137],[1019,7540,7541,7544],{"style":3265},[1019,7542],{"className":7543,"style":1130},[1129],[1019,7545],{"className":7546,"style":3272},[1153,1137],[1019,7548,7549,7552],{"style":3275},[1019,7550],{"className":7551,"style":1130},[1129],[1019,7553,7555],{"className":7554},[1134,3179,3203,1137],[1019,7556,7558,7561,7564],{"className":7557},[1076,1137],[1019,7559,3042],{"className":7560},[1076,1137],[1019,7562,7248],{"className":7563,"style":1722},[1076,1077,1137],[1019,7565,7567,7570],{"className":7566},[1076,1137],[1019,7568,1050],{"className":7569,"style":1170},[1076,1077,1137],[1019,7571,7573],{"className":7572},[1272],[1019,7574,7576,7599],{"className":7575},[1112,1113],[1019,7577,7579,7596],{"className":7578},[1117],[1019,7580,7582],{"className":7581,"style":3303},[1121],[1019,7583,7584,7587],{"style":3306},[1019,7585],{"className":7586,"style":3235},[1129],[1019,7588,7590,7593],{"className":7589},[1076,1137],[1019,7591,2525],{"className":7592,"style":1570},[1076,1077,1137],[1019,7594,2525],{"className":7595,"style":1570},[1076,1077,1137],[1019,7597,1175],{"className":7598},[1174],[1019,7600,7602],{"className":7601},[1117],[1019,7603,7605],{"className":7604,"style":3325},[1121],[1019,7606],{},[1019,7608,1175],{"className":7609},[1174],[1019,7611,7613],{"className":7612},[1117],[1019,7614,7617],{"className":7615,"style":7616},[1121],"height:0.344em;",[1019,7618],{},[1019,7620],{"className":7621},[1188,1105,1134,3179,3180],[1019,7623,7626,7638,7809],{"className":7624},[7625,1137],"minner",[1019,7627,7631],{"className":7628,"style":7630},[1104,1134,3179,3180,1137,7629],"delimcenter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1134,1135,1136,1137],[1019,7915,7917],{"className":7916},[1076,1137],[1019,7918,7920,7923,8028],{"className":7919},[1076,1137],[1019,7921],{"className":7922},[1104,1105,1134,3179,3180],[1019,7924,7926],{"className":7925},[1046],[1019,7927,7929,8020],{"className":7928},[1112,1113],[1019,7930,7932,8017],{"className":7931},[1117],[1019,7933,7935,7949,7957],{"className":7934,"style":3193},[1121],[1019,7936,7937,7940],{"style":7526},[1019,7938],{"className":7939,"style":1130},[1129],[1019,7941,7943],{"className":7942},[1134,3179,3203,1137],[1019,7944,7946],{"className":7945},[1076,1137],[1019,7947,1009],{"className":7948,"style":1078},[1076,1077,1137],[1019,7950,7951,7954],{"style":3265},[1019,7952],{"className":7953,"style":1130},[1129],[1019,7955],{"className":7956,"style":3272},[1153,1137],[1019,7958,7959,7962],{"style":3275},[1019,7960],{"className":7961,"style":1130},[1129],[1019,7963,7965],{"className":7964},[1134,3179,3203,1137],[1019,7966,7968,7971,7974],{"className":7967},[1076,1137],[1019,7969,3042],{"className":7970},[1076,1137],[1019,7972,7248],{"className":7973,"style":1722},[1076,1077,1137