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21:40:26",{"text":11,"minutes":144,"time":145,"words":146},2.385,143100,477,{"stem":148,"path":149,"title":150,"date":78,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":151},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F2.sophomore-autumn\u002Findex","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fsophomore-autumn","大二秋冬",{"text":80,"minutes":81,"time":81,"words":81},{"stem":153,"path":154,"title":155,"date":156,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":157},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F2.sophomore-autumn\u002Fsolid-state-physics","\u002F2024\u002F09\u002F11\u002Fsolid-state-physics","固体物理基础","2024-09-11 19:15:26",{"text":158,"minutes":159,"time":160,"words":161},"4 min read",3.21,192600,642,{"stem":163,"path":164,"title":165,"date":166,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":167},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F3.sophomore-spring\u002FAIFrontier","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fsophomore-spring\u002Faifrontier","人工智能前沿","2025-06-12 14:58:16",{"text":168,"minutes":169,"time":170,"words":171},"25 min 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19:39:00",{"text":60,"minutes":200,"time":201,"words":202},0.535,32100,107,{"stem":204,"path":205,"title":206,"date":207,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":208},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F1.microelectronic-devices\u002FLecture10","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Fmicroelectronic-devices\u002Flecture10","Lecture 10：从 MOS 电容到 MOSFET","2026-09-10 00:10:00",{"text":209,"minutes":210,"time":211,"words":212},"18 min read",17.615,1056900,3523,{"stem":214,"path":215,"title":216,"date":217,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":218},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F1.microelectronic-devices\u002FLecture11","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Fmicroelectronic-devices\u002Flecture11","Lecture 11：亚阈值效应与 MOSFET 尺寸缩放","2026-09-10 00:20:00",{"text":219,"minutes":220,"time":221,"words":222},"23 min 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00:50:00",{"text":21,"minutes":51,"time":52,"words":53},{"stem":340,"path":341,"title":342,"date":198,"collapsed":343,"readingTime":344},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F1.microelectronic-devices\u002Findex","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Fmicroelectronic-devices","微电子器件",true,{"text":158,"minutes":345,"time":346,"words":347},3.055,183300,611,{"stem":349,"path":350,"title":351,"date":352,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":353},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F2.ICCAD\u002F1.HistoryMetaCharacters","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Ficcad\u002Fhistorymetacharacters","History & Meta Characters","2026-09-10 20:25:44",{"text":269,"minutes":354,"time":355,"words":356},9.36,561600,1872,{"stem":358,"path":359,"title":360,"date":361,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":362},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F2.ICCAD\u002F10.PastExams\u002F1.ExamAutumn2223","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Ficcad\u002Fpastexams\u002Fexamautumn2223","22-23 秋冬历年卷","2026-09-10 20:26:49",{"text":319,"minutes":363,"time":364,"words":365},20.295,1217700,4059,{"stem":367,"path":368,"title":369,"date":370,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":371},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F2.ICCAD\u002F10.PastExams\u002F2.Exam2021","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Ficcad\u002Fpastexams\u002Fexam2021","20-21 历年卷","2026-09-10 20:26:50",{"text":289,"minutes":290,"time":291,"words":292},{"stem":373,"path":374,"title":375,"date":376,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":377},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F2.ICCAD\u002F10.PastExams\u002F3.ExamRecall1","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Ficcad\u002Fpastexams\u002Fexamrecall1","不知名回忆卷 1","2026-09-10 20:26:51",{"text":116,"minutes":378,"time":379,"words":380},4.215,252900,843,{"stem":382,"path":383,"title":384,"date":385,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":386},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F2.ICCAD\u002F10.PastExams\u002F4.ExamRecall23","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Ficcad\u002Fpastexams\u002Fexamrecall23","不知名回忆卷 2\u002F3","2026-09-10 20:26:52",{"text":387,"minutes":388,"time":389,"words":390},"12 min read",11.235,674100,2247,{"stem":392,"path":393,"title":394,"date":395,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":396},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F2.ICCAD\u002F11.Detailed\u002F1.Chapter1-Introduction","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Ficcad\u002Fdetailed\u002Fchapter1-introduction","Chapter 1：Introduction","2026-09-10 20:27:26",{"text":397,"minutes":398,"time":399,"words":400},"19 min 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20:27:54",{"text":209,"minutes":454,"time":455,"words":456},17.85,1071000,3570,{"stem":458,"path":459,"title":460,"date":461,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":462},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F2.ICCAD\u002F11.Detailed\u002F8.Chapter8-CProgrammingInUnix","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Ficcad\u002Fdetailed\u002Fchapter8-cprogramminginunix","Chapter 8：C Programming in Unix","2026-09-10 20:27:57",{"text":463,"minutes":464,"time":465,"words":466},"17 min read",16.855,1011300,3371,{"stem":468,"path":469,"title":470,"date":471,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":472},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F2.ICCAD\u002F2.LinuxUnix","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Ficcad\u002Flinuxunix","Linux & Unix","2026-09-10 20:25:46",{"text":41,"minutes":473,"time":474,"words":475},29.33,1759800,5866,{"stem":477,"path":478,"title":479,"date":480,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":481},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F2.ICCAD\u002F3.Vi","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Ficcad\u002Fvi","Vi","2026-09-10 20:25:47",{"text":329,"minutes":482,"time":483,"words":484},7.95,477000,1590,{"stem":486,"path":487,"title":488,"date":489,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":490},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F2.ICCAD\u002F4.ViCopy","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Ficcad\u002Fvicopy","Vi（详细版）","2026-09-10 20:25:49",{"text":279,"minutes":491,"time":492,"words":493},13.785,827100,2757,{"stem":495,"path":496,"title":497,"date":498,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":499},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F2.ICCAD\u002F5.Shells","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Ficcad\u002Fshells","Shells","2026-09-10 20:25:51",{"text":500,"minutes":501,"time":502,"words":503},"22 min read",21.21,1272600,4242,{"stem":505,"path":506,"title":507,"date":508,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":509},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F2.ICCAD\u002F6.Network","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Ficcad\u002Fnetwork","Network","2026-09-10 20:25:54",{"text":319,"minutes":510,"time":511,"words":512},20.595,1235700,4119,{"stem":514,"path":515,"title":516,"date":517,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":518},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F2.ICCAD\u002F7.SystemAdministration","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Ficcad\u002Fsystemadministration","System Administration","2026-09-10 20:26:44",{"text":329,"minutes":519,"time":520,"words":521},7.12,427200,1424,{"stem":523,"path":524,"title":525,"date":526,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":527},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F2.ICCAD\u002F8.XWindow","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Ficcad\u002Fxwindow","XWindow","2026-09-10 20:26:45",{"text":97,"minutes":528,"time":529,"words":530},5.105,306300,1021,{"stem":532,"path":533,"title":534,"date":535,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":536},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F2.ICCAD\u002F9.SystemDevelopmentTools","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Ficcad\u002Fsystemdevelopmenttools","System Development Tools","2026-09-10 20:26:47",{"text":387,"minutes":537,"time":538,"words":539},11.35,681000,2270,{"stem":541,"path":542,"title":543,"date":544,"collapsed":343,"readingTime":545},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F2.ICCAD\u002Findex","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Ficcad","面向 ICCAD 的软件基础技术","2026-09-10 12:37:00",{"text":60,"minutes":546,"time":547,"words":548},0.185,11100,37,{"stem":550,"path":551,"title":552,"date":553,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":554},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F3.HDL\u002FFeiQilai1","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Fhdl\u002Ffeiqilai1","飞起来1.0","2026-09-10 12:51:49",{"text":555,"minutes":556,"time":557,"words":558},"105 min read",104.655,6279300,20931,{"stem":560,"path":561,"title":562,"date":563,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":564},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F3.HDL\u002FFeiQilai2","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Fhdl\u002Ffeiqilai2","飞起来2.0","2026-09-10 12:52:06",{"text":565,"minutes":566,"time":567,"words":568},"29 min read",28.755,1725300,5751,{"stem":570,"path":571,"title":572,"date":573,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":574},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F3.HDL\u002FFeiQilai3","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Fhdl\u002Ffeiqilai3","飞起来3.0","2026-09-10 12:52:12",{"text":116,"minutes":575,"time":576,"words":577},4.49,269400,898,{"stem":579,"path":580,"title":581,"date":582,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":583},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F3.HDL\u002FLecture13","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Fhdl\u002Flecture13","Lecture 13：浮点数标准","2026-09-10 12:51:27",{"text":11,"minutes":584,"time":585,"words":586},2.575,154500,515,{"stem":588,"path":589,"title":590,"date":591,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":592},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F3.HDL\u002FLecture6","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Fhdl\u002Flecture6","Lecture 6：Behavioral Modeling，非阻塞赋值","2026-09-10 12:51:12",{"text":97,"minutes":593,"time":594,"words":595},5.34,320400,1068,{"stem":597,"path":598,"title":599,"date":600,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":601},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F3.HDL\u002FPPTCorrespondence","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Fhdl\u002Fpptcorrespondence","与PPT的对应","2026-09-10 12:52:18",{"text":269,"minutes":602,"time":603,"words":604},9.275,556500,1855,{"stem":606,"path":607,"title":608,"date":544,"collapsed":343,"readingTime":609},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F3.HDL\u002Findex","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Fhdl","硬件描述语言原理与应用",{"text":60,"minutes":61,"time":62,"words":63},{"stem":611,"path":612,"title":613,"date":614,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":615},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F4.analogICDesign\u002F1.BeforeMidterm","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Fanalogicdesign\u002Fbeforemidterm","期中前","2026-09-10 20:28:52",{"text":616,"minutes":617,"time":618,"words":619},"11 min read",10.835,650100,2167,{"stem":621,"path":622,"title":623,"date":624,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":625},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F4.analogICDesign\u002F2.MidtermExam2425","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Fanalogicdesign\u002Fmidtermexam2425","24-25 期中","2026-09-10 20:29:00",{"text":21,"minutes":626,"time":627,"words":628},1.22,73200,244,{"stem":630,"path":631,"title":632,"date":633,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":634},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F4.analogICDesign\u002F3.FinalExamReview","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Fanalogicdesign\u002Ffinalexamreview","期末考试整理","2026-09-10 20:29:09",{"text":387,"minutes":635,"time":636,"words":637},11.36,681600,2272,{"stem":639,"path":640,"title":641,"date":642,"collapsed":343,"readingTime":643},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F4.analogICDesign\u002Findex","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Fanalogicdesign","模拟集成电路设计","2026-09-10 20:00:00",{"text":80,"minutes":81,"time":81,"words":81},{"stem":645,"path":646,"title":647,"date":78,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":648},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002Findex","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn","大三秋冬",{"text":80,"minutes":81,"time":81,"words":81},{"stem":650,"path":651,"title":652,"date":653,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":654},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F5.junior-spring\u002F1.digitalICDesign\u002F1.Chapter3-Device","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-spring\u002Fdigitalicdesign\u002Fchapter3-device","Chapter 3：器件 Device","2026-09-10 21:14:41",{"text":249,"minutes":655,"time":656,"words":657},6.055,363300,1211,{"stem":659,"path":660,"title":661,"date":653,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":662},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F5.junior-spring\u002F1.digitalICDesign\u002F10.Chapter12-Arithmetic","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-spring\u002Fdigitalicdesign\u002Fchapter12-arithmetic","Chapter 12：算术运算电路 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期中试题",{"text":80,"minutes":81,"time":81,"words":81},{"stem":693,"path":694,"title":695,"date":653,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":696},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F5.junior-spring\u002F1.digitalICDesign\u002F13.PastExams\u002F3.FinalPolished","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-spring\u002Fdigitalicdesign\u002Fpastexams\u002Ffinalpolished","期末历年卷（AI 润色版）",{"text":21,"minutes":697,"time":698,"words":699},1.575,94500,315,{"stem":701,"path":702,"title":703,"date":653,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":704},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F5.junior-spring\u002F1.digitalICDesign\u002F14.ExamRecall2026","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-spring\u002Fdigitalicdesign\u002Fexamrecall2026","数字集成电路回忆 2026",{"text":60,"minutes":705,"time":706,"words":707},0.49,29400,98,{"stem":709,"path":710,"title":711,"date":653,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":712},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F5.junior-spring\u002F1.digitalICDesign\u002F2.Chapter4-Wire","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-spring\u002Fdigitalicdesign\u002Fchapter4-wire","Chapter 4：导线 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Gate",{"text":31,"minutes":729,"time":730,"words":731},8.635,518100,1727,{"stem":733,"path":734,"title":735,"date":653,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":736},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F5.junior-spring\u002F1.digitalICDesign\u002F5.Chapter7-SequentialLogic","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-spring\u002Fdigitalicdesign\u002Fchapter7-sequentiallogic","Chapter 7：时序逻辑 Sequential Logic",{"text":463,"minutes":737,"time":738,"words":739},16.645,998700,3329,{"stem":741,"path":742,"title":743,"date":653,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":744},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F5.junior-spring\u002F1.digitalICDesign\u002F6.Chapter8-Speed","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-spring\u002Fdigitalicdesign\u002Fchapter8-speed","Chapter 8：延迟与速度 Speed",{"text":745,"minutes":746,"time":747,"words":748},"33 min read",32.885,1973100,6577,{"stem":750,"path":751,"title":752,"date":653,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":753},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F5.junior-spring\u002F1.digitalICDesign\u002F7.Chapter9-Power","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-spring\u002Fdigitalicdesign\u002Fchapter9-power","Chapter 9：功耗 Power",{"text":754,"minutes":755,"time":756,"words":757},"31 min read",31.005,1860300,6201,{"stem":759,"path":760,"title":761,"date":653,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":762},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F5.junior-spring\u002F1.digitalICDesign\u002F8.Chapter10-Interconnect","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-spring\u002Fdigitalicdesign\u002Fchapter10-interconnect","Chapter 10：互连 Interconnect",{"text":463,"minutes":763,"time":764,"words":765},16.32,979200,3264,{"stem":767,"path":768,"title":769,"date":653,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":770},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F5.junior-spring\u002F1.digitalICDesign\u002F9.Chapter11-Timing","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-spring\u002Fdigitalicdesign\u002Fchapter11-timing","Chapter 11：时序 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read",43.985,2639100,8797,{"stem":824,"path":825,"title":826,"date":653,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":827},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F5.junior-spring\u002F2.computerOrganization\u002F14.L15","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-spring\u002Fcomputerorganization\u002Fl15","L15：期末复习问答",{"text":269,"minutes":828,"time":829,"words":830},9.105,546300,1821,{"stem":832,"path":833,"title":834,"date":653,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":835},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F5.junior-spring\u002F2.computerOrganization\u002F2.L2-Binary","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-spring\u002Fcomputerorganization\u002Fl2-binary","L2：二进制数制",{"text":80,"minutes":81,"time":81,"words":81},{"stem":837,"path":838,"title":839,"date":653,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":840},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F5.junior-spring\u002F2.computerOrganization\u002F3.L3-CMemory","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-spring\u002Fcomputerorganization\u002Fl3-cmemory","L3：C 语言与内存模型",{"text":841,"minutes":842,"time":843,"words":844},"98 min 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系统配置","2025-08-26 19:38:06",{"text":158,"minutes":911,"time":912,"words":913},3.815,228900,763,{"stem":915,"path":916,"title":917,"date":918,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":919},"posts\u002Fubuntu\u002F2.cadence\u002F1.mmsim","\u002Fubuntu\u002Fcadence\u002Fmmsim","在 Ubuntu 24.04 上安装 Cadence MMSIM 15.1 的兼容性问题","2026-09-09 14:06:40",{"text":158,"minutes":920,"time":921,"words":922},3.5,210000,700,{"stem":924,"path":925,"title":926,"date":918,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":927},"posts\u002Fubuntu\u002F2.cadence\u002F2.innovus","\u002Fubuntu\u002Fcadence\u002Finnovus","Innovus安装",{"text":11,"minutes":928,"time":929,"words":930},2.08,124800,416,{"stem":932,"path":933,"title":934,"date":918,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":935},"posts\u002Fubuntu\u002F2.cadence\u002Findex","\u002Fubuntu\u002Fcadence","Ubuntu24.04安装Cadence 系列软件",{"text":269,"minutes":936,"time":937,"words":938},9.98,598800,1996,{"stem":940,"path":941,"title":942,"date":918,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":943},"posts\u002Fubuntu\u002F3.synopsys","\u002Fubuntu\u002Fsynopsys","Ubuntu 24.04 安装 Synopsys",{"text":269,"minutes":944,"time":945,"words":946},9.555,573300,1911,{"stem":948,"path":949,"title":950,"date":918,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":951},"posts\u002Fubuntu\u002F4.vivado","\u002Fubuntu\u002Fvivado","Ubuntu 24.04 安装 Vivado 2020.1",{"text":60,"minutes":952,"time":953,"words":954},0.62,37200,124,{"stem":956,"path":957,"title":958,"date":918,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":959},"posts\u002Fubuntu\u002F5.migrate","\u002Fubuntu\u002Fmigrate","硬盘迁移系统",{"text":60,"minutes":960,"time":961,"words":962},0.64,38400,128,{"stem":964,"path":965,"title":966,"date":967,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":968},"posts\u002Fubuntu\u002Findex","\u002Fubuntu","Ubuntu装进移动硬盘","2025-08-25 19:38:06",{"text":269,"minutes":969,"time":970,"words":971},9.26,555600,1852,{"id":973,"title":669,"body":974,"categories":6442,"collapsed":9,"date":653,"description":6443,"draft":9,"extension":6444,"hideInArchive":343,"hideInList":343,"image":6445,"meta":6446,"navigation":343,"path":668,"permalink":6445,"published":6445,"readingTime":6448,"recommend":6445,"references":6445,"seo":6449,"sitemap":6450,"stem":667,"tags":6503,"type":6505,"updated":653,"__hash__":6506},"content\u002Fposts\u002FUGCourses\u002F5.junior-spring\u002F1.digitalICDesign\u002F11.Chapter13-Memory.md",{"type":975,"value":976,"toc":6328},"minimark",[977,982,987,994,998,1001,1016,1021,1024,1027,1032,1036,1041,1047,1053,1059,1065,1068,1075,1080,1085,1090,1093,1099,1104,1108,1111,1117,1122,1128,1138,1144,1150,1156,1166,1172,1178,1182,1188,1198,1204,1210,1216,1226,1232,1238,1242,1249,1253,1260,1265,1276,1289,1293,1303,1309,1315,1320,1324,1337,1342,1348,1355,1362,1369,1387,1390,1648,1651,1656,1660,1666,1669,1672,1689,1694,1698,1701,1704,1709,1714,1718,1723,1727,1730,1895,1900,1904,1915,1920,1924,1927,1933,1938,1949,1953,1957,1960,1981,1993,2010,2015,2018,2219,2223,2226,2235,2240,2245,2250,2255,2260,2406,2410,2502,2515,2524,2531,2559,2563,2595,2599,2602,2605,2609,2614,2618,2788,2796,2800,2803,2807,2810,2822,2830,2833,2836,2844,2851,2855,2873,2976,2981,2985,2995,2998,3003,3007,3097,3102,3124,3129,3133,3140,3143,3149,3169,3174,3177,3180,3183,3188,3192,3197,3201,3216,3227,3232,3235,3240,3755,3760,3900,4303,4510,4513,4714,4902,4907,4910,4921,4926,4930,4933,4942,4946,4949,4958,4963,4967,4970,4973,4976,4990,4993,4996,4999,5098,5127,5131,5134,5141,5148,5153,5157,5160,5164,5183,5188,5192,5203,5208,5212,5215,5223,5228,5232,5238,5245,5260,5264,5270,5277,5299,5303,5309,5312,5317,5321,5327,5344,5349,5366,5372,5377,5381,5390,5401,5406,5410,5414,5421,5424,5432,5435,5443,5446,5454,5457,5465,5468,5476,5479,5500,5505,5511,5515,5526,5546,5551,5554,5564,5577,5581,5588,5597,5605,5609,5612,5616,5752,5872,5877,5881,5884,5918,5921,5924,5927,5941,5946,5952,5958,5962,5965,5974,5979,5982,6008,6012,6025,6035,6040,6050,6060,6064,6067,6072,6076,6079,6084,6088,6117,6120,6125,6131,6134,6140,6152,6159,6167,6175,6179,6188,6192,6202,6207,6221,6226,6233,6236,6241,6247,6253,6256,6263,6269,6276,6279,6286,6292,6299,6306,6312,6317,6321],[978,979,981],"h2",{"id":980},"memory-结构","Memory 结构",[983,984,986],"h3",{"id":985},"_1维存储结构","1维存储结构",[988,989,990],"p",{},[991,992],"img",{"alt":991,"src":993},"\u002Fimg\u002FDigitalICDesign\u002FChapter13-Memory-01.png",[983,995,997],{"id":996},"_2维存储结构","2维存储结构",[988,999,1000],{},"大容量存储器不能再做成一个巨大的单一阵列，而是要分成多个小 block，通过层次化寻址来访问。",[988,1002,1003,1007,1008,1011,1012,1015],{},[1004,1005,1006],"strong",{},"优势","：",[1004,1009,1010],{},"每个 block 内部连线更短","，速度更快、延迟更小； ",[1004,1013,1014],{},"一次只激活一个 block","，不用让整个大存储阵列工作，所以可以降低功耗。",[988,1017,1018],{},[991,1019],{"alt":991,"src":1020},"\u002Fimg\u002FDigitalICDesign\u002FChapter13-Memory-02.png",[983,1022,1023],{"id":1023},"阵列结构",[988,1025,1026],{},"阵列布局方面，减少行数、增加列数，从而让存储阵列更接近方形、更容易布局。",[988,1028,1029],{},[991,1030],{"alt":991,"src":1031},"\u002Fimg\u002FDigitalICDesign\u002FChapter13-Memory-03.png",[978,1033,1035],{"id":1034},"memory-时序定义","Memory 时序定义",[988,1037,1038],{},[991,1039],{"alt":991,"src":1040},"\u002Fimg\u002FDigitalICDesign\u002FChapter13-Memory-04.png",[988,1042,1043,1046],{},[1004,1044,1045],{},"Read cycle"," 表示两次读操作之间所需要的最短时间间隔。",[988,1048,1049,1052],{},[1004,1050,1051],{},"Read access"," 表示从发出读命令开始，到数据变得有效所需要的时间。",[988,1054,1055,1058],{},[1004,1056,1057],{},"Write cycle"," 表示两次写操作之间所需要的最短时间间隔。",[988,1060,1061,1064],{},[1004,1062,1063],{},"Write access"," 表示写操作从开始到真正写入完成所需的时间。",[983,1066,1067],{"id":1067},"内存访问时序",[988,1069,1070,1071,1074],{},"DRAM 使用",[1004,1072,1073],{},"地址复用，","地址总线不是一次性给出完整地址，而是分两步给。",[988,1076,1077],{},[1004,1078,1079],{},"RAS：Row Access Strobe，行访问选通信号",[988,1081,1082],{},[1004,1083,1084],{},"CAS：Column Access Strobe，列访问选通信号",[988,1086,1087],{},[991,1088],{"alt":991,"src":1089},"\u002Fimg\u002FDigitalICDesign\u002FChapter13-Memory-05.png",[988,1091,1092],{},"SRAM 通常不需要像 DRAM 那样分行地址和列地址两次送入。地址发生变化，就触发 SRAM 开始读写操作。",[988,1094,1095,1098],{},[1004,1096,1097],{},"即self-timed，自定时","，即 SRAM 内部电路根据地址变化自动完成访问控制。",[988,1100,1101],{},[991,1102],{"alt":991,"src":1103},"\u002Fimg\u002FDigitalICDesign\u002FChapter13-Memory-06.png",[978,1105,1107],{"id":1106},"ram-random-access-memory","RAM | Random Access Memory",[983,1109,1110],{"id":1110},"分类",[1112,1113,1114],"blockquote",{},[988,1115,1116],{},"了解",[1118,1119,1121],"h4",{"id":1120},"static-ram-静态随机存储器","Static RAM | 静态随机存储器",[988,1123,1124,1127],{},[1004,1125,1126],{},"数据保持方式","：只要电源存在，数据就一直保存在电路中；",[988,1129,1130,1133,1134,1137],{},[1004,1131,1132],{},"存储单元较大","：通常一个 bit 需要 ",[1004,1135,1136],{},"6 个晶体管","，也就是 6T SRAM；",[988,1139,1140,1143],{},[1004,1141,1142],{},"单位芯片容量较小","：因为每个 bit 占面积大，所以同样面积下能存的 bit 数较少；",[988,1145,1146,1149],{},[1004,1147,1148],{},"速度快","：读写速度很高；",[988,1151,1152,1155],{},[1004,1153,1154],{},"常用于 Cache","：比如 CPU 的 L1\u002FL2\u002FL3 缓存；",[988,1157,1158,1161,1162,1165],{},[1004,1159,1160],{},"差分输出","：通常有两根位线，",[1004,1163,1164],{},"BL 和 !BL","，分别表示数据和反相信号；",[988,1167,1168,1171],{},[1004,1169,1170],{},"需要 sense amplifier","：感应放大器用于快速判断 BL 和 !BL 的电压差，提高读取速度；",[988,1173,1174,1177],{},[1004,1175,1176],{},"兼容 CMOS 工艺","：容易和普通逻辑电路一起集成。",[1118,1179,1181],{"id":1180},"dynamic-ram-动态随机存储器","Dynamic RAM | 动态随机存储器",[988,1183,1184,1187],{},[1004,1185,1186],{},"需要周期性刷新","：否则电容中的电荷逐渐泄漏，数据会丢失；",[988,1189,1190,1193,1194,1197],{},[1004,1191,1192],{},"存储单元较小","：一个 bit 通常只需要 ",[1004,1195,1196],{},"1 个晶体管 + 1 个电容","，有时也可说 1 到 3 个晶体管；",[988,1199,1200,1203],{},[1004,1201,1202],{},"单位芯片容量大","：因为单元面积小，所以同样面积可以存更多 bit；",[988,1205,1206,1209],{},[1004,1207,1208],{},"速度比 SRAM 慢","；",[988,1211,1212,1215],{},[1004,1213,1214],{},"常用于主存","：比如电脑内存条中的 DDR DRAM；",[988,1217,1218,1221,1222,1225],{},[1004,1219,1220],{},"单端输出","：通常只通过一根位线 ",[1004,1223,1224],{},"BL"," 输出；",[988,1227,1228,1231],{},[1004,1229,1230],{},"必须使用 sense amplifier","：因为电容存储的电压变化很小，需要感应放大器才能正确读出；",[988,1233,1234,1237],{},[1004,1235,1236],{},"不太适合普通 CMOS 工艺","：因为 DRAM 通常需要特殊的电容结构和制造工艺。",[978,1239,1241],{"id":1240},"sram","SRAM",[988,1243,1244,1245,1248],{},"SRAM cell 是 SRAM 的最基本存储单元，每个 cell 必须具备",[1004,1246,1247],{},"存储 1 bit 信息、支持读操作和写操作","的功能。",[983,1250,1252],{"id":1251},"_12t-sram-单元","12T SRAM 单元",[988,1254,1255,1256,1259],{},"由 ",[1004,1257,1258],{},"12 个晶体管 transistor"," 构成的 SRAM 单元。",[988,1261,1262],{},[991,1263],{"alt":991,"src":1264},"\u002Fimg\u002FDigitalICDesign\u002FChapter13-Memory-07.png",[988,1266,1267,1268,1271,1272,1275],{},"一个简单的 ",[1004,1269,1270],{},"latch","，用于保存 0\u002F1； 与 ",[1004,1273,1274],{},"bitline 位线"," 相连，用于读写数据； 具备独立的读写控制信号",[1112,1277,1278],{},[988,1279,1280,1284,1285,1288],{},[1281,1282,1283],"code",{"code":1283},"write_b"," 一般表示是 ",[1281,1286,1287],{"code":1287},"write"," 的反相控制。",[983,1290,1292],{"id":1291},"_6t-sram-单元","6T SRAM 单元",[988,1294,1295,1296,1298,1299,1302],{},"6T SRAM 是最常见的静态存储单元，由 ",[1004,1297,1136],{},"组成，核心是两个",[1004,1300,1301],{},"交叉耦合反相器","，用来稳定保存 0 或 1。",[988,1304,1305,1308],{},[1004,1306,1307],{},"word line（字线）","：控制该存储单元是否被选中。",[988,1310,1311,1314],{},[1004,1312,1313],{},"bit \u002F bit_b（位线及反位线）","：用于读出或写入数据，是一对互补信号线。",[988,1316,1317],{},[991,1318],{"alt":991,"src":1319},"\u002Fimg\u002FDigitalICDesign\u002FChapter13-Memory-08.png",[983,1321,1323],{"id":1322},"sram-读","SRAM 读",[988,1325,1326,1329,1330,1333,1334,1336],{},[1004,1327,1328],{},"读的过程","：先把两条位线 ",[1004,1331,1332],{},"bit 和 bit_b 都预充到高电平","。