],[1019,7975,7977,7980],{"className":7976},[1076,1137],[1019,7978,1050],{"className":7979,"style":1170},[1076,1077,1137],[1019,7981,7983],{"className":7982},[1272],[1019,7984,7986,8009],{"className":7985},[1112,1113],[1019,7987,7989,8006],{"className":7988},[1117],[1019,7990,7992],{"className":7991,"style":3303},[1121],[1019,7993,7994,7997],{"style":3306},[1019,7995],{"className":7996,"style":3235},[1129],[1019,7998,8000,8003],{"className":7999},[1076,1137],[1019,8001,2525],{"className":8002,"style":1570},[1076,1077,1137],[1019,8004,2525],{"className":8005,"style":1570},[1076,1077,1137],[1019,8007,1175],{"className":8008},[1174],[1019,8010,8012],{"className":8011},[1117],[1019,8013,8015],{"className":8014,"style":3325},[1121],[1019,8016],{},[1019,8018,1175],{"className":8019},[1174],[1019,8021,8023],{"className":8022},[1117],[1019,8024,8026],{"className":8025,"style":7616},[1121],[1019,8027],{},[1019,8029],{"className":8030},[1188,1105,1134,3179,3180],[1000,8032,8033,8038],{},[1003,8034,8035],{},[1007,8036,8037],{},"通过 2-stack 的漏电大约降低 10 倍",[1003,8039,8040],{},[1007,8041,8042],{},"通过 3-stack 的漏电会进一步降低",[990,8044,8046,8047],{"id":8045},"减少静态功耗当模块暂时不工作时","减少静态功耗——",[1007,8048,8049],{},"当模块暂时不工作时",[978,8051,8052],{},[1485,8053],{"alt":1485,"src":8054},"\u002Fimg\u002FDigitalICDesign\u002FChapter9-Power-55.png",[2072,8056,8058],{"id":8057},"power-gating","Power Gating",[978,8060,8061],{},[1485,8062],{"alt":1485,"src":8063},"\u002Fimg\u002FDigitalICDesign\u002FChapter9-Power-56.png",[978,8065,8066],{},"当模块处于空闲状态时，关闭其电源以节省漏电功耗。",[1000,8068,8069,8157],{},[1003,8070,8071,8072],{},"使用虚拟电源 ",[1019,8073,8075,8099],{"className":8074},[1022],[1019,8076,8078],{"className":8077},[1026],[1028,8079,8080],{"xmlns":1030},[1032,8081,8082,8096],{},[1035,8083,8084],{},[1236,8085,8086,8088],{},[1038,8087,1050],{},[1035,8089,8090,8092,8094],{},[1038,8091,2525],{},[1038,8093,2525],{},[1038,8095,1050],{},[1055,8097,8098],{"encoding":1057},"V_{DDV}",[1019,8100,8102],{"className":8101,"ariaHidden":1063},[1062],[1019,8103,8105,8108],{"className":8104},[1067],[1019,8106],{"className":8107,"style":1261},[1071],[1019,8109,8111,8114],{"className":8110},[1076],[1019,8112,1050],{"className":8113,"style":1170},[1076,1077],[1019,8115,8117],{"className":8116},[1272],[1019,8118,8120,8149],{"className":8119},[1112,1113],[1019,8121,8123,8146],{"className":8122},[1117],[1019,8124,8126],{"className":8125,"style":1457},[1121],[1019,8127,8128,8131],{"style":2347},[1019,8129],{"className":8130,"style":1289},[1129],[1019,8132,8134],{"className":8133},[1134,1135,1136,1137],[1019,8135,8137,8140,8143],{"className":8136},[1076,1137],[1019,8138,2525],{"className":8139,"style":1570},[1076,1077,1137],[1019,8141,2525],{"className":8142,"style":1570},[1076,1077,1137],[1019,8144,