然后拉高 ",[1004,1335,1307],{},"，打开两侧访问晶体管，使存储节点和位线连接。",[1118,1338,1340,1007],{"id":1339},"举例",[1004,1341,1339],{},[988,1343,1344,1345],{},"单元内部存的是 ",[1004,1346,1347],{},"A = 0，A_b = 1",[988,1349,1350,1351,1354],{},"字线打开后，左侧位线 ",[1004,1352,1353],{},"bit"," 会通过存储单元被下拉放电",[988,1356,1357,1358,1361],{},"右侧位线 ",[1004,1359,1360],{},"bit_b"," 仍保持高电平",[988,1363,1364,1365,1368],{},"之后通过比较 bit 和 bit_b 的",[1004,1366,1367],{},"电压差","，就能读出数据",[1370,1371,1373],"alert",{"type":1372},"tip",[988,1374,1375,1378,1379,1382,1383,1386],{},[1004,1376,1377],{},"真实 SRAM 读操作基本就是利用 bit 和 bit_b 的电压差来读出数据","，但不是让 CPU 或普通逻辑门直接去比较，而是用专门的 ",[1004,1380,1381],{},"sense amplifier（灵敏放大器\u002F读出放大器）","把这个很小的差值快速放大成完整的数字 0 或 1，",[1004,1384,1385],{},"不需要等 bit 完全放电到 0","。",[1118,1388,1389],{"id":1389},"读稳定性",[988,1391,1392,1393,1396,1397,1647],{},"读的时候不能把原来存的 0 误翻转成 1，所以要求下拉管 ",[1004,1394,1395],{},"N1 要比访问管 N2 强","，即 ",[1398,1399,1402,1476],"span",{"className":1400},[1401],"katex",[1398,1403,1406],{"className":1404},[1405],"katex-mathml",[1407,1408,1410],"math",{"xmlns":1409},"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML",[1411,1412,1413,1471],"semantics",{},[1414,1415,1416,1421,1425,1429,1432,1447,1450,1452,1454,1456,1458,1460],"mrow",{},[1417,1418,1420],"mo",{"stretchy":1419},"false","(",[1422,1423,1424],"mi",{},"W",[1422,1426,1428],{"mathvariant":1427},"normal","\u002F",[1422,1430,1431],{},"L",[1433,1434,1435,1438],"msub",{},[1417,1436,1437],{"stretchy":1419},")",[1414,1439,1440,1443],{},[1422,1441,1442],{},"N",[1444,1445,1446],"mn",{},"1",[1417,1448,1449],{},">",[1417,1451,1449],{},[1417,1453,1420],{"stretchy":1419},[1422,1455,1424],{},[1422,1457,1428],{"mathvariant":1427},[1422,1459,1431],{},[1433,1461,1462,1464],{},[1417,1463,1437],{"stretchy":1419},[1414,1465,1466,1468],{},[1422,1467,1442],{},[1444,1469,1470],{},"2",[1472,1473,1475],"annotation",{"encoding":1474},"application\u002Fx-tex","(W\u002FL)_{N1}>>(W\u002FL)_{N2}",[1398,1477,1481,1583],{"className":1478,"ariaHidden":1480},[1479],"katex-html","true",[1398,1482,1485,1490,1494,1500,1503,1506,1570,1575,1580],{"className":1483},[1484],"base",[1398,1486],{"className":1487,"style":1489},[1488],"strut","height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;",[1398,1491,1420],{"className":1492},[1493],"mopen",[1398,1495,1424],{"className":1496,"style":1499},[1497,1498],"mord","mathnormal","margin-right:0.1389em;",[1398,1501,1428],{"className":1502},[1497],[1398,1504,1431],{"className":1505},[1497,1498],[1398,1507,1510,1513],{"className":1508},[1509],"mclose",[1398,1511,1437],{"className":1512},[1509],[1398,1514,1517],{"className":1515},[1516],"msupsub",[1398,1518,1522,1561],{"className":1519},[1520,1521],"vlist-t","vlist-t2",[1398,1523,1526,1556],{"className":1524},[1525],"vlist-r",[1398,1527,1531],{"className":1528,"style":1530},[1529],"vlist","height:0.3283em;",[1398,1532,1534,1539],{"style":1533},"top:-2.55em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;",[1398,1535],{"className":1536,"style":1538},[1537],"pstrut","height:2.7em;",[1398,1540,1546],{"className":1541},[1542,1543,1544,1545],"sizing","reset-size6","size3","mtight",[1398,1547,1549,1553],{"className":1548},[1497,1545],[1398,1550,1442],{"className":1551,"style":1552},[1497,1498,1545],"margin-right:0.109em;",[1398,1554,1446],{"className":1555},[1497,1545],[1398,1557,1560],{"className":1558},[1559],"vlist-s","​",[1398,1562,1564],{"className":1563},[1525],[1398,1565,1568],{"className":1566,"style":1567},[1529],"height:0.15em;",[1398,1569],{},[1398,1571],{"className":1572,"style":1574},[1573],"mspace","margin-right:0.2778em;",[1398,1576,1579],{"className":1577},[1578],"mrel",">>",[1398,1581],{"className":1582,"style":1574},[1573],[1398,1584,1586,1589,1592,1595,1598,1601],{"className":1585},[1484],[1398,1587],{"className":1588,"style":1489},[1488],[1398,1590,1420],{"className":1591},[1493],[1398,1593,1424],{"className":1594,"style":1499},[1497,1498],[1398,1596,1428],{"className":1597},[1497],[1398,1599,1431],{"className":1600},[1497,1498],[1398,1602,1604,1607],{"className":1603},[1509],[1398,1605,1437],{"className":1606},[1509],[1398,1608,1610],{"className":1609},[1516],[1398,1611,1613,1639],{"className":1612},[1520,1521],[1398,1614,1616,1636],{"className":1615},[1525],[1398,1617,1619],{"className":1618,"style":1530},[1529],[1398,1620,1621,1624],{"style":1533},[1398,1622],{"className":1623,"style":1538},[1537],[1398,1625,1627],{"className":1626},[1542,1543,1544,1545],[1398,1628,1630,1633],{"className":1629},[1497,1545],[1398,1631,1442],{"className":1632,"style":1552},[1497,1498,1545],[1398,1634,1470],{"className":1635},[1497,1545],[1398,1637,1560],{"className":1638},[1559],[1398,1640,1642],{"className":1641},[1525],[1398,1643,1645],{"className":1644,"style":1567},[1529],[1398,1646],{},"这样即使 bit 是高电平，也不会把节点 A 拉得太高。",[988,1649,1650],{},"在下图中看到，字线导通后，A处的电压稍微抬升后依然被下拉到地，说明下拉管在起作用。",[988,1652,1653],{},[991,1654],{"alt":991,"src":1655},"\u002Fimg\u002FDigitalICDesign\u002FChapter13-Memory-09.png",[983,1657,1659],{"id":1658},"sram-写","SRAM 写",[988,1661,1662,1665],{},[1004,1663,1664],{},"写的过程","：先在位线上放入要写入的数据，然后拉高字线，N2和N4打开，位线强行改变内部节点的电位。",[1118,1667,1668],{"id":1668},"写的能力",[988,1670,1671],{},"位线和访问管（如N2，N4）必须能压过原来 SRAM 单元内部的反馈保持能力。",[1370,1673,1674],{"type":1372},[988,1675,1676,1677,1680,1681,1684,1685,1688],{},"ppt中给出的案例：A_b原本存1，现在bit_b要把A_b强制写为0。此时 ",[1004,1678,1679],{},"P2"," 想继续把内部节点拉高，保持旧数据； ",[1004,1682,1683],{},"N4"," 想通过低电平 bit_b 线把内部节点拉低，写入新数据。就需要",[1004,1686,1687],{},"访问管 N4 的导通能力要强于上拉管 P2","，这样才能把内部高电平节点拉低。（原ppt的图有些不对应）",[988,1690,1691],{},[991,1692],{"alt":991,"src":1693},"\u002Fimg\u002FDigitalICDesign\u002FChapter13-Memory-10.png",[983,1695,1697],{"id":1696},"sram-单元尺寸设计","SRAM 单元尺寸设计",[988,1699,1700],{},"读操作时：高电平位线不能破坏单元",[988,1702,1703],{},"写操作时：低电平位线必须能写入新值",[988,1705,1706],{},[1004,1707,1708],{},"下拉 NMOS 强>访问 NMOS 中等>上拉 PMOS 弱",[988,1710,1711],{},[991,1712],{"alt":991,"src":1713},"\u002Fimg\u002FDigitalICDesign\u002FChapter13-Memory-11.png",[983,1715,1717],{"id":1716},"_44-sram-memory","4*4 SRAM memory",[988,1719,1720],{},[991,1721],{"alt":991,"src":1722},"\u002Fimg\u002FDigitalICDesign\u002FChapter13-Memory-12.png",[983,1724,1726],{"id":1725},"电阻负载的-sram-单元","电阻负载的 SRAM 单元",[988,1728,1729],{},"存在静态功耗：只要电阻某一侧 NMOS 导通，就会有直流电流。",[988,1731,1732,1733,1807,1808,1894],{},"使用大电阻减少静态功耗，是上拉电阻太大，会影响传播延时",[1398,1734,1736,1755],{"className":1735},[1401],[1398,1737,1739],{"className":1738},[1405],[1407,1740,1741],{"xmlns":1409},[1411,1742,1743,1752],{},[1414,1744,1745],{},[1433,1746,1747,1750],{},[1422,1748,1749],{},"t",[1422,1751,988],{},[1472,1753,1754],{"encoding":1474},"t_p",[1398,1756,1758],{"className":1757,"ariaHidden":1480},[1479],[1398,1759,1761,1765],{"className":1760},[1484],[1398,1762],{"className":1763,"style":1764},[1488],"height:0.9012em;vertical-align:-0.2861em;",[1398,1766,1768,1771],{"className":1767},[1497],[1398,1769,1749],{"className":1770},[1497,1498],[1398,1772,1774],{"className":1773},[1516],[1398,1775,1777,1798],{"className":1776},[1520,1521],[1398,1778,1780,1795],{"className":1779},[1525],[1398,1781,1784],{"className":1782,"style":1783},[1529],"height:0.1514em;",[1398,1785,1786,1789],{"style":1533},[1398,1787],{"className":1788,"style":1538},[1537],[1398,1790,1792],{"className":1791},[1542,1543,1544,1545],[1398,1793,988],{"className":1794},[1497,1498,1545],[1398,1796,1560],{"className":1797},[1559],[1398,1799,1801],{"className":1800},[1525],[1398,1802,1805],{"className":1803,"style":1804},[1529],"height:0.2861em;",[1398,1806],{},"，所以位线通常要预充到",[1398,1809,1811,1835],{"className":1810},[1401],[1398,1812,1814],{"className":1813},[1405],[1407,1815,1816],{"xmlns":1409},[1411,1817,1818,1832],{},[1414,1819,1820],{},[1433,1821,1822,1825],{},[1422,1823,1824],{},"V",[1414,1826,1827,1830],{},[1422,1828,1829],{},"D",[1422,1831,1829],{},[1472,1833,1834],{"encoding":1474},"V_{DD}",[1398,1836,1838],{"className":1837,"ariaHidden":1480},[1479],[1398,1839,1841,1845],{"className":1840},[1484],[1398,1842],{"className":1843,"style":1844},[1488],"height:0.8333em;vertical-align:-0.15em;",[1398,1846,1848,1852],{"className":1847},[1497],[1398,1849,1824],{"className":1850,"style":1851},[1497,1498],"margin-right:0.2222em;",[1398,1853,1855],{"className":1854},[1516],[1398,1856,1858,1886],{"className":1857},[1520,1521],[1398,1859,1861,1883],{"className":1860},[1525],[1398,1862,1864],{"className":1863,"style":1530},[1529],[1398,1865,1867,1870],{"style":1866},"top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.2222em;margin-right:0.05em;",[1398,1868],{"className":1869,"style":1538},[1537],[1398,1871,1873],{"className":1872},[1542,1543,1544,1545],[1398,1874,1876,1880],{"className":1875},[1497,1545],[1398,1877,1829],{"className":1878,"style":1879},[1497,1498,1545],"margin-right:0.0278em;",[1398,1881,1829],{"className":1882,"style":1879},[1497,1498,1545],[1398,1884,1560],{"className":1885},[1559],[1398,1887,1889],{"className":1888},[1525],[1398,1890,1892],{"className":1891,"style":1567},[1529],[1398,1893],{},"来提高读写速度。",[988,1896,1897],{},[991,1898],{"alt":991,"src":1899},"\u002Fimg\u002FDigitalICDesign\u002FChapter13-Memory-13.png",[983,1901,1903],{"id":1902},"经典-sram-单元对比","经典 SRAM 单元对比",[1112,1905,1906],{},[988,1907,1908,1911,1912,1386],{},[1004,1909,1910],{},"TFT Cell"," 指的是 ",[1004,1913,1914],{},"薄膜晶体管负载 SRAM 单元",[988,1916,1917],{},[991,1918],{"alt":991,"src":1919},"\u002Fimg\u002FDigitalICDesign\u002FChapter13-Memory-14.png",[983,1921,1923],{"id":1922},"sram-atd-地址跳变检测电路","SRAM ATD | 地址跳变检测电路",[988,1925,1926],{},"ATD | Address Transition Detection",[988,1928,1929,1932],{},[1004,1930,1931],{},"原理","：输入的地址信号，分两路：一路是原始信号，一路延时单元。一旦任意地址发生变化，由异或门识别出来，输出脉冲被ATD电路识别到后，会经过反相器输出一个ATD脉冲。",[988,1934,1935],{},[991,1936],{"alt":991,"src":1937},"\u002Fimg\u002FDigitalICDesign\u002FChapter13-Memory-15.png",[1112,1939,1940,1943,1946],{},[988,1941,1942],{},"ATD的作用：",[988,1944,1945],{},"协助 SRAM 一旦检测到地址变化，就知道用户要访问新的存储单元。",[988,1947,1948],{},"ATD 脉冲可以用来启动内部操作，例如：预充电 bit line； 关闭旧的 word line； 打开新的 word line； 启动 sense amplifier； 控制读写时序。",[978,1950,1952],{"id":1951},"dram","DRAM",[983,1954,1956],{"id":1955},"_3t-dram-cell","3T DRAM Cell",[1118,1958,1959],{"id":1959},"电路结构",[988,1961,1962,1965,1966,1969,1970,1973,1974,1977,1978,1386],{},[1004,1963,1964],{},"M1","是",[1004,1967,1968],{},"写入","管，由 ",[1004,1971,1972],{},"WWL（Write Word Line，写字线）"," 控制，把 ",[1004,1975,1976],{},"BL1"," 上的数据写入存储节点 ",[1004,1979,1980],{},"X",[988,1982,1983,1965,1986,1989,1990,1992],{},[1004,1984,1985],{},"Cs",[1004,1987,1988],{},"存储","电容，用来保存数据，节点 ",[1004,1991,1980],{}," 上的电压代表存储的 0 或 1。",[988,1994,1995,1998,1999,2002,2003,2005,2006,2009],{},[1004,1996,1997],{},"M2 + M3","组成",[1004,2000,2001],{},"读出","通路，由节点 ",[1004,2004,1980],{}," 控制 M2，RWL 控制 M3，通过 ",[1004,2007,2008],{},"BL2"," 读出数据。",[988,2011,2012],{},[991,2013],{"alt":991,"src":2014},"\u002Fimg\u002FDigitalICDesign\u002FChapter13-Memory-16.png",[1118,2016,2017],{"id":2017},"关键特点",[2019,2020,2021,2029,2035,2207],"ol",{},[2022,2023,2024,2025],"li",{},"不像 SRAM 那样要求晶体管强弱比例严格匹配，",[2026,2027,2028],"mark",{},"尺寸约束较小。",[2022,2030,2031,2032,2034],{},"读操作是不会破坏节点",[1004,2033,1980],{},"上存储的电荷的。原因：读出时 X 只是控制 M2 的栅极，没有直接接到位线。",[2022,2036,2037,2038,2040,2041,2203,2204,2206],{},"写入 1 时，",[1004,2039,1980],{}," 节点只能达到 ",[1398,2042,2044,2082],{"className":2043},[1401],[1398,2045,2047],{"className":2046},[1405],[1407,2048,2049],{"xmlns":1409},[1411,2050,2051,2079],{},[1414,2052,2053,2065,2068],{},[1433,2054,2055,2057],{},[1422,2056,1824],{},[1414,2058,2059,2061,2063],{},[1422,2060,1424],{},[1422,2062,1424],{},[1422,2064,1431],{},[1417,2066,2067],{},"−",[1433,2069,2070,2072],{},[1422,2071,1824],{},[1414,2073,2074,2076],{},[1422,2075,1749],{},[1422,2077,2078],{},"n",[1472,2080,2081],{"encoding":1474},"V_{WWL}-V_{tn}",[1398,2083,2085,2150],{"className":2084,"ariaHidden":1480},[1479],[1398,2086,2088,2091,2140,2143,2147],{"className":2087},[1484],[1398,2089],{"className":2090,"style":1844},[1488],[1398,2092,2094,2097],{"className":2093},[1497],[1398,2095,1824],{"className":2096,"style":1851},[1497,1498],[1398,2098,2100],{"className":2099},[1516],[1398,2101,2103,2132],{"className":2102},[1520,1521],[1398,2104,2106,2129],{"className":2105},[1525],[1398,2107,2109],{"className":2108,"style":1530},[1529],[1398,2110,2111,2114],{"style":1866},[1398,2112],{"className":2113,"style":1538},[1537],[1398,2115,2117],{"className":2116},[1542,1543,1544,1545],[1398,2118,2120,2123,2126],{"className":2119},[1497,1545],[1398,2121,1424],{"className":2122,"style":1499},[1497,1498,1545],[1398,2124,1424],{"className":2125,"style":1499},[1497,1498,1545],[1398,2127,1431],{"className":2128},[1497,1498,1545],[1398,2130,1560],{"className":2131},[1559],[1398,2133,2135],{"className":2134},[1525],[1398,2136,2138],{"className":2137,"style":1567},[1529],[1398,2139],{},[1398,2141],{"className":2142,"style":1851},[1573],[1398,2144,2067],{"className":2145},[2146],"mbin",[1398,2148],{"className":2149,"style":1851},[1573],[1398,2151,2153,2156],{"className":2152},[1484],[1398,2154],{"className":2155,"style":1844},[1488],[1398,2157,2159,2162],{"className":2158},[1497],[1398,2160,1824],{"className":2161,"style":1851},[1497,1498],[1398,2163,2165],{"className":2164},[1516],[1398,2166,2168,2195],{"className":2167},[1520,1521],[1398,2169,2171,2192],{"className":2170},[1525],[1398,2172,2175],{"className":2173,"style":2174},[1529],"height:0.2806em;",[1398,2176,2177,2180],{"style":1866},[1398,2178],{"className":2179,"style":1538},[1537],[1398,2181,2183],{"className":2182},[1542,1543,1544,1545],[1398,2184,2186,2189],{"className":2185},[1497,1545],[1398,2187,1749],{"className":2188},[1497,1498,1545],[1398,2190,2078],{"className":2191},[1497,1498,1545],[1398,2193,1560],{"className":2194},[1559],[1398,2196,2198],{"className":2197},[1525],[1398,2199,2201],{"className":2200,"style":1567},[1529],[1398,2202],{},"。原因：",[1004,2205,1964],{}," NMOS管传输高电平会损失一个阈值电压。",[2022,2208,2209,2212,2213,2215,2216,1386],{},[1004,2210,2211],{},"读操作","之前，",[1004,2214,2008],{}," 先预充电到",[1004,2217,2218],{},"高电平",[983,2220,2222],{"id":2221},"_1t-dram-cell","1T DRAM Cell",[1118,2224,1959],{"id":2225},"电路结构-1",[988,2227,2228,2230,2231,2234],{},[1004,2229,1964],{},"：访问晶体管，由 ",[1004,2232,2233],{},"WL（字线）"," 控制。",[988,2236,2237,2239],{},[1004,2238,1985],{},"：存储电容，用来保存数据。",[988,2241,2242,2244],{},[1004,2243,1224],{},"：位线，用来写入或读出数据。",[988,2246,2247,2249],{},[1004,2248,1980],{},"：存储节点，X 上的电压表示存的是 0 还是 1。",[988,2251,2252],{},[991,2253],{"alt":991,"src":2254},"\u002Fimg\u002FDigitalICDesign\u002FChapter13-Memory-17.png",[1118,2256,2258],{"id":2257},"写操作",[1004,2259,2257],{},[988,2261,2262,2263],{},"WL 拉高，M1 导通，把 BL 线中存储的数据写入 X。