1050],{"className":8145,"style":1170},[1076,1077,1137],[1019,8147,1175],{"className":8148},[1174],[1019,8150,8152],{"className":8151},[1117],[1019,8153,8155],{"className":8154,"style":1311},[1121],[1019,8156],{},[1003,8158,8159],{},"对输出进行门控，防止无效逻辑电平传递到下一级模块",[978,8161,8162],{},"这是降低漏电功耗最常用的方法之一。",[1000,8164,8165],{},[1003,8166,8167],{},"类似于使用时钟门控来降低动态功耗。",[1781,8169,8170],{"style":3728},[1800,8171,8172],{},[1787,8173,3734,8174,3734,8182],{"style":3733},[1805,8175,8177,3734],{"style":8176},"width: 50.0%; text-align: center; border: none; padding: 0.3em; margin: 0;",[978,8178,8179],{},[1485,8180],{"alt":1485,"src":8181},"\u002Fimg\u002FDigitalICDesign\u002FChapter9-Power-57.png",[1805,8183,8185,3734],{"style":8184},"width: 49.0%; text-align: center; border: none; padding: 0.3em; margin: 0;",[978,8186,8187],{},[1485,8188],{"alt":1485,"src":8189},"\u002Fimg\u002FDigitalICDesign\u002FChapter9-Power-58.png",[2072,8191,8192],{"id":8192},"这么做的好处和坏处",[978,8194,8195],{},"pros",[1000,8197,8198,8205],{},[1003,8199,8200,8201,8204],{},"实现简单，并且可以在 ",[1007,8202,8203],{},"IP 级别"," 进行，而不需要接触底层细节。有利于技术迁移。",[1003,8206,8207],{},[1007,8208,8209],{},"功率门控与 DVFS 结合使用，是移动设备中最常见的节能技术之一。",[978,8211,8212],{},"but",[1000,8214,8215,8222],{},[1003,8216,8217,8218,8221],{},"睡眠晶体管上的电压降会在正常工作时降低性能。因此需要把该晶体管尺寸设计得",[2103,8219,8220],{},"足够宽","，以尽量减小影响。",[1003,8223,8224],{},"切换较宽的睡眠晶体管会消耗动态功耗。只有当电路睡眠时间足够长时，这种做法才是值得的。",[990,8226,8228],{"id":8227},"减少静态功耗运行时的调整","减少静态功耗——运行时的调整",[978,8230,8231],{},[1485,8232],{"alt":1485,"src":8233},"\u002Fimg\u002FDigitalICDesign\u002FChapter9-Power-59.png",[978,8235,8236],{},[1485,8237],{"alt":1485,"src":8238},"\u002Fimg\u002FDigitalICDesign\u002FChapter9-Power-60.png",[978,8240,8241,8244,8313],{},[1007,8242,8243],{},"通过动态调节 PMOS 和 NMOS 的 body 电压，改变晶体管的阈值电压",[1019,8245,8247,8264],{"className":8246},[1022],[1019,8248,8250],{"className":8249},[1026],[1028,8251,8252],{"xmlns":1030},[1032,8253,8254,8262],{},[1035,8255,8256],{},[1236,8257,8258,8260],{},[1038,8259,1050],{},[1038,8261,1240],{},[1055,8263,2687],{"encoding":1057},[1019,8265,8267],{"className":8266,"ariaHidden":1063},[1062],[1019,8268,8270,8273],{"className":8269},[1067],[1019,8271],{"className":8272,"style":1261},[1071],[1019,8274,8276,8279],{"className":8275},[1076],[1019,8277,1050],{"className":8278,"style":1170},[1076,1077],[1019,8280,8282],{"className":8281},[1272],[1019,8283,8285,8305],{"className":8284},[1112,1113],[1019,8286,8288,8302],{"className":8287},[1117],[1019,8289,8291],{"className":8290,"style":1457},[1121],[1019,8292,8293,8296],{"style":2347},[1019,8294],{"className":8295,"style":1289},[1129],[1019,8297,8299],{"className":8298},[1134,1135,1136,1137],[1019,8300,1240],{"className":8301,"style":1268},[1076,1077,1137],[1019,8303,1175],{"className":8304},[1174],[1019,8306,8308],{"className":8307},[1117],[1019,8309,8311],{"className":8310,"style":1311},[1121],[1019,8312],{},[1007,8314,8315],{},"，从而在性能和漏电之间做切换。",[978,8317,8318,8319,8322,8323,6501],{},"在 ",[1007,8320,8321],{},"Active mode 工作模式"," 下，电路需要速度，所以采用 ",[1007,8324,8325],{},"Forward Body Bias（正向体偏置，FBB）",[1000,8327,8328,8331,8403,8406],{},[1003,8329,8330],{},"PMOS body 和 NMOS body 分别施加约 450 mV 的正向体偏置；",[1003,8332,8333,8334,5547],{},"这样可以降低等效阈值电压 ",[1019,8335,8337,8354],{"className":8336},[1022],[1019,8338,8340],{"className":8339},[1026],[1028,8341,8342],{"xmlns":1030},[1032,8343,8344,8352],{},[1035,8345,8346],{},[1236,8347,8348,8350],{},[1038,8349,1050],{},[1038,8351,1240],{},[1055,8353,2687],{"encoding":1057},[1019,8355,8357],{"className":8356,"ariaHidden":1063},[1062],[1019,8358,8360,8363],{"className":8359},[1067],[1019,8361],{"className":8362,"style":1261},[1071],[1019,8364,8366,8369],{"className":8365},[1076],[1019,8367,1050],{"className":8368,"style":1170},[1076,1077],[1019,8370,8372],{"className":8371},[1272],[1019,8373,8375,8395],{"className":8374},[1112,1113],[1019,8376,8378,8392],{"className":8377},[1117],[1019,8379,8381],{"className":8380,"style":1457},[1121],[1019,8382,8383,8386],{"style":2347},[1019,8384],{"className":8385,"style":1289},[1129],[1019,8387,8389],{"className":8388},[1134,1135,1136,1137],[1019,8390,1240],{"className":8391,"style":1268},[1076,1077,1137],[1019,8393,1175],{"className":8394},[1174],[1019,8396,8398],{"className":8397},[1117],[1019,8399,8401],{"className":8400,"style":1311},[1121],[1019,8402],{},[1003,8404,8405],{},"晶体管更容易导通，速度更快，延迟更低；",[1003,8407,8408],{},"但漏电会增加。",[978,8410,8318,8411,8414,8415,6501],{},[1007,8412,8413],{},"Idle mode 空闲模式"," 下，电路不需要高速工作，所以采用 ",[1007,8416,8417],{},"Reverse Body Bias（反向体偏置，RBB）",[1000,8419,8420,8423,8495,8498],{},[1003,8421,8422],{},"PMOS body 和 NMOS body 分别施加约 500 mV 的反向体偏置；",[1003,8424,8425,8426,5547],{},"这样可以提高等效阈值电压 ",[1019,8427,8429,8446],{"className":8428},[1022],[1019,8430,8432],{"className":8431},[1026],[1028,8433,8434],{"xmlns":1030},[1032,8435,8436,8444],{},[1035,8437,8438],{},[1236,8439,8440,8442],{},[1038,8441,1050],{},[1038,8443,1240],{},[1055,8445,2687],{"encoding":1057},[1019,8447,8449],{"className":8448,"ariaHidden":1063},[1062],[1019,8450,8452,8455],{"className":8451},[1067],[1019,8453],{"className":8454,"style":1261},[1071],[1019,8456,8458,8461],{"className":8457},[1076],[1019,8459,1050],{"className":8460,"style":1170},[1076,1077],[1019,8462,8464],{"className":8463},[1272],[1019,8465,8467,8487],{"className":8466},[1112,1113],[1019,8468,8470,8484],{"className":8469},[1117],[1019,8471,8473],{"className":8472,"style":1457},[1121],[1019,8474,8475,8478],{"style":2347},[1019,8476],{"className":8477,"style":1289},[1129],[1019,8479,8481],{"className":8480},[1134,1135,1136,1137],[1019,8482,1240],{"className":8483,"style":1268},[1076,1077,1137],[1019,8485,1175],{"className":8486},[1174],[1019,8488,8490],{"className":8489},[1117],[1019,8491,8493],{"className":8492,"style":1311},[1121],[1019,8494],{},[1003,8496,8497],{},"晶体管更难导通，漏电降低；",[1003,8499,8500,8501,8504],{},"但速度会变慢，不过空闲状态下速度不重要。