当写入“1”的时候，会损失一个阈值电压，即最高是",[1398,2264,2266,2297],{"className":2265},[1401],[1398,2267,2269],{"className":2268},[1405],[1407,2270,2271],{"xmlns":1409},[1411,2272,2273,2294],{},[1414,2274,2275,2286,2288],{},[1433,2276,2277,2279],{},[1422,2278,1824],{},[1414,2280,2281,2284],{},[1422,2282,2283],{},"d",[1422,2285,2283],{},[1417,2287,2067],{},[1433,2289,2290,2292],{},[1422,2291,1824],{},[1422,2293,1749],{},[1472,2295,2296],{"encoding":1474},"V_{dd}-V_t",[1398,2298,2300,2360],{"className":2299,"ariaHidden":1480},[1479],[1398,2301,2303,2306,2351,2354,2357],{"className":2302},[1484],[1398,2304],{"className":2305,"style":1844},[1488],[1398,2307,2309,2312],{"className":2308},[1497],[1398,2310,1824],{"className":2311,"style":1851},[1497,1498],[1398,2313,2315],{"className":2314},[1516],[1398,2316,2318,2343],{"className":2317},[1520,1521],[1398,2319,2321,2340],{"className":2320},[1525],[1398,2322,2325],{"className":2323,"style":2324},[1529],"height:0.3361em;",[1398,2326,2327,2330],{"style":1866},[1398,2328],{"className":2329,"style":1538},[1537],[1398,2331,2333],{"className":2332},[1542,1543,1544,1545],[1398,2334,2336],{"className":2335},[1497,1545],[1398,2337,2339],{"className":2338},[1497,1498,1545],"dd",[1398,2341,1560],{"className":2342},[1559],[1398,2344,2346],{"className":2345},[1525],[1398,2347,2349],{"className":2348,"style":1567},[1529],[1398,2350],{},[1398,2352],{"className":2353,"style":1851},[1573],[1398,2355,2067],{"className":2356},[2146],[1398,2358],{"className":2359,"style":1851},[1573],[1398,2361,2363,2366],{"className":2362},[1484],[1398,2364],{"className":2365,"style":1844},[1488],[1398,2367,2369,2372],{"className":2368},[1497],[1398,2370,1824],{"className":2371,"style":1851},[1497,1498],[1398,2373,2375],{"className":2374},[1516],[1398,2376,2378,2398],{"className":2377},[1520,1521],[1398,2379,2381,2395],{"className":2380},[1525],[1398,2382,2384],{"className":2383,"style":2174},[1529],[1398,2385,2386,2389],{"style":1866},[1398,2387],{"className":2388,"style":1538},[1537],[1398,2390,2392],{"className":2391},[1542,1543,1544,1545],[1398,2393,1749],{"className":2394},[1497,1498,1545],[1398,2396,1560],{"className":2397},[1559],[1398,2399,2401],{"className":2400},[1525],[1398,2402,2404],{"className":2403,"style":1567},[1529],[1398,2405],{},[1118,2407,2408],{"id":2211},[1004,2409,2211],{},[988,2411,2412,2413,2416,2417,1386],{},"读之前，",[1004,2414,2415],{},"BL 通常预充到"," ",[1398,2418,2420,2446],{"className":2419},[1401],[1398,2421,2423],{"className":2422},[1405],[1407,2424,2425],{"xmlns":1409},[1411,2426,2427,2443],{},[1414,2428,2429,2439,2441],{},[1433,2430,2431,2433],{},[1422,2432,1824],{},[1414,2434,2435,2437],{},[1422,2436,2283],{},[1422,2438,2283],{},[1422,2440,1428],{"mathvariant":1427},[1444,2442,1470],{},[1472,2444,2445],{"encoding":1474},"V_{dd}\u002F2",[1398,2447,2449],{"className":2448,"ariaHidden":1480},[1479],[1398,2450,2452,2455,2498],{"className":2451},[1484],[1398,2453],{"className":2454,"style":1489},[1488],[1398,2456,2458,2461],{"className":2457},[1497],[1398,2459,1824],{"className":2460,"style":1851},[1497,1498],[1398,2462,2464],{"className":2463},[1516],[1398,2465,2467,2490],{"className":2466},[1520,1521],[1398,2468,2470,2487],{"className":2469},[1525],[1398,2471,2473],{"className":2472,"style":2324},[1529],[1398,2474,2475,2478],{"style":1866},[1398,2476],{"className":2477,"style":1538},[1537],[1398,2479,2481],{"className":2480},[1542,1543,1544,1545],[1398,2482,2484],{"className":2483},[1497,1545],[1398,2485,2339],{"className":2486},[1497,1498,1545],[1398,2488,1560],{"className":2489},[1559],[1398,2491,2493],{"className":2492},[1525],[1398,2494,2496],{"className":2495,"style":1567},[1529],[1398,2497],{},[1398,2499,2501],{"className":2500},[1497],"\u002F2",[988,2503,2504,2505,2507,2508,2511,2512,1386],{},"当 WL 拉高后，M1 导通，存储电容 ",[1004,2506,1985],{}," 和位线电容 ",[1004,2509,2510],{},"CBL"," 相连，二者发生 ",[1004,2513,2514],{},"电荷共享",[2516,2517,2518,2521],"ul",{},[2022,2519,2520],{},"如果原来 X 存的是 1，BL 电压会产生一个很小的上升或变化；",[2022,2522,2523],{},"如果原来 X 存的是 0，BL 电压会产生相反方向的小变化。",[988,2525,2526,2527,2530],{},"然后由 ",[1004,2528,2529],{},"sense amplifier，灵敏放大器"," 判断这个微小电压差。",[1370,2532,2533,2543,2553],{"type":1372},[988,2534,2535,2536,2539,2540,1386],{},"此时的读操作是具有",[1004,2537,2538],{},"破坏性","的，需要在读后进行",[1004,2541,2542],{},"刷新",[988,2544,2545,2546,2548,2549,2552],{},"DRAM 的",[1004,2547,2542],{},"就是在读出并放大数据后，利用",[1004,2550,2551],{},"灵敏放大器","把完整的 0 或 1 重新写回存储电容。",[988,2554,2555,2556,1386],{},"实际 DRAM 中，即使没有外部读操作，也会周期性地逐行打开字线，让灵敏放大器读出并写回，这就是 ",[1004,2557,2558],{},"周期刷新 refresh",[1118,2560,2562],{"id":2561},"_1t-dram-存储单元的重要特点","1T DRAM 存储单元的重要特点",[2019,2564,2565,2579,2582,2585,2592],{},[2022,2566,2567,2568,2571,2572,2575,2576,1386],{},"1T DRAM 存储单元是",[1004,2569,2570],{},"单端","结构，只有一根",[1004,2573,2574],{},"位线","来读出数据。因此读出时，灵敏放大器只能检测位线上的一个很小电压变化，而不是直接比较一对互补信号，所以",[1004,2577,2578],{},"灵敏放大器设计会更复杂",[2022,2580,2581],{},"由于读操作依赖电荷重新分布，也就是BL线上的电压的微小变化，因此1T DRAM 每根位线都需要灵敏放大器。",[2022,2583,2584],{},"1T DRAM 的读操作是破坏性的，读完后必须刷新来恢复数据。",[2022,2586,2587,2588,2591],{},"1T DRAM 需要额外的存储电容，并且这个电容必须在版图和工艺中",[1004,2589,2590],{},"专门设计","出来。",[2022,2593,2594],{},"写入 1 时会损失一个阈值电压，可以通过把字线电压自举到高于Vdd来解决。",[978,2596,2598],{"id":2597},"rom-read-only-memory","ROM | Read-Only Memory",[988,2600,2601],{},"ROM 具有非易失性，断电以后也能保留其中存储的内容。",[988,2603,2604],{},"掩膜编程 ROM 中，每一位数据通常用一个晶体管来表示。某个位置是否存在晶体管，决定该位存储是 1 还是 0。",[983,2606,2608],{"id":2607},"rom-cells","ROM Cells",[988,2610,2611],{},[991,2612],{"alt":991,"src":2613},"\u002Fimg\u002FDigitalICDesign\u002FChapter13-Memory-18.png",[1118,2615,2617],{"id":2616},"diode-rom","Diode ROM",[988,2619,2620,2623,2624,2627,2628,2787],{},[1004,2621,2622],{},"存1","：该位置",[1004,2625,2626],{},"有二极管","。WL 选通后，电流通过二极管流到 BL，BL 得到高电平，约为",[1398,2629,2631,2668],{"className":2630},[1401],[1398,2632,2634],{"className":2633},[1405],[1407,2635,2636],{"xmlns":1409},[1411,2637,2638,2665],{},[1414,2639,2640,2650,2652],{},[1433,2641,2642,2644],{},[1422,2643,1824],{},[1414,2645,2646,2648],{},[1422,2647,1424],{},[1422,2649,1431],{},[1417,2651,2067],{},[1433,2653,2654,2656],{},[1422,2655,1824],{},[1414,2657,2658,2660,2663],{},[1422,2659,1829],{},[1422,2661,2662],{},"o",[1422,2664,2078],{},[1472,2666,2667],{"encoding":1474},"V_{WL}-V_{Don}",[1398,2669,2671,2732],{"className":2670,"ariaHidden":1480},[1479],[1398,2672,2674,2677,2723,2726,2729],{"className":2673},[1484],[1398,2675],{"className":2676,"style":1844},[1488],[1398,2678,2680,2683],{"className":2679},[1497],[1398,2681,1824],{"className":2682,"style":1851},[1497,1498],[1398,2684,2686],{"className":2685},[1516],[1398,2687,2689,2715],{"className":2688},[1520,1521],[1398,2690,2692,2712],{"className":2691},[1525],[1398,2693,2695],{"className":2694,"style":1530},[1529],[1398,2696,2697,2700],{"style":1866},[1398,2698],{"className":2699,"style":1538},[1537],[1398,2701,2703],{"className":2702},[1542,1543,1544,1545],[1398,2704,2706,2709],{"className":2705},[1497,1545],[1398,2707,1424],{"className":2708,"style":1499},[1497,1498,1545],[1398,2710,1431],{"className":2711},[1497,1498,1545],[1398,2713,1560],{"className":2714},[1559],[1398,2716,2718],{"className":2717},[1525],[1398,2719,2721],{"className":2720,"style":1567},[1529],[1398,2722],{},[1398,2724],{"className":2725,"style":1851},[1573],[1398,2727,2067],{"className":2728},[2146],[1398,2730],{"className":2731,"style":1851},[1573],[1398,2733,2735,2738],{"className":2734},[1484],[1398,2736],{"className":2737,"style":1844},[1488],[1398,2739,2741,2744],{"className":2740},[1497],[1398,2742,1824],{"className":2743,"style":1851},[1497,1498],[1398,2745,2747],{"className":2746},[1516],[1398,2748,2750,2779],{"className":2749},[1520,1521],[1398,2751,2753,2776],{"className":2752},[1525],[1398,2754,2756],{"className":2755,"style":1530},[1529],[1398,2757,2758,2761],{"style":1866},[1398,2759],{"className":2760,"style":1538},[1537],[1398,2762,2764],{"className":2763},[1542,1543,1544,1545],[1398,2765,2767,2770,2773],{"className":2766},[1497,1545],[1398,2768,1829],{"className":2769,"style":1879},[1497,1498,1545],[1398,2771,2662],{"className":2772},[1497,1498,1545],[1398,2774,2078],{"className":2775},[1497,1498,1545],[1398,2777,1560],{"className":2778},[1559],[1398,2780,2782],{"className":2781},[1525],[1398,2783,2785],{"className":2784,"style":1567},[1529],[1398,2786],{},"。损失一个二极管的导通压降。",[988,2789,2790,2623,2793],{},[1004,2791,2792],{},"存0",[1004,2794,2795],{},"没有二极管。BL 通过电阻被拉低，所以读出 0。",[1118,2797,2799],{"id":2798},"mos-rom","MOS ROM",[988,2801,2802],{},"分成两种相反的表示方式。",[2804,2805,2806],"h5",{"id":2806},"第一种",[988,2808,2809],{},"用MOS管连通到Vdd。",[988,2811,2812,2623,2814,2817,2818,2821],{},[1004,2813,2622],{},[1004,2815,2816],{},"有MOS管","。WL 选通后，MOS 管给 BL 提供",[1004,2819,2820],{},"上拉电流","，BL 变高。",[988,2823,2824,2623,2826,2829],{},[1004,2825,2792],{},[1004,2827,2828],{},"没有MOS管","。BL 不能被拉高，读出 0。",[2804,2831,2832],{"id":2832},"第二种",[988,2834,2835],{},"用MOS管连通到GND，BL线默认上拉到Vdd",[988,2837,2838,2623,2840,2843],{},[1004,2839,2622],{},[1004,2841,2842],{},"没有MOS管，","BL 保持高电平。",[988,2845,2846,2623,2848,2850],{},[1004,2847,2792],{},[1004,2849,2816],{},"。WL 选通后 MOS 管导通，把 BL 拉到 GND，读出 0。",[983,2852,2854],{"id":2853},"mos-or-rom","MOS OR ROM",[988,2856,2857,2858,2861,2862,2865,2866,2869,2870,1386],{},"同一条位线 BL 上，可能连接",[1004,2859,2860],{},"多个","来自",[1004,2863,2864],{},"不同 WL 的 MOS 管","。只要",[1004,2867,2868],{},"某一条","被选中的 WL 上对应的 MOS 管存在并导通，这条 BL 就会被拉到高电平，相当于多个可能的上拉路径对位线做“或”操作。所以它叫 ",[1004,2871,2872],{},"OR ROM",[2516,2874,2875,2970],{},[2022,2876,2877,2966,2967,1386],{},[1398,2878,2880,2910],{"className":2879},[1401],[1398,2881,2883],{"className":2882},[1405],[1407,2884,2885],{"xmlns":1409},[1411,2886,2887,2907],{},[1414,2888,2889],{},[1433,2890,2891,2893],{},[1422,2892,1824],{},[1414,2894,2895,2898,2901,2904],{},[1422,2896,2897],{},"b",[1422,2899,2900],{},"i",[1422,2902,2903],{},"a",[1422,2905,2906],{},"s",[1472,2908,2909],{"encoding":1474},"V_{bias}",[1398,2911,2913],{"className":2912,"ariaHidden":1480},[1479],[1398,2914,2916,2919],{"className":2915},[1484],[1398,2917],{"className":2918,"style":1844},[1488],[1398,2920,2922,2925],{"className":2921},[1497],[1398,2923,1824],{"className":2924,"style":1851},[1497,1498],[1398,2926,2928],{"className":2927},[1516],[1398,2929,2931,2958],{"className":2930},[1520,1521],[1398,2932,2934,2955],{"className":2933},[1525],[1398,2935,2937],{"className":2936,"style":2324},[1529],[1398,2938,2939,2942],{"style":1866},[1398,2940],{"className":2941,"style":1538},[1537],[1398,2943,2945],{"className":2944},[1542,1543,1544,1545],[1398,2946,2948,2952],{"className":2947},[1497,1545],[1398,2949,2951],{"className":2950},[1497,1498,1545],"bia",[1398,2953,2906],{"className":2954},[1497,1498,1545],[1398,2956,1560],{"className":2957},[1559],[1398,2959,2961],{"className":2960},[1525],[1398,2962,2964],{"className":2963,"style":1567},[1529],[1398,2965],{},"保证每一条位线默认",[1004,2968,2969],{},"下拉到GND",[2022,2971,2972,2973,2975],{},"OR ROM 阵列中",[1004,2974,2816],{},"表示“1”，没有表示“0”。",[988,2977,2978],{},[991,2979],{"alt":991,"src":2980},"\u002Fimg\u002FDigitalICDesign\u002FChapter13-Memory-19.png",[983,2982,2984],{"id":2983},"mos-nor-rom","MOS NOR ROM",[988,2986,2987,2988,2991,2992],{},"因为同一条位线上，多个 NMOS 管是",[1004,2989,2990],{},"并联下拉","关系，只要有一个被选中的 NMOS 管导通，位线就会被拉低，从逻辑形式上看是 ",[1004,2993,2994],{},"NOR 结构",[988,2996,2997],{},"位线默认被上拉为 1，选中字线后，如果该位置有 NMOS 管，就把位线拉到 0。",[988,2999,3000],{},[991,3001],{"alt":991,"src":3002},"\u002Fimg\u002FDigitalICDesign\u002FChapter13-Memory-20.png",[1118,3004,3006],{"id":3005},"precharged-nor-rom","Precharged NOR ROM",[988,3008,3009,3010,3089,3090,3093,3094,1386],{},"普通MOS NOR ROM中，每条位线 BL 上方有上拉器件，默认把位线拉到 1。但这样存在的问题是：上拉器件一直存在,当某个 NMOS 导通把 BL 拉低时，会形成从 ",[1398,3011,3013,3034],{"className":3012},[1401],[1398,3014,3016],{"className":3015},[1405],[1407,3017,3018],{"xmlns":1409},[1411,3019,3020,3032],{},[1414,3021,3022],{},[1433,3023,3024,3026],{},[1422,3025,1824],{},[1414,3027,3028,3030],{},[1422,3029,1829],{},[1422,3031,1829],{},[1472,3033,1834],{"encoding":1474},[1398,3035,3037],{"className":3036,"ariaHidden":1480},[1479],[1398,3038,3040,3043],{"className":3039},[1484],[1398,3041],{"className":3042,"style":1844},[1488],[1398,3044,3046,3049],{"className":3045},[1497],[1398,3047,1824],{"className":3048,"style":1851},[1497,1498],[1398,3050,3052],{"className":3051},[1516],[1398,3053,3055,3081],{"className":3054},[1520,1521],[1398,3056,3058,3078],{"className":3057},[1525],[1398,3059,3061],{"className":3060,"style":1530},[1529],[1398,3062,3063,3066],{"style":1866},[1398,3064],{"className":3065,"style":1538},[1537],[1398,3067,3069],{"className":3068},[1542,1543,1544,1545],[1398,3070,3072,3075],{"className":3071},[1497,1545],[1398,3073,1829],{"className":3074,"style":1879},[1497,1498,1545],[1398,3076,1829],{"className":3077,"style":1879},[1497,1498,1545],[1398,3079,1560],{"className":3080},[1559],[1398,3082,3084],{"className":3083},[1525],[1398,3085,3087],{"className":3086,"style":1567},[1529],[1398,3088],{}," 到 GND 的直流通路,会产生",[1004,3091,3092],{},"静态功耗","，而且速度也受上拉管影响。 所以这里改成",[1004,3095,3096],{},"预充电结构",[988,3098,3099],{},[1004,3100,3101],{},"工作流程：",[2019,3103,3104,3107],{},[2022,3105,3106],{},"Precharge 预充电，把所有位线先充到高电平后预充电关闭。",[2022,3108,3109,3110,3113,3114,3117,3118,3121,3122,1386],{},"Evaluate 读出，选中某一条字线，如果该 WL 和某条 BL 交叉处 ",[1004,3111,3112],{},"有 NMOS","，NMOS 导通，位线被拉到 GND，读出 ",[1004,3115,3116],{},"0","。 如果该位置 ",[1004,3119,3120],{},"没有 NMOS","，位线没有放电路径，保持高电平，读出 ",[1004,3123,1446],{},[988,3125,3126],{},[991,3127],{"alt":991,"src":3128},"\u002Fimg\u002FDigitalICDesign\u002FChapter13-Memory-21.png",[983,3130,3132],{"id":3131},"mos-nand-rom","MOS NAND ROM",[988,3134,3135,3136,3139],{},"位线默认被上拉为 1，通过BL线上",[1004,3137,3138],{},"串联的NMOS"," 是否能导通到 GND 来决定读出 0 或 1。",[1118,3141,3142],{"id":3142},"读出流程",[988,3144,3145,3146],{},"读取某一行时，其他行的 WL = 1，对应 NMOS 导通，被选中行的 WL = 0。",[1004,3147,3148],{},"与NOR ROM不同",[2516,3150,3151,3161],{},[2022,3152,3153,3154,3157,3158],{},"如果选中位置 ",[1004,3155,3156],{},"有 NMOS 管","，这个 NMOS 截止，串联通路断开，BL 保持高电平，读出 ",[1004,3159,3160],{},"1。",[2022,3162,3153,3163,3166,3167,1386],{},[1004,3164,3165],{},"没有 NMOS 管","，该位置相当于没有断点，整条串联通路可能导通到 GND，BL 被拉低，读出 ",[1004,3168,3116],{},[988,3170,3171],{},[991,3172],{"alt":991,"src":3173},"\u002Fimg\u002FDigitalICDesign\u002FChapter13-Memory-22.png",[983,3175,3176],{"id":3176},"例子",[988,3178,3179],{},"例子中使用伪NMOS电路，使用弱PMOS上拉，下面的NMOS接地，属于是NOR ROM结构。",[988,3181,3182],{},"但是由于输出经过反相器输出，此时的ROM等效为有NMOS的位置表示“1”，因此画为右下的点状图。",[988,3184,3185],{},[991,3186],{"alt":991,"src":3187},"\u002Fimg\u002FDigitalICDesign\u002FChapter13-Memory-23.png",[983,3189,3191],{"id":3190},"mos-nor-rom-layout","MOS NOR ROM Layout",[988,3193,3194],{},[991,3195],{"alt":991,"src":3196},"\u002Fimg\u002FDigitalICDesign\u002FChapter13-Memory-24.png",[983,3198,3200],{"id":3199},"针对-nor-rom-的瞬态模型","针对 NOR ROM 的瞬态模型",[988,3202,3203,3204,3207,3208,3211,3212,3215],{},"字线 ",[1004,3205,3206],{},"WL"," 是用 ",[1004,3209,3210],{},"poly 多晶硅"," 做的，电阻比较大，而且它要驱动一整行晶体管的",[1004,3213,3214],{},"栅极","，所以会有明显的 RC 延迟。",[988,3217,3218,3219,3222,3223,3226],{},"位线 BL 是用 ",[1004,3220,3221],{},"metal1 金属一层"," 做的，所以电阻比字线小很多，但位线连接很多单元的",[1004,3224,3225],{},"漏端","，所以电容也很大。",[988,3228,3229],{},[991,3230],{"alt":991,"src":3231},"\u002Fimg\u002FDigitalICDesign\u002FChapter13-Memory-25.png",[1118,3233,3234],{"id":3234},"计算",[988,3236,3237,1007],{},[1004,3238,3239],{},"针对有M个Cell的NOR ROM计算word line delay",[988,3241,3242,3243,3246,3247],{},"使用",[1004,3244,3245],{},"分布式传输线","模型计算得",[1398,3248,3250,3374],{"className":3249},[1401],[1398,3251,3253],{"className":3252},[1405],[1407,3254,3255],{"xmlns":1409},[1411,3256,3257,3371],{},[1414,3258,3259,3275,3278,3281,3284,3286,3300,3303,3305,3307,3309,3324,3326,3328,3330,3332,3334,3348,3362,3364],{},[1433,3260,3261,3263],{},[1422,3262,1749],{},[1414,3264,3265,3268,3270,3273],{},[1422,3266,3267],{},"w",[1422,3269,2662],{},[1422,3271,3272],{},"r",[1422,3274,2283],{},[1417,3276,3277],{},"=",[1444,3279,3280],{},"0.38",[1417,3282,3283],{},"∗",[1417,3285,1420],{"stretchy":1419},[1433,3287,3288,3290],{},[1422,3289,3272],{},[1414,3291,3292,3294,3296,3298],{},[1422,3293,3267],{},[1422,3295,2662],{},[1422,3297,3272],{},[1422,3299,2283],{},[1422,3301,3302],{},"M",[1417,3304,1437],{"stretchy":1419},[1417,3306,3283],{},[1417,3308,1420],{"stretchy":1419},[1433,3310,3311,3314],{},[1422,3312,3313],{},"c",[1414,3315,3316,3318,3320,3322],{},[1422,3317,3267],{},[1422,3319,2662],{},[1422,3321,3272],{},[1422,3323,2283],{},[1422,3325,3302],{},[1417,3327,1437],{"stretchy":1419},[1417,3329,3277],{},[1444,3331,3280],{},[1417,3333,1420],{"stretchy":1419},[1433,3335,3336,3338],{},[1422,3337,3272],{},[1414,3339,3340,3342,3344,3346],{},[1422,3341,3267],{},[1422,3343,2662],{},[1422,3345,3272],{},[1422,3347,2283],{},[1433,3349,3350,3352],{},[1422,3351,3313],{},[1414,3353,3354,3356,3358,3360],{},[1422,3355,3267],{},[1422,3357,2662],{},[1422,3359,3272],{},[1422,3361,2283],{},[1417,3363,1437],{"stretchy":1419},[3365,3366,3367,3369],"msup",{},[1422,3368,3302],{},[1444,3370,1470],{},[1472,3372,3373],{"encoding":1474},"t_{word}=0.38*(r_{word}M)*(c_{word}M) = 0.38(r_{word}c_{word})M^2",[1398,3375,3377,3444,3463,3537,3610],{"className":3376,"ariaHidden":1480},[1479],[1398,3378,3380,3384,3435,3438,3441],{"className":3379},[1484],[1398,3381],{"className":3382,"style":3383},[1488],"height:0.7651em;vertical-align:-0.15em;",[1398,3385,3387,3390],{"className":3386},[1497],[1398,3388,1749],{"className":3389},[1497,1498],[1398,3391,3393],{"className":3392},[1516],[1398,3394,3396,3427],{"className":3395},[1520,1521],[1398,3397,3399,3424],{"className":3398},[1525],[1398,3400,3402],{"className":3401,"style":2324},[1529],[1398,3403,3404,3407],{"style":1533},[1398,3405],{"className":3406,"style":1538},[1537],[1398,3408,3410],{"className":3409},[1542,1543,1544,1545],[1398,3411,3413,3417,3421],{"className":3412},[1497,1545],[1398,3414,3267],{"className":3415,"style":3416},[1497,1498,1545],"margin-right:0.0269em;",[1398,3418,3420],{"className":3419,"style":1879},[1497,1498,1545],"or",[1398,3422,2283],{"className":3423},[1497,1498,1545],[1398,3425,1560],{"className":3426},[1559],[1398,3428,3430],{"className":3429},[1525],[1398,3431,3433],{"className":3432,"style":1567},[1529],[1398,3434],{},[1398,3436],{"className":3437,"style":1574},[1573],[1398,3439,3277],{"className":3440},[1578],[1398,3442],{"className":3443,"style":1574},[1573],[1398,3445,3447,3451,3454,3457,3460],{"className":3446},[1484],[1398,3448],{"className":3449,"style":3450},[1488],"height:0.6444em;",[1398,3452,3280],{"className":3453},[1497],[1398,3455],{"className":3456,"style":1851},[1573],[1398,3458,3283],{"className":3459},[2146],[1398,3461],{"className":3462,"style":1851},[1573],[1398,3464,3466,3469,3472,3522,3525,3528,3531,3534],{"className":3465},[1484],[1398,3467],{"className":3468,"style":1489},[1488],[1398,3470,1420],{"className":3471},[1493],[1398,3473,3475,3478],{"className":3474},[1497],[1398,3476,3272],{"className":3477,"style":1879},[1497,1498],[1398,3479,3481],{"className":3480},[1516],[1398,3482,3484,3514],{"className":3483},[1520,1521],[1398,3485,3487,3511],{"className":3486},[1525],[1398,3488,3490],{"className":3489,"style":2324},[1529],[1398,3491,3493,3496],{"style":3492},"top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.0278em;margin-right:0.05em;",[1398,3494],{"className":3495,"style":1538},[1537],[1398,3497,3499],{"className":3498},[1542,1543,1544,1545],[1398,3500,3502,3505,3508],{"className":3501},[1497,1545],[1398,3503,3267],{"className":3504,"style":3416},[1497,1498,1545],[1398,3506,3420],{"className":3507,"style":1879},[1497,1498,1545],[1398,3509,2283],{"className":3510},[1497,1498,1545],[1398,3512,1560],{"className":3513},[1559],[1398,3515,3517],{"className":3516},[1525],[1398,3518,3520],{"className":3519,"style":1567},[1529],[1398,3521],{},[1398,3523,3302],{"className":3524,"style":1552},[1497,1498],[1398,3526,1437],{"className":3527},[1509],[1398,3529],{"className":3530,"style":1851},[1573],[1398,3532,3283],{"className":3533},[2146],[1398,3535],{"className":3536,"style":1851},[1573],[1398,3538,3540,3543,3546,3595,3598,3601,3604,3607],{"className":3539},[1484],[1398,3541],{"className":3542,"style":1489},[1488],[1398,3544,1420],{"className":3545},[1493],[1398,3547,3549,3552],{"className":3548},[1497],[1398,3550,3313],{"className":3551},[1497,1498],[1398,3553,3555],{"className":3554},[1516],[1398,3556,3558,3587],{"className":3557},[1520,1521],[1398,3559,3561,3584],{"className":3560},[1525],[1398,3562,3564],{"className":3563,"style":2324},[1529],[1398,3565,3566,3569],{"style":1533},[1398,3567],{"className":3568,"style":1538},[1537],[1398,3570,3572],{"className":3571},[1542,1543,1544,1545],[1398,3573,3575,3578,3581],{"className":3574},[1497,1545],[1398,3576,3267],{"className":3577,"style":3416},[1497,1498,1545],[1398,3579,3420],{"className":3580,"style":1879},[1497,1498,1545],[1398,3582,2283],{"className":3583},[1497,1498,1545],[1398,3585,1560],{"className":3586},[1559],[1398,3588,3590],{"className":3589},[1525],[1398,3591,3593],{"className":3592,"style":1567},[1529],[1398,3594],{},[1398,3596,3302],{"className":3597,"style":1552},[1497,1498],[1398,3599,1437],{"className":3600},[1509],[1398,3602],{"className":3603,"style":1574},[1573],[1398,3605,3277],{"className":3606},[1578],[1398,3608],{"className":3609,"style":1574},[1573],[1398,3611,3613,3617,3620,3623,3672,3721,3724],{"className":3612},[1484],[1398,3614],{"className":3615,"style":3616},[1488],"height:1.0641em;vertical-align:-0.25em;",[1398,3618,3280],{"className":3619},[1497],[1398,3621,1420],{"className":3622},[1493],[1398,3624,3626,3629],{"className":3625},[1497],[1398,3627,3272],{"className":3628,"style":1879},[1497,1498],[1398,3630,3632],{"className":3631},[1516],[1398,3633,3635,3664],{"className":3634},[1520,1521],[1398,3636,3638,3661],{"className":3637},[1525],[1398,3639,3641],{"className":3640,"style":2324},[1529],[1398,3642,3643,3646],{"style":3492},[1398,3644],{"className":3645,"style":1538},[1537],[1398,3647,3649],{"className":3648},[1542,1543,1544,1545],[1398,3650,3652,3655,3658],{"className":3651},[1497,1545],[1398,3653,3267],{"className":3654,"style":3416},[1497,1498,1545],[1398,3656,3420],{"className":3657,"style":1879},[1497,1498,1545],[1398,3659,2283],{"className":3660},[1497,1498,1545],[1398,3662,1560],{"className":3663},[1559],[1398,3665,3667],{"className":3666},[1525],[1398,3668,3670],{"className":3669,"style":1567},[1529],[1398,3671],{},[1398,3673,3675,3678],{"className":3674},[1497],[1398,3676,3313],{"className":3677},[1497,1498],[1398,3679,3681],{"className":3680},[1516],[1398,3682,3684,3713],{"className":3683},[1520,1521],[1398,3685,3687,3710],{"className":3686},[1525],[1398,3688,3690],{"className":3689,"style":2324},[1529],[1398,3691,3692,3695],{"style":1533},[1398,3693],{"className":3694,"style":1538},[1537],[1398,3696,3698],{"className":3697},[1542,1543,1544,1545],[1398,3699,3701,3704,3707],{"className":3700},[1497,1545],[1398,3702,3267],{"className":3703,"style":3416},[1497,1498,1545],[1398,3705,3420],{"className":3706,"style":1879},[1497,1498,1545],[1398,3708,2283],{"className":3709},[1497,1498,1545],[1398,3711,1560],{"className":3712},[1559],[1398,3714,3716],{"className":3715},[1525],[1398,3717,3719],{"className":3718,"style":1567},[1529],[1398,3720],{},[1398,3722,1437],{"className":3723},[1509],[1398,3725,3727,3730],{"className":3726},[1497],[1398,3728,3302],{"className":3729,"style":1552},[1497,1498],[1398,3731,3733],{"className":3732},[1516],[1398,3734,3736],{"className":3735},[1520],[1398,3737,3739],{"className":3738},[1525],[1398,3740,3743],{"className":3741,"style":3742},[1529],"height:0.8141em;",[1398,3744,3746,3749],{"style":3745},"top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;",[1398,3747],{"className":3748,"style":1538},[1537],[1398,3750,3752],{"className":3751},[1542,1543,1544,1545],[1398,3753,1470],{"className":3754},[1497,1545],[988,3756,3757,1007],{},[1004,3758,3759],{},"针对有M个Cell的NOR ROM计算Bit line delay",[988,3761,3762,3763,3766,3767,1386],{},"假设下拉 NMOS 是最小尺寸，上拉 PMOS 是 3 倍最小尺寸，位线电压摆幅只需要变化约 ",[1004,3764,3765],{},"1.25V，","平均放电电流 ",[1398,3768,3770,3810],{"className":3769},[1401],[1398,3771,3773],{"className":3772},[1405],[1407,3774,3775],{"xmlns":1409},[1411,3776,3777,3807],{},[1414,3778,3779,3796,3798,3801,3804],{},[1433,3780,3781,3784],{},[1422,3782,3783],{},"I",[1414,3785,3786,3788,3791,3794],{},[1422,3787,2903],{},[1422,3789,3790],{},"v",[1422,3792,3793],{},"H",[1422,3795,1431],{},[1417,3797,3277],{},[1444,3799,3800],{},"0.36",[1422,3802,3803],{},"m",[1422,3805,3806],{},"A",[1472,3808,3809],{"encoding":1474},"I_{avHL}=0.36mA",[1398,3811,3813,3884],{"className":3812,"ariaHidden":1480},[1479],[1398,3814,3816,3819,3875,3878,3881],{"className":3815},[1484],[1398,3817],{"className":3818,"style":1844},[1488],[1398,3820,3822,3826],{"className":3821},[1497],[1398,3823,3783],{"className":3824,"style":3825},[1497,1498],"margin-right:0.0785em;",[1398,3827,3829],{"className":3828},[1516],[1398,3830,3832,3867],{"className":3831},[1520,1521],[1398,3833,3835,3864],{"className":3834},[1525],[1398,3836,3838],{"className":3837,"style":1530},[1529],[1398,3839,3841,3844],{"style":3840},"top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.0785em;margin-right:0.05em;",[1398,3842],{"className":3843,"style":1538},[1537],[1398,3845,3847],{"className":3846},[1542,1543,1544,1545],[1398,3848,3850,3853,3857,3861],{"className":3849},[1497,1545],[1398,3851,2903],{"className":3852},[1497,1498,1545],[1398,3854,3790],{"className":3855,"style":3856},[1497,1498,1545],"margin-right:0.0359em;",[1398,3858,3793],{"className":3859,"style":3860},[1497,1498,1545],"margin-right:0.0813em;",[1398,3862,1431],{"className":3863},[1497,1498,1545],[1398,3865,1560],{"className":3866},[1559],[1398,3868,3870],{"className":3869},[1525],[1398,3871,3873],{"className":3872,"style":1567},[1529],[1398,3874],{},[1398,3876],{"className":3877,"style":1574},[1573],[1398,3879,3277],{"className":3880},[1578],[1398,3882],{"className":3883,"style":1574},[1573],[1398,3885,3887,3891,3894,3897],{"className":3886},[1484],[1398,3888],{"className":3889,"style":3890},[1488],"height:0.6833em;",[1398,3892,3800],{"className":3893},[1497],[1398,3895,3803],{"className":3896},[1497,1498],[1398,3898,3806],{"className":3899},[1497,1498],[988,3901,3902,3903],{},"位线总电容约为：",[1398,3904,3906,4005],{"className":3905},[1401],[1398,3907,3909],{"className":3908},[1405],[1407,3910,3911],{"xmlns":1409},[1411,3912,3913,4002],{},[1414,3914,3915,3928,3930,3932,3934,3936,3951,3954,3970,3972,3974,3977,3979,3981,3984,3986,3989,3991,3994,3997,3999],{},[1433,3916,3917,3920],{},[1422,3918,3919],{},"C",[1414,3921,3922,3924,3926],{},[1422,3923,2897],{},[1422,3925,2900],{},[1422,3927,1749],{},[1417,3929,3277],{},[1422,3931,3302],{},[1417,3933,3283],{},[1417,3935,1420],{"stretchy":1419},[1433,3937,3938,3940],{},[1422,3939,3313],{},[1414,3941,3942,3944,3946,3948],{},[1422,3943,3267],{},[1422,3945,2900],{},[1422,3947,3272],{},[1422,3949,3950],{},"e",[1417,3952,3953],{},"+",[1433,3955,3956,3958],{},[1422,3957,3313],{},[1414,3959,3960,3962,3964,3966,3968],{},[1422,3961,2283],{},[1422,3963,3272],{},[1422,3965,2903],{},[1422,3967,2900],{},[1422,3969,2078],{},[1417,3971,1437],{"stretchy":1419},[1417,3973,3277],{},[1444,3975,3976],{},"512",[1417,3978,3283],{},[1417,3980,1420],{"stretchy":1419},[1444,3982,3983],{},"2.6",[1417,3985,3953],{},[1444,3987,3988],{},"0.8",[1417,3990,1437],{"stretchy":1419},[1417,3992,3993],{},"≈",[1444,3995,3996],{},"1.7",[1422,3998,988],{},[1422,4000,4001],{},"F",[1472,4003,4004],{"encoding":1474},"C_{bit}=M*(c_{wire}+c_{drain})=512*(2.6+0.8) \\approx 