\n",[1007,8502,8503],{},"Triple well needed","意思是这种方法通常需要三阱工艺支持，因为要分别控制不同晶体管的 body 电压，不能让所有衬底简单地接到同一个固定电位。",[978,8506,8507],{},[1007,8508,8509],{},"总结：一种有效但实现复杂的低功耗技术。",[990,8511,8513],{"id":8512},"要点总结","要点总结：",[978,8515,8516],{},"各种功耗降低技术",[1000,8518,8519,8522,8533,8536],{},[1003,8520,8521],{},"这是 VLSI 设计中一个长期存在、持续重要的话题。",[1003,8523,8524,8525,8528,8529,8532],{},"理解 ",[1007,8526,8527],{},"设计阶段"," 和 ",[1007,8530,8531],{},"运行阶段"," 的区别。",[1003,8534,8535],{},"理解影响动态功耗的因素，以及对应的降低功耗技术。",[1003,8537,8538],{},"理解影响漏电功耗的因素，以及对应的降低功耗技术。",[978,8540,8541],{},"总览：",[978,8543,8544],{},[1485,8545],{"alt":1485,"src":8546},"\u002Fimg\u002FDigitalICDesign\u002FChapter9-Power-61.png",[978,8548,8549,1481],{},[1007,8550,8551],{},"低功耗设计策略贯穿 VLSI 设计的不同层次",[995,8553,8555],{"id":8554},"操作系统层面operation-system-level","操作系统层面：Operation System level",[978,8557,8558],{},"对应策略是：",[978,8560,8561],{},[1007,8562,8563],{},"Portioning, Power down",[978,8565,8566],{},"可以理解为：",[1000,8568,8569,8572],{},[1003,8570,8571],{},"把系统任务划分到不同模块；",[1003,8573,8574],{},"不用的模块可以关闭电源。",[978,8576,8577],{},"这一层更偏系统管理，例如某些功能暂时不用，就让它进入低功耗状态。",[995,8579,8581],{"id":8580},"软件层面software-level","软件层面：Software level",[978,8583,8558],{},[978,8585,8586],{},[1007,8587,8588],{},"Regularity, locality, concurrency",[978,8590,8591],{},"意思是：",[1000,8593,8594,8600,8606],{},[1003,8595,8596,8599],{},[1007,8597,8598],{},"Regularity","：规律性，让程序访问和计算更有规律；",[1003,8601,8602,8605],{},[1007,8603,8604],{},"Locality","：局部性，提高数据复用，减少不必要的数据搬运；",[1003,8607,8608,8611],{},[1007,8609,8610],{},"Concurrency","：并行性，让任务更有效地执行。",[978,8613,8614,8615],{},"软件层面的低功耗重点是：",[1007,8616,8617],{},"通过更合理的程序结构减少无效计算和数据访问。",[995,8619,8621],{"id":8620},"体系结构层面architecture-level","体系结构层面：Architecture level",[978,8623,8558],{},[978,8625,8626],{},[1007,8627,8628],{},"Pipelining, Redundancy, data encoding",[978,8630,8591],{},[1000,8632,8633,8639,8645],{},[1003,8634,8635,8638],{},[1007,8636,8637],{},"Pipelining","：流水线，提高处理效率；",[1003,8640,8641,8644],{},[1007,8642,8643],{},"Redundancy","：冗余结构，用额外硬件换取更低电压或更高效率；",[1003,8646,8647,8650],{},[1007,8648,8649],{},"Data encoding","：数据编码，减少数据传输中的翻转次数。",[978,8652,8653],{},"这一层主要是在处理器、总线、存储结构等系统架构上优化功耗。",[995,8655,8657],{"id":8656},"电路-逻辑层面circuitlogic-level","电路 \u002F 逻辑层面：Circuit\u002FLogic level",[978,8659,8558],{},[978,8661,8662],{},[1007,8663,8664],{},"Logic styles, transistor sizing and energy recovery",[978,8666,8591],{},[1000,8668,8669,8675,8681],{},[1003,8670,8671,8674],{},[1007,8672,8673],{},"Logic