1.7pF",[1398,4006,4008,4072,4090,4161,4229,4247,4268,4289],{"className":4007,"ariaHidden":1480},[1479],[1398,4009,4011,4014,4063,4066,4069],{"className":4010},[1484],[1398,4012],{"className":4013,"style":1844},[1488],[1398,4015,4017,4021],{"className":4016},[1497],[1398,4018,3919],{"className":4019,"style":4020},[1497,1498],"margin-right:0.0715em;",[1398,4022,4024],{"className":4023},[1516],[1398,4025,4027,4055],{"className":4026},[1520,1521],[1398,4028,4030,4052],{"className":4029},[1525],[1398,4031,4033],{"className":4032,"style":2324},[1529],[1398,4034,4036,4039],{"style":4035},"top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.0715em;margin-right:0.05em;",[1398,4037],{"className":4038,"style":1538},[1537],[1398,4040,4042],{"className":4041},[1542,1543,1544,1545],[1398,4043,4045,4049],{"className":4044},[1497,1545],[1398,4046,4048],{"className":4047},[1497,1498,1545],"bi",[1398,4050,1749],{"className":4051},[1497,1498,1545],[1398,4053,1560],{"className":4054},[1559],[1398,4056,4058],{"className":4057},[1525],[1398,4059,4061],{"className":4060,"style":1567},[1529],[1398,4062],{},[1398,4064],{"className":4065,"style":1574},[1573],[1398,4067,3277],{"className":4068},[1578],[1398,4070],{"className":4071,"style":1574},[1573],[1398,4073,4075,4078,4081,4084,4087],{"className":4074},[1484],[1398,4076],{"className":4077,"style":3890},[1488],[1398,4079,3302],{"className":4080,"style":1552},[1497,1498],[1398,4082],{"className":4083,"style":1851},[1573],[1398,4085,3283],{"className":4086},[2146],[1398,4088],{"className":4089,"style":1851},[1573],[1398,4091,4093,4096,4099,4152,4155,4158],{"className":4092},[1484],[1398,4094],{"className":4095,"style":1489},[1488],[1398,4097,1420],{"className":4098},[1493],[1398,4100,4102,4105],{"className":4101},[1497],[1398,4103,3313],{"className":4104},[1497,1498],[1398,4106,4108],{"className":4107},[1516],[1398,4109,4111,4144],{"className":4110},[1520,1521],[1398,4112,4114,4141],{"className":4113},[1525],[1398,4115,4118],{"className":4116,"style":4117},[1529],"height:0.3117em;",[1398,4119,4120,4123],{"style":1533},[1398,4121],{"className":4122,"style":1538},[1537],[1398,4124,4126],{"className":4125},[1542,1543,1544,1545],[1398,4127,4129,4132,4135,4138],{"className":4128},[1497,1545],[1398,4130,3267],{"className":4131,"style":3416},[1497,1498,1545],[1398,4133,2900],{"className":4134},[1497,1498,1545],[1398,4136,3272],{"className":4137,"style":1879},[1497,1498,1545],[1398,4139,3950],{"className":4140},[1497,1498,1545],[1398,4142,1560],{"className":4143},[1559],[1398,4145,4147],{"className":4146},[1525],[1398,4148,4150],{"className":4149,"style":1567},[1529],[1398,4151],{},[1398,4153],{"className":4154,"style":1851},[1573],[1398,4156,3953],{"className":4157},[2146],[1398,4159],{"className":4160,"style":1851},[1573],[1398,4162,4164,4167,4217,4220,4223,4226],{"className":4163},[1484],[1398,4165],{"className":4166,"style":1489},[1488],[1398,4168,4170,4173],{"className":4169},[1497],[1398,4171,3313],{"className":4172},[1497,1498],[1398,4174,4176],{"className":4175},[1516],[1398,4177,4179,4209],{"className":4178},[1520,1521],[1398,4180,4182,4206],{"className":4181},[1525],[1398,4183,4185],{"className":4184,"style":2324},[1529],[1398,4186,4187,4190],{"style":1533},[1398,4188],{"className":4189,"style":1538},[1537],[1398,4191,4193],{"className":4192},[1542,1543,1544,1545],[1398,4194,4196,4199,4202],{"className":4195},[1497,1545],[1398,4197,2283],{"className":4198},[1497,1498,1545],[1398,4200,3272],{"className":4201,"style":1879},[1497,1498,1545],[1398,4203,4205],{"className":4204},[1497,1498,1545],"ain",[1398,4207,1560],{"className":4208},[1559],[1398,4210,4212],{"className":4211},[1525],[1398,4213,4215],{"className":4214,"style":1567},[1529],[1398,4216],{},[1398,4218,1437],{"className":4219},[1509],[1398,4221],{"className":4222,"style":1574},[1573],[1398,4224,3277],{"className":4225},[1578],[1398,4227],{"className":4228,"style":1574},[1573],[1398,4230,4232,4235,4238,4241,4244],{"className":4231},[1484],[1398,4233],{"className":4234,"style":3450},[1488],[1398,4236,3976],{"className":4237},[1497],[1398,4239],{"className":4240,"style":1851},[1573],[1398,4242,3283],{"className":4243},[2146],[1398,4245],{"className":4246,"style":1851},[1573],[1398,4248,4250,4253,4256,4259,4262,4265],{"className":4249},[1484],[1398,4251],{"className":4252,"style":1489},[1488],[1398,4254,1420],{"className":4255},[1493],[1398,4257,3983],{"className":4258},[1497],[1398,4260],{"className":4261,"style":1851},[1573],[1398,4263,3953],{"className":4264},[2146],[1398,4266],{"className":4267,"style":1851},[1573],[1398,4269,4271,4274,4277,4280,4283,4286],{"className":4270},[1484],[1398,4272],{"className":4273,"style":1489},[1488],[1398,4275,3988],{"className":4276},[1497],[1398,4278,1437],{"className":4279},[1509],[1398,4281],{"className":4282,"style":1574},[1573],[1398,4284,3993],{"className":4285},[1578],[1398,4287],{"className":4288,"style":1574},[1573],[1398,4290,4292,4296,4299],{"className":4291},[1484],[1398,4293],{"className":4294,"style":4295},[1488],"height:0.8778em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;",[1398,4297,3996],{"className":4298},[1497],[1398,4300,4302],{"className":4301,"style":1499},[1497,1498],"pF",[988,4304,4305,4306],{},"位线延迟近似为：",[1398,4307,4309,4349],{"className":4308},[1401],[1398,4310,4312],{"className":4311},[1405],[1407,4313,4314],{"xmlns":1409},[1411,4315,4316,4346],{},[1414,4317,4318,4320,4322],{},[1422,4319,1749],{},[1417,4321,3277],{},[4323,4324,4325,4344],"mfrac",{},[1414,4326,4327,4339,4342],{},[1433,4328,4329,4331],{},[1422,4330,3919],{},[1414,4332,4333,4335,4337],{},[1422,4334,2897],{},[1422,4336,2900],{},[1422,4338,1749],{},[1422,4340,4341],{"mathvariant":1427},"Δ",[1422,4343,1824],{},[1422,4345,3783],{},[1472,4347,4348],{"encoding":1474},"t = \\frac{C_{bit}\\Delta V}{I}",[1398,4350,4352,4371],{"className":4351,"ariaHidden":1480},[1479],[1398,4353,4355,4359,4362,4365,4368],{"className":4354},[1484],[1398,4356],{"className":4357,"style":4358},[1488],"height:0.6151em;",[1398,4360,1749],{"className":4361},[1497,1498],[1398,4363],{"className":4364,"style":1574},[1573],[1398,4366,3277],{"className":4367},[1578],[1398,4369],{"className":4370,"style":1574},[1573],[1398,4372,4374,4378],{"className":4373},[1484],[1398,4375],{"className":4376,"style":4377},[1488],"height:1.2392em;vertical-align:-0.345em;",[1398,4379,4381,4385,4507],{"className":4380},[1497],[1398,4382],{"className":4383},[1493,4384],"nulldelimiter",[1398,4386,4388],{"className":4387},[4323],[1398,4389,4391,4498],{"className":4390},[1520,1521],[1398,4392,4394,4495],{"className":4393},[1525],[1398,4395,4398,4414,4425],{"className":4396,"style":4397},[1529],"height:0.8942em;",[1398,4399,4401,4405],{"style":4400},"top:-2.655em;",[1398,4402],{"className":4403,"style":4404},[1537],"height:3em;",[1398,4406,4408],{"className":4407},[1542,1543,1544,1545],[1398,4409,4411],{"className":4410},[1497,1545],[1398,4412,3783],{"className":4413,"style":3825},[1497,1498,1545],[1398,4415,4417,4420],{"style":4416},"top:-3.23em;",[1398,4418],{"className":4419,"style":4404},[1537],[1398,4421],{"className":4422,"style":4424},[4423],"frac-line","border-bottom-width:0.04em;",[1398,4426,4428,4431],{"style":4427},"top:-3.4159em;",[1398,4429],{"className":4430,"style":4404},[1537],[1398,4432,4434],{"className":4433},[1542,1543,1544,1545],[1398,4435,4437,4489,4492],{"className":4436},[1497,1545],[1398,4438,4440,4443],{"className":4439},[1497,1545],[1398,4441,3919],{"className":4442,"style":4020},[1497,1498,1545],[1398,4444,4446],{"className":4445},[1516],[1398,4447,4449,4480],{"className":4448},[1520,1521],[1398,4450,4452,4477],{"className":4451},[1525],[1398,4453,4456],{"className":4454,"style":4455},[1529],"height:0.3448em;",[1398,4457,4459,4463],{"style":4458},"top:-2.3488em;margin-left:-0.0715em;margin-right:0.0714em;",[1398,4460],{"className":4461,"style":4462},[1537],"height:2.5em;",[1398,4464,4468],{"className":4465},[1542,4466,4467,1545],"reset-size3","size1",[1398,4469,4471,4474],{"className":4470},[1497,1545],[1398,4472,4048],{"className":4473},[1497,1498,1545],[1398,4475,1749],{"className":4476},[1497,1498,1545],[1398,4478,1560],{"className":4479},[1559],[1398,4481,4483],{"className":4482},[1525],[1398,4484,4487],{"className":4485,"style":4486},[1529],"height:0.1512em;",[1398,4488],{},[1398,4490,4341],{"className":4491},[1497,1545],[1398,4493,1824],{"className":4494,"style":1851},[1497,1498,1545],[1398,4496,1560],{"className":4497},[1559],[1398,4499,4501],{"className":4500},[1525],[1398,4502,4505],{"className":4503,"style":4504},[1529],"height:0.345em;",[1398,4506],{},[1398,4508],{"className":4509},[1509,4384],[988,4511,4512],{},"代入后：",[1398,4514,4517],{"className":4515},[4516],"katex-display",[1398,4518,4520,4572],{"className":4519},[1401],[1398,4521,4523],{"className":4522},[1405],[1407,4524,4526],{"xmlns":1409,"display":4525},"block",[1411,4527,4528,4569],{},[1414,4529,4530,4532,4534,4560,4562,4565,4567],{},[1422,4531,1749],{},[1417,4533,3277],{},[4323,4535,4536,4552],{},[1414,4537,4538,4540,4542,4544,4547,4550],{},[1444,4539,3996],{},[1422,4541,988],{},[1422,4543,4001],{},[1417,4545,4546],{},"×",[1444,4548,4549],{},"1.25",[1422,4551,1824],{},[1414,4553,4554,4556,4558],{},[1444,4555,3800],{},[1422,4557,3803],{},[1422,4559,3806],{},[1417,4561,3993],{},[1444,4563,4564],{},"5.9",[1422,4566,2078],{},[1422,4568,2906],{},[1472,4570,4571],{"encoding":1474},"t = \\frac{1.7pF \\times 1.25V}{0.36mA} \\approx 5.9ns",[1398,4573,4575,4593,4699],{"className":4574,"ariaHidden":1480},[1479],[1398,4576,4578,4581,4584,4587,4590],{"className":4577},[1484],[1398,4579],{"className":4580,"style":4358},[1488],[1398,4582,1749],{"className":4583},[1497,1498],[1398,4585],{"className":4586,"style":1574},[1573],[1398,4588,3277],{"className":4589},[1578],[1398,4591],{"className":4592,"style":1574},[1573],[1398,4594,4596,4600,4690,4693,4696],{"className":4595},[1484],[1398,4597],{"className":4598,"style":4599},[1488],"height:2.0463em;vertical-align:-0.686em;",[1398,4601,4603,4606,4687],{"className":4602},[1497],[1398,4604],{"className":4605},[1493,4384],[1398,4607,4609],{"className":4608},[4323],[1398,4610,4612,4678],{"className":4611},[1520,1521],[1398,4613,4615,4675],{"className":4614},[1525],[1398,4616,4619,4637,4645],{"className":4617,"style":4618},[1529],"height:1.3603em;",[1398,4620,4622,4625],{"style":4621},"top:-2.314em;",[1398,4623],{"className":4624,"style":4404},[1537],[1398,4626,4628,4631,4634],{"className":4627},[1497],[1398,4629,3800],{"className":4630},[1497],[1398,4632,3803],{"className":4633},[1497,1498],[1398,4635,3806],{"className":4636},[1497,1498],[1398,4638,4639,4642],{"style":4416},[1398,4640],{"className":4641,"style":4404},[1537],[1398,4643],{"className":4644,"style":4424},[4423],[1398,4646,4648,4651],{"style":4647},"top:-3.677em;",[1398,4649],{"className":4650,"style":4404},[1537],[1398,4652,4654,4657,4660,4663,4666,4669,4672],{"className":4653},[1497],[1398,4655,3996],{"className":4656},[1497],[1398,4658,4302],{"className":4659,"style":1499},[1497,1498],[1398,4661],{"className":4662,"style":1851},[1573],[1398,4664,4546],{"className":4665},[2146],[1398,4667],{"className":4668,"style":1851},[1573],[1398,4670,4549],{"className":4671},[1497],[1398,4673,1824],{"className":4674,"style":1851},[1497,1498],[1398,4676,1560],{"className":4677},[1559],[1398,4679,4681],{"className":4680},[1525],[1398,4682,4685],{"className":4683,"style":4684},[1529],"height:0.686em;",[1398,4686],{},[1398,4688],{"className":4689},[1509,4384],[1398,4691],{"className":4692,"style":1574},[1573],[1398,4694,3993],{"className":4695},[1578],[1398,4697],{"className":4698,"style":1574},[1573],[1398,4700,4702,4705,4708,4711],{"className":4701},[1484],[1398,4703],{"className":4704,"style":3450},[1488],[1398,4706,4564],{"className":4707},[1497],[1398,4709,2078],{"className":4710},[1497,1498],[1398,4712,2906],{"className":4713},[1497,1498],[988,4715,4716,4717],{},"根据上拉下拉MOS管的假设，说明位线高到低、低到高的延迟近似相等，所以：",[1398,4718,4720,4762],{"className":4719},[1401],[1398,4721,4723],{"className":4722},[1405],[1407,4724,4725],{"xmlns":1409},[1411,4726,4727,4759],{},[1414,4728,4729,4739,4741,4751,4753,4755,4757],{},[1433,4730,4731,4733],{},[1422,4732,1749],{},[1414,4734,4735,4737],{},[1422,4736,3793],{},[1422,4738,1431],{},[1417,4740,3277],{},[1433,4742,4743,4745],{},[1422,4744,1749],{},[1414,4746,4747,4749],{},[1422,4748,1431],{},[1422,4750,3793],{},[1417,4752,3277],{},[1444,4754,4564],{},[1422,4756,2078],{},[1422,4758,2906],{},[1472,4760,4761],{"encoding":1474},"t_{HL}=t_{LH}=5.9ns",[1398,4763,4765,4826,4887],{"className":4764,"ariaHidden":1480},[1479],[1398,4766,4768,4771,4817,4820,4823],{"className":4767},[1484],[1398,4769],{"className":4770,"style":3383},[1488],[1398,4772,4774,4777],{"className":4773},[1497],[1398,4775,1749],{"className":4776},[1497,1498],[1398,4778,4780],{"className":4779},[1516],[1398,4781,4783,4809],{"className":4782},[1520,1521],[1398,4784,4786,4806],{"className":4785},[1525],[1398,4787,4789],{"className":4788,"style":1530},[1529],[1398,4790,4791,4794],{"style":1533},[1398,4792],{"className":4793,"style":1538},[1537],[1398,4795,4797],{"className":4796},[1542,1543,1544,1545],[1398,4798,4800,4803],{"className":4799},[1497,1545],[1398,4801,3793],{"className":4802,"style":3860},[1497,1498,1545],[1398,4804,1431],{"className":4805},[1497,1498,1545],[1398,4807,1560],{"className":4808},[1559],[1398,4810,4812],{"className":4811},[1525],[1398,4813,4815],{"className":4814,"style":1567},[1529],[1398,4816],{},[1398,4818],{"className":4819,"style":1574},[1573],[1398,4821,3277],{"className":4822},[1578],[1398,4824],{"className":4825,"style":1574},[1573],[1398,4827,4829,4832,4878,4881,4884],{"className":4828},[1484],[1398,4830],{"className":4831,"style":3383},[1488],[1398,4833,4835,4838],{"className":4834},[1497],[1398,4836,1749],{"className":4837},[1497,1498],[1398,4839,4841],{"className":4840},[1516],[1398,4842,4844,4870],{"className":4843},[1520,1521],[1398,4845,4847,4867],{"className":4846},[1525],[1398,4848,4850],{"className":4849,"style":1530},[1529],[1398,4851,4852,4855],{"style":1533},[1398,4853],{"className":4854,"style":1538},[1537],[1398,4856,4858],{"className":4857},[1542,1543,1544,1545],[1398,4859,4861,4864],{"className":4860},[1497,1545],[1398,4862,1431],{"className":4863},[1497,1498,1545],[1398,4865,3793],{"className":4866,"style":3860},[1497,1498,1545],[1398,4868,1560],{"className":4869},[1559],[1398,4871,4873],{"className":4872},[1525],[1398,4874,4876],{"className":4875,"style":1567},[1529],[1398,4877],{},[1398,4879],{"className":4880,"style":1574},[1573],[1398,4882,3277],{"className":4883},[1578],[1398,4885],{"className":4886,"style":1574},[1573],[1398,4888,4890,4893,4896,4899],{"className":4889},[1484],[1398,4891],{"className":4892,"style":3450},[1488],[1398,4894,4564],{"className":4895},[1497],[1398,4897,2078],{"className":4898},[1497,1498],[1398,4900,2906],{"className":4901},[1497,1498],[988,4903,4904],{},[991,4905],{"alt":991,"src":4906},"\u002Fimg\u002FDigitalICDesign\u002FChapter13-Memory-26.png",[1118,4908,4909],{"id":4909},"减小字线延迟的方法",[2019,4911,4912,4915,4918],{},[2022,4913,4914],{},"从两端同时驱动字线。左右两端同时驱动，最远点由最右边变成中间位置，相当于信号传播距离减半。",[2022,4916,4917],{},"使用金属旁路。可以避免信号沿着高电阻的多晶硅长距离传播。",[2022,4919,4920],{},"使用硅化物。可以显著降低多晶硅的电阻。",[988,4922,4923],{},[991,4924],{"alt":991,"src":4925},"\u002Fimg\u002FDigitalICDesign\u002FChapter13-Memory-27.png",[983,4927,4929],{"id":4928},"prom","PROM",[988,4931,4932],{},"Programmable ROM，可编程只读存储器。",[988,4934,4935,4938,4939,1386],{},[1004,4936,4937],{},"特点","：芯片制造时，每个位置都先放好晶体管；用户编程时，通过“烧断熔丝 fuse”的方式，去掉不需要的连接； 烧断后不可恢复，所以 ",[1004,4940,4941],{},"PROM 通常只能编程一次",[983,4943,4945],{"id":4944},"eprom","EPROM",[988,4947,4948],{},"Erasable Programmable ROMs，可擦除编程只读存储器。",[988,4950,4951,4953,4954,4957],{},[1004,4952,4937],{},"：不靠烧断熔丝，而是使用 ",[1004,4955,4956],{},"floating gate 浮栅晶体管","来关闭不想要的管子，编程后可用紫外线擦除。",[988,4959,4960],{},[991,4961],{"alt":991,"src":4962},"\u002Fimg\u002FDigitalICDesign\u002FChapter13-Memory-28.png",[1118,4964,4966],{"id":4965},"famos-浮栅晶体管","FAMOS | 浮栅晶体管",[988,4968,4969],{},"全称：Floating-gate Avalanche-injection Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor transistor，浮栅雪崩注入型 MOS 晶体管",[2804,4971,4972],{"id":4972},"工作原理",[988,4974,4975],{},"浮栅中是否存有电子，会改变晶体管的阈值电压。",[2516,4977,4978,4984],{},[2022,4979,4980,4983],{},[1004,4981,4982],{},"浮栅没有电子","：阈值电压较低，控制栅加电压后容易导通。",[2022,4985,4986,4989],{},[1004,4987,4988],{},"浮栅有电子","：电子产生负电荷，会抵消控制栅作用，使阈值电压升高，晶体管更难导通。",[2804,4991,4992],{"id":4992},"非易失性",[988,4994,4995],{},"因为浮栅被绝缘氧化层包围，电荷掉不出去，所以即使断电，电荷仍然保留，数据也不会丢失。",[2804,4997,4998],{"id":4998},"编程过程",[2019,5000,5001,5007,5014],{},[2022,5002,5003,5006],{},[1004,5004,5005],{},"雪崩注入","。在漏极和栅极加高电压，源极接地，在漏端附近形成很强的电场，电子获得很高能量，被“打入”浮栅中。",[2022,5008,5009,5010,5013],{},"外部施加电压去掉，浮栅中仍然保留负电荷，这就是它能",[1004,5011,5012],{},"断电保存数据","的原因。",[2022,5015,5016,5017,5020,5021,2416,5024,2416,5095,1386],{},"由于浮栅里有",[1004,5018,5019],{},"负电荷","，会抵消控制栅的正电压作用，使沟道更难形成。晶体管的",[1004,5022,5023],{},"阈值电压",[1398,5025,5027,5046],{"className":5026},[1401],[1398,5028,5030],{"className":5029},[1405],[1407,5031,5032],{"xmlns":1409},[1411,5033,5034,5043],{},[1414,5035,5036],{},[1433,5037,5038,5040],{},[1422,5039,1824],{},[1422,5041,5042],{},"T",[1472,5044,5045],{"encoding":1474},"V_T",[1398,5047,5049],{"className":5048,"ariaHidden":1480},[1479],[1398,5050,5052,5055],{"className":5051},[1484],[1398,5053],{"className":5054,"style":1844},[1488],[1398,5056,5058,5061],{"className":5057},[1497],[1398,5059,1824],{"className":5060,"style":1851},[1497,1498],[1398,5062,5064],{"className":5063},[1516],[1398,5065,5067,5087],{"className":5066},[1520,1521],[1398,5068,5070,5084],{"className":5069},[1525],[1398,5071,5073],{"className":5072,"style":1530},[1529],[1398,5074,5075,5078],{"style":1866},[1398,5076],{"className":5077,"style":1538},[1537],[1398,5079,5081],{"className":5080},[1542,1543,1544,1545],[1398,5082,5042],{"className":5083,"style":1499},[1497,1498,1545],[1398,5085,1560],{"className":5086},[1559],[1398,5088,5090],{"className":5089},[1525],[1398,5091,5093],{"className":5092,"style":1567},[1529],[1398,5094],{},[1004,5096,5097],{},"升高",[5099,5100,5102],"table",{"style":5101},"width: 100%; border: 0; border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0;",[5103,5104,5105],"tbody",{},[5106,5107,5109,5110,5109,5119],"tr",{"style":5108},"border: none;","\n  ",[5111,5112,5114,5109],"td",{"style":5113},"width: 71.0%; text-align: center; border: none; padding: 0.3em; margin: 0;",[988,5115,5116],{},[991,5117],{"alt":991,"src":5118},"\u002Fimg\u002FDigitalICDesign\u002FChapter13-Memory-29.png",[5111,5120,5122,5109],{"style":5121},"width: 28.0%; text-align: center; border: none; padding: 0.3em; margin: 0;",[988,5123,5124],{},[991,5125],{"alt":991,"src":5126},"\u002Fimg\u002FDigitalICDesign\u002FChapter13-Memory-30.png",[1118,5128,5130],{"id":5129},"flash-eeprom-结构","Flash EEPROM 结构",[988,5132,5133],{},"EEPROM, Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM",[988,5135,5136,5137,5140],{},"与前面EPROM使用的浮栅晶体管相比，它实现了",[1004,5138,5139],{},"电可擦除","功能。",[988,5142,5143,5144,5147],{},"利用",[1004,5145,5146],{},"薄隧穿氧化层","，让电子可以电注入、电擦除，因此可以重复写入和擦除。",[988,5149,5150],{},[991,5151],{"alt":991,"src":5152},"\u002Fimg\u002FDigitalICDesign\u002FChapter13-Memory-31.png",[983,5154,5156],{"id":5155},"flash-memory","Flash Memory",[988,5158,5159],{},"这是EEPROM的一种，具有非易失性。",[1118,5161,5163],{"id":5162},"nor-flash-memory中擦除操作","NOR Flash Memory中擦除操作",[988,5165,5166,5167,5170,5171,5174,5175,5178,5179,5182],{},"给",[1004,5168,5169],{},"源极加高电压","（如图12V），控制",[1004,5172,5173],{},"栅接低电压","（如图0V），在薄氧化层上形成强电场，把浮栅中的电子通过",[1004,5176,5177],{},"隧穿","方式拉到",[1004,5180,5181],{},"源极","，从而降低阈值电压。",[988,5184,5185],{},[991,5186],{"alt":991,"src":5187},"\u002Fimg\u002FDigitalICDesign\u002FChapter13-Memory-32.png",[1118,5189,5191],{"id":5190},"nor-flash-memory中写操作","NOR Flash Memory中写操作",[988,5193,5194,5195,5198,5199,5202],{},"选中某个 cell 后，给",[1004,5196,5197],{},"栅极（字线）加高压","、",[1004,5200,5201],{},"漏极（位线）加中高压","，使源漏沟道中的热电子注入浮栅；浮栅存入电子后阈值电压升高，从而完成数据写入。",[988,5204,5205],{},[991,5206],{"alt":991,"src":5207},"\u002Fimg\u002FDigitalICDesign\u002FChapter13-Memory-33.png",[1118,5209,5211],{"id":5210},"nor-flash-memory中读操作","NOR Flash Memory中读操作",[988,5213,5214],{},"给选中 WL 加 5 V，给选中 BL 加小电压 1 V，然后检测位线电流，此时的电压比写入和擦除时小很多",[2516,5216,5217,5220],{},[2022,5218,5219],{},"有电流：晶体管导通，说明阈值电压低；",[2022,5221,5222],{},"无电流：晶体管关断，说明阈值电压高。",[988,5224,5225],{},[991,5226],{"alt":991,"src":5227},"\u002Fimg\u002FDigitalICDesign\u002FChapter13-Memory-34.png",[1118,5229,5231],{"id":5230},"对比nand-和-nor-flash的电路结构和特点","对比NAND 和 NOR Flash的电路结构和特点",[2804,5233,5235],{"id":5234},"nand-flash",[1004,5236,5237],{},"NAND Flash",[988,5239,5240,5241,5244],{},"多个存储单元像",[2026,5242,5243],{},"“串联”一样接在一起","。读某一个单元时，其他单元也要配合导通，才能形成电流通路。",[988,5246,5247,5249,5250,1209,5253,5256,5259],{},[1004,5248,4937],{},"：写入和",[2026,5251,5252],{},"擦除速度更快",[2026,5254,5255],{},"存储密度更高",[2026,5257,5258],{},"（串联版图省）","；单位 bit 成本更低；容量更容易做大。",[2804,5261,5263],{"id":5262},"nor-flash","NOR Flash",[988,5265,5266,5269],{},[2026,5267,5268],{},"每个存储单元基本都直接连到 bit line","。读某个单元时，可以比较直接地读取该单元状态。",[988,5271,5272,5273,5276],{},"特点：",[2026,5274,5275],{},"随机读取速度快","；可以像 ROM 一样直接读取某个地址；适合直接执行程序代码。但缺点是密度较低，单位 bit 成本较高，容量通常不如 NAND 大。",[5099,5278,5279],{"style":5101},[5103,5280,5281],{},[5106,5282,5109,5283,5109,5291],{"style":5108},[5111,5284,5286,5109],{"style":5285},"width: 41.0%; text-align: center; border: none; padding: 0.3em; margin: 0;",[988,5287,5288],{},[991,5289],{"alt":991,"src":5290},"\u002Fimg\u002FDigitalICDesign\u002FChapter13-Memory-35.png",[5111,5292,5294,5109],{"style":5293},"width: 58.0%; text-align: center; border: none; padding: 0.3em; margin: 0;",[988,5295,5296],{},[991,5297],{"alt":991,"src":5298},"\u002Fimg\u002FDigitalICDesign\u002FChapter13-Memory-36.png",[1118,5300,5302],{"id":5301},"nor-flash-的典型用途","NOR Flash 的典型用途",[988,5304,5305,5306,1386],{},"NOR Flash 适合替代程序 ROM，用来",[2026,5307,5308],{},"存放程序代码",[988,5310,5311],{},"NOR Flash 有完整的地址总线和数据总线，支持随机访问，适合代码直接执行，但是连续大容量顺序读写效率不如 NAND Flash，因此不适合做大文件存储。",[988,5313,5314],{},[991,5315],{"alt":991,"src":5316},"\u002Fimg\u002FDigitalICDesign\u002FChapter13-Memory-37.png",[1118,5318,5320],{"id":5319},"nand-flash-的典型用途","NAND Flash 的典型用途",[988,5322,5323,5324,1386],{},"NAND Flash 更适合替代磁盘，用来做",[2026,5325,5326],{},"大容量数据存储",[2516,5328,5329,5338,5341],{},[2022,5330,5331,5332,5337],{},"NAND Flash 通常不是按单个地址随机读写，而是按 ",[2026,5333,5334],{},[1004,5335,5336],{},"page（页）"," 访问。",[2022,5339,5340],{},"NAND Flash 的连续读写速度较快，适合大量数据顺序存取。",[2022,5342,5343],{},"NAND Flash 的存储单元串联连接，结构更紧凑，所以单位面积能放更多 bit，因此容量更大，单位 bit 成本更低。",[988,5345,5346],{},[991,5347],{"alt":991,"src":5348},"\u002Fimg\u002FDigitalICDesign\u002FChapter13-Memory-38.png",[988,5350,5351,5352,5357,5351,5360,5365],{},"NAND Flash ",[2026,5353,5354],{},[1004,5355,5356],{},"写入\u002F编程时按 page 页进行",[1004,5358,5359],{},"，",[2026,5361,5362],{},[1004,5363,5364],{},"擦除时按 block 块","进行，见下图。",[988,5367,5368,5371],{},[1004,5369,5370],{},"图中例子解释：","每页 4096 bit，也就是 512 Byte，16 页组成一个块，一整块就是16*512Byte，即8KB。",[988,5373,5374],{},[991,5375],{"alt":991,"src":5376},"\u002Fimg\u002FDigitalICDesign\u002FChapter13-Memory-39.png",[1118,5378,5380],{"id":5379},"slc-vs-mlc","SLC vs MLC",[988,5382,5383,5384,5389],{},"SLC：一个存储单元存 1 bit。一个浮栅晶体管只需要区分 ",[2026,5385,5386],{},[1004,5387,5388],{},"两个阈值电压状态","，判断简单、可靠性高。",[988,5391,5392,5393,5396,5397,5400],{},"MLC：一个存储单元存多个 bit。MLC 通过把浮栅中的电荷量分成",[1004,5394,5395],{},"多个等级","，让同一个晶体管表现出",[1004,5398,5399],{},"多个不同的阈值电压","，从而存储更多信息。",[988,5402,5403],{},[991,5404],{"alt":991,"src":5405},"\u002Fimg\u002FDigitalICDesign\u002FChapter13-Memory-40.png",[1118,5407,5409],{"id":5408},"flash-memory-常见错误来源","Flash Memory 常见错误来源",[1112,5411,5412],{},[988,5413,1116],{},[2019,5415,5416],{},[2022,5417,5418],{},[1004,5419,5420],{},"Program disturb \u002F Write disturb（写干扰）",[988,5422,5423],{},"在写入某些存储单元时，虽然只想改变被选中的 cell，但相邻或同一阵列中未被选中的 cell 也会受到较高电压影响，可能产生轻微电荷变化，导致数据出错。",[2019,5425,5427],{"start":5426},2,[2022,5428,5429],{},[1004,5430,5431],{},"Read disturb（读干扰）",[988,5433,5434],{},"反复读取某一页时，未被选中的存储单元也会受到读电压压力。次数多了以后，浮栅中的电荷状态可能被轻微改变，造成误读。",[2019,5436,5438],{"start":5437},3,[2022,5439,5440],{},[1004,5441,5442],{},"Data retention（数据保持问题）",[988,5444,5445],{},"Flash 断电后靠浮栅中的电荷保存数据，但电荷会随着时间慢慢泄漏。时间太久或温度较高时，数据可能丢失。",[2019,5447,5449],{"start":5448},4,[2022,5450,5451],{},[1004,5452,5453],{},"Endurance（耐久性）",[988,5455,5456],{},"Flash 每次写入\u002F擦除都会损伤氧化层。擦写次数太多后，单元可靠性下降，最终不能正常存储数据。",[2019,5458,5460],{"start":5459},5,[2022,5461,5462],{},[1004,5463,5464],{},"Soft errors（软错误）",[988,5466,5467],{},"环境因素也可能导致数据出错，例如宇宙射线、α 粒子等高能粒子影响存储电荷。",[2019,5469,5471],{"start":5470},6,[2022,5472,5473],{},[1004,5474,5475],{},"Bad blocks（坏块）",[988,5477,5478],{},"Flash 中允许存在坏块：",[2516,5480,5481,5487,5493],{},[2022,5482,5483,5486],{},[1004,5484,5485],{},"初始坏块","：制造时由于良率不完美产生，SLC 可有约 2% 坏块，MLC 可有约 5% 坏块。",[2022,5488,5489,5492],{},[1004,5490,5491],{},"累积坏块","：使用过程中多次写入\u002F擦除后逐渐产生。",[2022,5494,5495,5496,5499],{},"因此需要 ",[1004,5497,5498],{},"坏块管理","，把坏块记录下来，避免继续使用。",[988,5501,5502],{},[991,5503],{"alt":991,"src":5504},"\u002Fimg\u002FDigitalICDesign\u002FChapter13-Memory-41.png",[2804,5506,5508],{"id":5507},"flash-的耐久性endurance问题",[1004,5509,5510],{},"Flash 的耐久性（Endurance）问题",[1112,5512,5513],{},[988,5514,1116],{},[988,5516,5517,5518,5521,5522,5525],{},"Flash 每次 ",[1004,5519,5520],{},"Program\u002FErase（写入\u002F擦除）"," 时，都要用较高电压让电子穿过氧化层。反复操作后，会有一些电荷被困在绝缘介质中，导致存储单元的",[1004,5523,5524],{},"电学特性","发生永久变化。",[2019,5527,5528,5534,5540],{},[2022,5529,5530,5533],{},[1004,5531,5532],{},"阈值电压会偏移","\n原本表示 0 或 1 的电压范围发生变化，读数据时更容易判断错误。",[2022,5535,5536,5539],{},[1004,5537,5538],{},"擦除也无法完全恢复","\n因为部分损伤是永久性的，不是简单擦除就能修复。",[2022,5541,5542,5545],{},[1004,5543,5544],{},"擦写次数有限","\n所以 Flash 不能无限次写入和擦除。",[988,5547,5548],{},[991,5549],{"alt":991,"src":5550},"\u002Fimg\u002FDigitalICDesign\u002FChapter13-Memory-42.png",[988,5552,5553],{},"图中给的典型寿命：",[988,5555,5556,5559,5560,5563],{},[1004,5557,5558],{},"SLC","：最多大约 ",[1004,5561,5562],{},"100,000 次"," Program\u002FErase cycles",[988,5565,5566,5569,5570,5573,5574],{},[1004,5567,5568],{},"MLC","：通常低于 ",[1004,5571,5572],{},"10,000 次","，有些 MLC 甚至只有约 ",[1004,5575,5576],{},"1,500 次",[1118,5578,5580],{"id":5579},"wear-leveling-磨损均衡-损耗均衡","Wear Leveling | 磨损均衡 \u002F 损耗均衡",[988,5582,5583,5584,5587],{},"与其反复擦写同一个 block，不如把擦写次数分散到多个 block 上，这就是磨损均衡，这个过程由 ",[1004,5585,5586],{},"Flash 控制器","完成。",[988,5589,5590,5591,5593,5594,1386],{},"对于 ",[1004,5592,5558],{}," 器件来说，磨损均衡是一个有益的增强功能，因为 SLC 的 block 通常可以支持最多 ",[1004,5595,5596],{},"100,000 次 Program\u002FErase cycles",[988,5598,5590,5599,5601,5602,1386],{},[1004,5600,5568],{}," 器件来说，磨损均衡是非常必要的，因为 MLC 的 block 通常只能支持少于 ",[1004,5603,5604],{},"10,000 次擦写循环",[1118,5606,5608],{"id":5607},"ecc-for-flash","ECC for Flash",[988,5610,5611],{},"这部分记得当时上课就没怎么细讲，感觉不会考吧（doge）",[983,5613,5615],{"id":5614},"使用-rom-实现逻辑运算","使用 ROM 实现逻辑运算",[988,5617,5618,5619,5622,5623,5683,5684,5751],{},"ROM 可以看成一个 ",[1004,5620,5621],{},"查找表 Lookup Table","。如果一个逻辑电路有n输入，k输出，那么所有输入组合一共有",[1398,5624,5626,5644],{"className":5625},[1401],[1398,5627,5629],{"className":5628},[1405],[1407,5630,5631],{"xmlns":1409},[1411,5632,5633,5641],{},[1414,5634,5635],{},[3365,5636,5637,5639],{},[1444,5638,1470],{},[1422,5640,2078],{},[1472,5642,5643],{"encoding":1474},"2^n",[1398,5645,5647],{"className":5646,"ariaHidden":1480},[1479],[1398,5648,5650,5654],{"className":5649},[1484],[1398,5651],{"className":5652,"style":5653},[1488],"height:0.6644em;",[1398,5655,5657,5660],{"className":5656},[1497],[1398,5658,1470],{"className":5659},[1497],[1398,5661,5663],{"className":5662},[1516],[1398,5664,5666],{"className":5665},[1520],[1398,5667,5669],{"className":5668},[1525],[1398,5670,5672],{"className":5671,"style":5653},[1529],[1398,5673,5674,5677],{"style":3745},[1398,5675],{"className":5676,"style":1538},[1537],[1398,5678,5680],{"className":5679},[1542,1543,1544,1545],[1398,5681,2078],{"className":5682},[1497,1498,1545],"种情况，所以 ROM 需要存",[1398,5685,5687,5708],{"className":5686},[1401],[1398,5688,5690],{"className":5689},[1405],[1407,5691,5692],{"xmlns":1409},[1411,5693,5694,5705],{},[1414,5695,5696,5702],{},[3365,5697,5698,5700],{},[1444,5699,1470],{},[1422,5701,2078],{},[1422,5703,5704],{},"k",[1472,5706,5707],{"encoding":1474},"2^nk",[1398,5709,5711],{"className":5710,"ariaHidden":1480},[1479],[1398,5712,5714,5718,5747],{"className":5713},[1484],[1398,5715],{"className":5716,"style":5717},[1488],"height:0.6944em;",[1398,5719,5721,5724],{"className":5720},[1497],[1398,5722,1470],{"className":5723},[1497],[1398,5725,5727],{"className":5726},[1516],[1398,5728,5730],{"className":5729},[1520],[1398,5731,5733],{"className":5732},[1525],[1398,5734,5736],{"className":5735,"style":5653},[1529],[1398,5737,5738,5741],{"style":3745},[1398,5739],{"className":5740,"style":1538},[1537],[1398,5742,5744],{"className":5743},[1542,1543,1544,1545],[1398,5745,2078],{"className":5746},[1497,1498,1545],[1398,5748,5704],{"className":5749,"style":5750},[1497,1498],"margin-right:0.0315em;","bits。",[988,5753,5754,5755,5758,5759,5751],{},"用 ROM 实现",[1004,5756,5757],{},"有限状态机 FSM。","有限状态机不仅有输入和输出，还有 状态 state。此时ROM的输入需要两部分——外部输入和当前状态，即 n+s；输出也有两部分——当前输出和下一步状态，即k+s。