styles","：选择合适的逻辑风格；",[1003,8676,8677,8680],{},[1007,8678,8679],{},"Transistor sizing","：调整晶体管尺寸；",[1003,8682,8683,8686],{},[1007,8684,8685],{},"Energy recovery","：能量恢复技术。",[978,8688,8689],{},"这一层就是我们前面讲过比较多的内容，比如降低动态功耗、优化延迟、调整晶体管尺寸等。",[995,8691,8693],{"id":8692},"工艺层面technology-level","工艺层面：Technology level",[978,8695,8558],{},[978,8697,8698],{},[1007,8699,8700],{},"Threshold reduction, multi threshold devices",[978,8702,8591],{},[1000,8704,8705,8711],{},[1003,8706,8707,8710],{},[1007,8708,8709],{},"Threshold reduction","：降低阈值电压；",[1003,8712,8713,8716],{},[1007,8714,8715],{},"Multi threshold devices","：多阈值器件。",[978,8718,8719,8720,8789],{},"这一层和晶体管本身有关。比如关键路径使用低 ",[1019,8721,8723,8740],{"className":8722},[1022],[1019,8724,8726],{"className":8725},[1026],[1028,8727,8728],{"xmlns":1030},[1032,8729,8730,8738],{},[1035,8731,8732],{},[1236,8733,8734,8736],{},[1038,8735,1050],{},[1038,8737,2222],{},[1055,8739,3434],{"encoding":1057},[1019,8741,8743],{"className":8742,"ariaHidden":1063},[1062],[1019,8744,8746,8749],{"className":8745},[1067],[1019,8747],{"className":8748,"style":1261},[1071],[1019,8750,8752,8755],{"className":8751},[1076],[1019,8753,1050],{"className":8754,"style":1170},[1076,1077],[1019,8756,8758],{"className":8757},[1272],[1019,8759,8761,8781],{"className":8760},[1112,1113],[1019,8762,8764,8778],{"className":8763},[1117],[1019,8765,8767],{"className":8766,"style":3462},[1121],[1019,8768,8769,8772],{"style":2347},[1019,8770],{"className":8771,"style":1289},[1129],[1019,8773,8775],{"className":8774},[1134,1135,1136,1137],[1019,8776,2222],{"className":8777},[1076,1077,1137],[1019,8779,1175],{"className":8780},[1174],[1019,8782,8784],{"className":8783},[1117],[1019,8785,8787],{"className":8786,"style":1311},[1121],[1019,8788],{},"S保证速度，非关键路径使用高 $$V_t$$降低漏电。",[978,8791,8792],{},[1007,8793,8794],{},"有效的功耗管理可以通过在 VLSI 设计流程的不同层次使用不同策略来实现。因此，设计者需要采用智能化的方法来优化设计中的功耗。",{"title":8796,"searchDepth":8797,"depth":8797,"links":8798},"",4,[8799,8820,8846],{"id":987,"depth":8800,"text":988,"children":8801},2,[8802,8809,8810,8818,8819],{"id":992,"depth":8803,"text":993,"children":8804},3,[8805,8806,8807],{"id":997,"depth":8797,"text":998},{"id":1192,"depth":8797,"text":1193},{"id":1204,"depth":8797,"text":8808},"General Scaling  通用缩放 \u002F 一般缩放",{"id":1216,"depth":8803,"text":1217},{"id":1617,"depth":8803,"text":8811,"children":8812},"Three Key Enablers for Continued Scaling支撑工艺继续缩放的三个关键技术",[8813,8814,8816],{"id":1629,"depth":8797,"text":1630},{"id":1743,"depth":8797,"text":8815},"High-K metal gate introduced in 45nm High-K 金属栅技术在 45 nm 节点引入",{"id":1755,"depth":8797,"text":8817},"Tri-gate introduced in 22nm 三栅极 \u002F Tri-gate 晶体管在 22 nm 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