所以ROM 需要存",[1398,5760,5762,5796],{"className":5761},[1401],[1398,5763,5765],{"className":5764},[1405],[1407,5766,5767],{"xmlns":1409},[1411,5768,5769,5793],{},[1414,5770,5771,5783,5785,5787,5789,5791],{},[3365,5772,5773,5775],{},[1444,5774,1470],{},[1414,5776,5777,5779,5781],{},[1422,5778,2078],{},[1417,5780,3953],{},[1422,5782,2906],{},[1417,5784,1420],{"stretchy":1419},[1422,5786,5704],{},[1417,5788,3953],{},[1422,5790,2906],{},[1417,5792,1437],{"stretchy":1419},[1472,5794,5795],{"encoding":1474},"2^{n+s}(k+s)",[1398,5797,5799,5860],{"className":5798,"ariaHidden":1480},[1479],[1398,5800,5802,5806,5845,5848,5851,5854,5857],{"className":5801},[1484],[1398,5803],{"className":5804,"style":5805},[1488],"height:1.0213em;vertical-align:-0.25em;",[1398,5807,5809,5812],{"className":5808},[1497],[1398,5810,1470],{"className":5811},[1497],[1398,5813,5815],{"className":5814},[1516],[1398,5816,5818],{"className":5817},[1520],[1398,5819,5821],{"className":5820},[1525],[1398,5822,5825],{"className":5823,"style":5824},[1529],"height:0.7713em;",[1398,5826,5827,5830],{"style":3745},[1398,5828],{"className":5829,"style":1538},[1537],[1398,5831,5833],{"className":5832},[1542,1543,1544,1545],[1398,5834,5836,5839,5842],{"className":5835},[1497,1545],[1398,5837,2078],{"className":5838},[1497,1498,1545],[1398,5840,3953],{"className":5841},[2146,1545],[1398,5843,2906],{"className":5844},[1497,1498,1545],[1398,5846,1420],{"className":5847},[1493],[1398,5849,5704],{"className":5850,"style":5750},[1497,1498],[1398,5852],{"className":5853,"style":1851},[1573],[1398,5855,3953],{"className":5856},[2146],[1398,5858],{"className":5859,"style":1851},[1573],[1398,5861,5863,5866,5869],{"className":5862},[1484],[1398,5864],{"className":5865,"style":1489},[1488],[1398,5867,2906],{"className":5868},[1497,1498],[1398,5870,1437],{"className":5871},[1509],[988,5873,5874],{},[991,5875],{"alt":991,"src":5876},"\u002Fimg\u002FDigitalICDesign\u002FChapter13-Memory-43.png",[978,5878,5880],{"id":5879},"serial-access-memory-串行访问存储器","Serial Access Memory | 串行访问存储器",[988,5882,5883],{},"串行访问存储器不使用地址，主要分为以下几类：",[2516,5885,5886,5906,5912],{},[2022,5887,5888,5891,5892],{},[1004,5889,5890],{},"Shift Registers","：移位寄存器\n",[2516,5893,5894,5900],{},[2022,5895,5896,5899],{},[1004,5897,5898],{},"Serial In Parallel Out, SIPO","：串入并出",[2022,5901,5902,5905],{},[1004,5903,5904],{},"Parallel In Serial Out, PISO","：并入串出",[2022,5907,5908,5911],{},[1004,5909,5910],{},"Tapped Delay Lines","：抽头延迟线",[2022,5913,5914,5917],{},[1004,5915,5916],{},"Queues, FIFO, LIFO","：队列，包括先进先出 FIFO、后进先出 LIFO",[983,5919,5890],{"id":5920},"shift-registers",[988,5922,5923],{},"每来一个时钟上升沿，数据就向右移动一级。",[1118,5925,5926],{"id":5926},"主要作用",[2019,5928,5929,5935],{},[2022,5930,5931,5934],{},[1004,5932,5933],{},"存储数据","\n每一级寄存器都能暂存一拍的数据。",[2022,5936,5937,5940],{},[1004,5938,5939],{},"延迟数据","\n如果有 4 级寄存器，那么输入数据大约会延迟 4 个时钟周期后从输出端出来。",[988,5942,5943],{},[991,5944],{"alt":991,"src":5945},"\u002Fimg\u002FDigitalICDesign\u002FChapter13-Memory-44.png",[988,5947,5948,5949,1386],{},"设计这种级联寄存器时，要特别注意保持时间 ",[1004,5950,5951],{},"hold time",[988,5953,5954,5957],{},[1004,5955,5956],{},"原因","是所有寄存器共用同一个时钟，如果前一级寄存器输出变化太快，而后一级寄存器还没完成保持时间要求，后一级可能错误地捕获到“新的数据”，导致时序错误。",[1118,5959,5961],{"id":5960},"denser-shift-registers-高密度移位寄存器","Denser Shift Registers | 高密度移位寄存器",[988,5963,5964],{},"当移位寄存器很长时，不要真的用很多触发器一级一级串起来，而是用 SRAM 来实现更高密度的移位寄存器。",[988,5966,5967,5968,5971],{},"使用RAM存储数据时，不用RAM的内部数据，而是",[1004,5969,5970],{},"只移动读",[1004,5972,5973],{},"\u002F写指针",[988,5975,5976],{},[991,5977],{"alt":991,"src":5978},"\u002Fimg\u002FDigitalICDesign\u002FChapter13-Memory-45.png",[988,5980,5981],{},"若要实现 N 级延迟的移位寄存器：",[2019,5983,5984,5989,5994,6005],{},[2022,5985,5986],{},[1004,5987,5988],{},"Din 写入 SRAM 的某个地址",[2022,5990,5991],{},[1004,5992,5993],{},"Dout 从另一个地址读出旧数据",[2022,5995,5996,5997,6000,6001,6004],{},"每个时钟周期，",[1281,5998,5999],{"code":5999},"writeaddr"," 和 ",[1281,6002,6003],{"code":6003},"readaddr"," 都加 1",[2022,6006,6007],{},"地址到末尾后再回到开头，形成循环",[983,6009,6011],{"id":6010},"tapped-delay-line-可抽头延迟线","Tapped Delay Line | 可抽头延迟线",[988,6013,6014,6015,6020],{},"本质上是一个",[2026,6016,6017],{},[1004,6018,6019],{},"可以选择延迟多少个时钟周期的移位寄存器",[2026,6021,6022],{},[1004,6023,6024],{},"x",[988,6026,6027,6028,6031,6032,1386],{},"普通移位寄存器延迟固定，而 ",[1004,6029,6030],{},"tapped delay line"," 可以通过控制信号选择延迟级数，例如下图可以选择 ",[1004,6033,6034],{},"0 到 63 个周期的延迟",[988,6036,6037],{},[991,6038],{"alt":991,"src":6039},"\u002Fimg\u002FDigitalICDesign\u002FChapter13-Memory-46.png",[988,6041,6042,6045,6046,6049],{},[1281,6043,6044],{"code":6044},"SR32"," 表示 32 级移位寄存器，可以提供 32 个周期延迟 ；",[1281,6047,6048],{"code":6048},"SR16"," 提供 16 个周期延迟，依次类推。",[988,6051,6052,6053,6056,6059],{},"每一级旁边都有一个 ",[1004,6054,6055],{},"MUX 多路选择器，",[1281,6057,6058],{"code":6058},"delay5 ~ delay0"," 是控制信号，用来决定这一段延迟是否加入。",[983,6061,6063],{"id":6062},"serial-in-parallel-out-串入并出","Serial In Parallel Out | 串入并出",[988,6065,6066],{},"把一位一位输入的串行数据，转换成多位同时输出的并行数据。",[988,6068,6069],{},[991,6070],{"alt":991,"src":6071},"\u002Fimg\u002FDigitalICDesign\u002FChapter13-Memory-47.png",[983,6073,6075],{"id":6074},"parallel-in-serial-out-并入串出","Parallel In Serial Out | 并入串出",[988,6077,6078],{},"先一次性并行装入 N 位数据，然后每个时钟周期串行输出 1 位。",[988,6080,6081],{},[991,6082],{"alt":991,"src":6083},"\u002Fimg\u002FDigitalICDesign\u002FChapter13-Memory-48.png",[983,6085,6087],{"id":6086},"queues-队列存储器","Queues | 队列存储器",[988,6089,6090,6093,6098,6101,6106,6109,6114],{},[2026,6091,6092],{},"队列允许数据的",[2026,6094,6095],{},[1004,6096,6097],{},"写入速度",[2026,6099,6100],{},"和",[2026,6102,6103],{},[1004,6104,6105],{},"读出速度",[2026,6107,6108],{},"不一样，比如每 1 个周期写一个数据，每 3 个周期读一个数据。队列可以先把来不及读的数据暂时存起来，起到",[2026,6110,6111],{},[1004,6112,6113],{},"缓冲区 buffer",[2026,6115,6116],{},"的作用。",[988,6118,6119],{},"队列可以自行判断内部数据读满还是全空。",[988,6121,6122],{},[991,6123],{"alt":991,"src":6124},"\u002Fimg\u002FDigitalICDesign\u002FChapter13-Memory-49.png",[1118,6126,6128],{"id":6127},"fifo-先进先出",[2026,6129,6130],{},"FIFO 先进先出",[988,6132,6133],{},"将读指针和写指针都初始化到第一个元素位置，此时队列为空。每写入一次数据，写指针加 1；如果写指针快要追上读指针，说明队列快满或已满；每读出一次数据，读指针加 1。",[1118,6135,6137],{"id":6136},"lifo-后进先出",[2026,6138,6139],{},"LIFO 后进先出",[988,6141,6142,2416,6145,6150],{},[2026,6143,6144],{},"LIFO 也叫",[2026,6146,6147],{},[1004,6148,6149],{},"stack，栈",[2026,6151,1386],{},[988,6153,6154,6155,6158],{},"它通常只需要一个 ",[1004,6156,6157],{},"stack pointer，栈指针","。因为读和写都发生在栈顶：",[2516,6160,6161,6164],{},[2022,6162,6163],{},"写入数据：栈指针向上移动",[2022,6165,6166],{},"读出数据：从栈顶取出，栈指针向下移动",[1370,6168,6169,6172],{"type":1372},[988,6170,6171],{},"FIFO：像排队，先来先走",[988,6173,6174],{},"LIFO：像叠盘子，后来先走",[978,6176,6178],{"id":6177},"cam","CAM",[988,6180,6181,6182,5359,6185],{},"全称：",[2026,6183,6184],{},"Content Addressable Memory",[2026,6186,6187],{},"内容寻址存储器",[983,6189,6191],{"id":6190},"cam-和普通-sram-的区别","CAM 和普通 SRAM 的区别",[988,6193,6194,6195,6198,6199,1386],{},"普通 SRAM 是按照",[1004,6196,6197],{},"地址","找数据，而 CAM 是：给一个数据 key，让存储器自己去找哪些位置存了这个 key。也就是",[1004,6200,6201],{},"按内容找地址\u002F位置",[988,6203,6204],{},[991,6205],{"alt":991,"src":6206},"\u002Fimg\u002FDigitalICDesign\u002FChapter13-Memory-50.png",[988,6208,6209,6210,6213,6214,6217,6218,1386],{},"左图中的 CAM 既可以像普通存储器一样读写，但它还有一个",[1004,6211,6212],{},"额外功能","：输入一个 ",[1281,6215,6216],{"code":6216},"key","，CAM 内部所有存储单元同时和 key 比较，如果某一行内容等于 key，这一行就产生 ",[1281,6219,6220],{"code":6220},"match",[1112,6222,6223],{},[988,6224,6225],{},"这个比较是所有行并行比较，所以速度比较快。",[988,6227,6228,6229,6232],{},"右图是 CAM 在 ",[1004,6230,6231],{},"TLB（Translation Lookaside Buffer，地址转换后备缓冲）"," 中的典型应用。",[988,6234,6235],{},"TLB 的作用是：",[1112,6237,6238],{},[988,6239,6240],{},"把虚拟地址 Virtual Address 快速转换成物理地址 Physical Address。",[988,6242,6243,6244],{},"这里 CAM 负责：",[1004,6245,6246],{},"判断虚拟地址有没有命中某个 TLB 表项。",[988,6248,6249,6250],{},"SRAM 负责：",[1004,6251,6252],{},"存放对应的物理地址或页表信息。",[983,6254,6255],{"id":6255},"匹配原理",[2019,6257,6258],{},[2022,6259,6260],{},[1004,6261,6262],{},"wordline 保持低电平",[988,6264,6265,6268],{},[1281,6266,6267],{"code":6267},"wordline low"," 表示不进行普通 SRAM 读写操作。",[2019,6270,6271],{"start":5426},[2022,6272,6273],{},[1004,6274,6275],{},"预充 matchline",[988,6277,6278],{},"每一行的 matchline 先被预充到高电平。",[2019,6280,6281],{"start":5437},[2022,6282,6283],{},[1004,6284,6285],{},"把 key 放到 bitline 上",[988,6287,6288,6289,6291],{},"输入的搜索关键字 ",[1281,6290,6216],{"code":6216}," 被放到 bitline 上，每个 CAM cell 会把自己存储的 bit 和输入的 key bit 进行比较。",[2019,6293,6294],{"start":5448},[2022,6295,6296],{},[1004,6297,6298],{},"matchline 进行评估",[988,6300,6301,6302,6305],{},"如果某一行中 ",[1004,6303,6304],{},"所有 bit 都和 key 相同","，那么这一行的 matchline 保持高电平，表示匹配。",[988,6307,6301,6308,6311],{},[1004,6309,6310],{},"只要有一个 bit 不同","，该行的 matchline 就会被拉低，表示不匹配。",[988,6313,6314],{},[991,6315],{"alt":991,"src":6316},"\u002Fimg\u002FDigitalICDesign\u002FChapter13-Memory-51.png",[1118,6318,6320],{"id":6319},"miss-line-的作用","Miss line 的作用",[988,6322,6323,6324,6327],{},"所有 matchline 会经过一个类似 ",[1004,6325,6326],{},"伪 nMOS NOR 门"," 的结构，如果所有的 matchline=0，即每一行都不匹配，输出miss=1，否则miss=0。",{"title":6329,"searchDepth":5448,"depth":5448,"links":6330},"",[6331,6336,6339,6345,6362,6374,6423,6436],{"id":980,"depth":5426,"text":981,"children":6332},[6333,6334,6335],{"id":985,"depth":5437,"text":986},{"id":996,"depth":5437,"text":997},{"id":1023,"depth":5437,"text":1023},{"id":1034,"depth":5426,"text":1035,"children":6337},[6338],{"id":1067,"depth":5437,"text":1067},{"id":1106,"depth":5426,"text":1107,"children":6340},[6341],{"id":1110,"depth":5437,"text":1110,"children":6342},[6343,6344],{"id":1120,"depth":5448,"text":1121},{"id":1180,"depth":5448,"text":1181},{"id":1240,"depth":5426,"text":1241,"children":6346},[6347,6348,6349,6354,6357,6358,6359,6360,6361],{"id":1251,"depth":5437,"text":1252},{"id":1291,"depth":5437,"text":1292},{"id":1322,"depth":5437,"text":1323,"children":6350},[6351,6353],{"id":1339,"depth":5448,"text":6352},"举例：",{"id":1389,"depth":5448,"text":1389},{"id":1658,"depth":5437,"text":1659,"children":6355},[6356],{"id":1668,"depth":5448,"text":1668},{"id":1696,"depth":5437,"text":1697},{"id":1716,"depth":5437,"text":1717},{"id":1725,"depth":5437,"text":1726},{"id":1902,"depth":5437,"text":1903},{"id":1922,"depth":5437,"text":1923},{"id":1951,"depth":5426,"text":1952,"children":6363},[6364,6368],{"id":1955,"depth":5437,"text":1956,"children":6365},[6366,6367],{"id":1959,"depth":5448,"text":1959},{"id":2017,"depth":5448,"text":2017},{"id":2221,"depth":5437,"text":2222,"children":6369},[6370,6371,6372,6373],{"id":2225,"depth":5448,"text":1959},{"id":2257,"depth":5448,"text":2257},{"id":2211,"depth":5448,"text":2211},{"id":2561,"depth":5448,"text":2562},{"id":2597,"depth":5426,"text":2598,"children":6375},[6376,6383,6384,6387,6390,6391,6392,6396,6397,6405,6422],{"id":2607,"depth":5437,"text":2608,"children":6377},[6378,6379],{"id":2616,"depth":5448,"text":2617},{"id":2798,"depth":5448,"text":2799,"children":6380},[6381,6382],{"id":2806,"depth":5459,"text":2806},{"id":2832,"depth":5459,"text":2832},{"id":2853,"depth":5437,"text":2854},{"id":2983,"depth":5437,"text":2984,"children":6385},[6386],{"id":3005,"depth":5448,"text":3006},{"id":3131,"depth":5437,"text":3132,"children":6388},[6389],{"id":3142,"depth":5448,"text":3142},{"id":3176,"depth":5437,"text":3176},{"id":3190,"depth":5437,"text":3191},{"id":3199,"depth":5437,"text":3200,"children":6393},[6394,6395],{"id":3234,"depth":5448,"text":3234},{"id":4909,"depth":5448,"text":4909},{"id":4928,"depth":5437,"text":4929},{"id":4944,"depth":5437,"text":4945,"children":6398},[6399,6404],{"id":4965,"depth":5448,"text":4966,"children":6400},[6401,6402,6403],{"id":4972,"depth":5459,"text":4972},{"id":4992,"depth":5459,"text":4992},{"id":4998,"depth":5459,"text":4998},{"id":5129,"depth":5448,"text":5130},{"id":5155,"depth":5437,"text":5156,"children":6406},[6407,6408,6409,6410,6414,6415,6416,6417,6420,6421],{"id":5162,"depth":5448,"text":5163},{"id":5190,"depth":5448,"text":5191},{"id":5210,"depth":5448,"text":5211},{"id":5230,"depth":5448,"text":5231,"children":6411},[6412,6413],{"id":5234,"depth":5459,"text":5237},{"id":5262,"depth":5459,"text":5263},{"id":5301,"depth":5448,"text":5302},{"id":5319,"depth":5448,"text":5320},{"id":5379,"depth":5448,"text":5380},{"id":5408,"depth":5448,"text":5409,"children":6418},[6419],{"id":5507,"depth":5459,"text":5510},{"id":5579,"depth":5448,"text":5580},{"id":5607,"depth":5448,"text":5608},{"id":5614,"depth":5437,"text":5615},{"id":5879,"depth":5426,"text":5880,"children":6424},[6425,6429,6430,6431,6432],{"id":5920,"depth":5437,"text":5890,"children":6426},[6427,6428],{"id":5926,"depth":5448,"text":5926},{"id":5960,"depth":5448,"text":5961},{"id":6010,"depth":5437,"text":6011},{"id":6062,"depth":5437,"text":6063},{"id":6074,"depth":5437,"text":6075},{"id":6086,"depth":5437,"text":6087,"children":6433},[6434,6435],{"id":6127,"depth":5448,"text":6130},{"id":6136,"depth":5448,"text":6139},{"id":6177,"depth":5426,"text":6178,"children":6437},[6438,6439],{"id":6190,"depth":5437,"text":6191},{"id":6255,"depth":5437,"text":6255,"children":6440},[6441],{"id":6319,"depth":5448,"text":6320},[903],"存储器的层次结构与访问时序，以及 SRAM 单元的读写电路设计。","md",null,{"slots":6447},{},{"text":229,"minutes":671,"time":672,"words":673},{"title":669,"description":6443},{"loc":668,"images":6451},[6452,6453,6454,6455,6456,6457,6458,6459,6460,6461,6462,6463,6464,6465,6466,6467,6468,6469,6470,6471,6472,6473,6474,6475,6476,6477,6478,6479,6480,6481,6482,6483,6484,6485,6486,6487,6488,6489,6490,6491,6492,6493,6494,6495,6496,6497,6498,6499,6500,6501,6502],{"loc":993},{"loc":1020},{"loc":1031},{"loc":1040},{"loc":1089},{"loc":1103},{"loc":1264},{"loc":1319},{"loc":1655},{"loc":1693},{"loc":1713},{"loc":1722},{"loc":1899},{"loc":1919},{"loc":1937},{"loc":2014},{"loc":2254},{"loc":2613},{"loc":2980},{"loc":3002},{"loc":3128},{"loc":3173},{"loc":3187},{"loc":3196},{"loc":3231},{"loc":4906},{"loc":4925},{"loc":4962},{"loc":5118},{"loc":5126},{"loc":5152},{"loc":5187},{"loc":5207},{"loc":5227},{"loc":5290},{"loc":5298},{"loc":5316},{"loc":5348},{"loc":5376},{"loc":5405},{"loc":5504},{"loc":5550},{"loc":5876},{"loc":5945},{"loc":5978},{"loc":6039},{"loc":6071},{"loc":6083},{"loc":6124},{"loc":6206},{"loc":6316},[777,6504],"课程笔记","tech","6OG3YYRPqH0mryod-rb39sH5HO3vSaaHMenls1fFclU",[6508,6509],{"title":661,"path":660,"stem":659,"date":653,"type":6505,"children":-1},{"title":677,"path":676,"stem":675,"date":653,"type":6505,"children":-1},1789057280205]