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17:12:56",{"text":11,"minutes":126,"time":127,"words":128},2.1,126000,420,{"stem":130,"path":131,"title":132,"date":133,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":134},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F2.sophomore-autumn\u002FProbability-Theory","\u002F2025\u002F01\u002F21\u002FProbability-Theory","概率论与数理统计","2025-01-21 12:52:11",{"text":11,"minutes":135,"time":136,"words":137},2.205,132300,441,{"stem":139,"path":140,"title":141,"date":142,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":143},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F2.sophomore-autumn\u002Fengineering-training","\u002F2024\u002F09\u002F17\u002Fengineering-training","工程训练","2024-09-17 21:40:26",{"text":11,"minutes":144,"time":145,"words":146},2.385,143100,477,{"stem":148,"path":149,"title":150,"date":78,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":151},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F2.sophomore-autumn\u002Findex","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fsophomore-autumn","大二秋冬",{"text":80,"minutes":81,"time":81,"words":81},{"stem":153,"path":154,"title":155,"date":156,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":157},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F2.sophomore-autumn\u002Fsolid-state-physics","\u002F2024\u002F09\u002F11\u002Fsolid-state-physics","固体物理基础","2024-09-11 19:15:26",{"text":158,"minutes":159,"time":160,"words":161},"4 min read",3.21,192600,642,{"stem":163,"path":164,"title":165,"date":166,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":167},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F3.sophomore-spring\u002FAIFrontier","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fsophomore-spring\u002Faifrontier","人工智能前沿","2025-06-12 14:58:16",{"text":168,"minutes":169,"time":170,"words":171},"25 min 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19:39:00",{"text":60,"minutes":200,"time":201,"words":202},0.535,32100,107,{"stem":204,"path":205,"title":206,"date":207,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":208},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F1.microelectronic-devices\u002FLecture10","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Fmicroelectronic-devices\u002Flecture10","Lecture 10：从 MOS 电容到 MOSFET","2026-09-10 00:10:00",{"text":209,"minutes":210,"time":211,"words":212},"18 min read",17.615,1056900,3523,{"stem":214,"path":215,"title":216,"date":217,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":218},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F1.microelectronic-devices\u002FLecture11","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Fmicroelectronic-devices\u002Flecture11","Lecture 11：亚阈值效应与 MOSFET 尺寸缩放","2026-09-10 00:20:00",{"text":219,"minutes":220,"time":221,"words":222},"23 min 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00:50:00",{"text":21,"minutes":51,"time":52,"words":53},{"stem":340,"path":341,"title":342,"date":198,"collapsed":343,"readingTime":344},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F1.microelectronic-devices\u002Findex","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Fmicroelectronic-devices","微电子器件",true,{"text":158,"minutes":345,"time":346,"words":347},3.055,183300,611,{"stem":349,"path":350,"title":351,"date":352,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":353},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F2.ICCAD\u002F1.HistoryMetaCharacters","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Ficcad\u002Fhistorymetacharacters","History & Meta Characters","2026-09-10 20:25:44",{"text":269,"minutes":354,"time":355,"words":356},9.36,561600,1872,{"stem":358,"path":359,"title":360,"date":361,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":362},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F2.ICCAD\u002F10.PastExams\u002F1.ExamAutumn2223","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Ficcad\u002Fpastexams\u002Fexamautumn2223","22-23 秋冬历年卷","2026-09-10 20:26:49",{"text":319,"minutes":363,"time":364,"words":365},20.295,1217700,4059,{"stem":367,"path":368,"title":369,"date":370,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":371},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F2.ICCAD\u002F10.PastExams\u002F2.Exam2021","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Ficcad\u002Fpastexams\u002Fexam2021","20-21 历年卷","2026-09-10 20:26:50",{"text":289,"minutes":290,"time":291,"words":292},{"stem":373,"path":374,"title":375,"date":376,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":377},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F2.ICCAD\u002F10.PastExams\u002F3.ExamRecall1","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Ficcad\u002Fpastexams\u002Fexamrecall1","不知名回忆卷 1","2026-09-10 20:26:51",{"text":116,"minutes":378,"time":379,"words":380},4.215,252900,843,{"stem":382,"path":383,"title":384,"date":385,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":386},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F2.ICCAD\u002F10.PastExams\u002F4.ExamRecall23","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Ficcad\u002Fpastexams\u002Fexamrecall23","不知名回忆卷 2\u002F3","2026-09-10 20:26:52",{"text":387,"minutes":388,"time":389,"words":390},"12 min read",11.235,674100,2247,{"stem":392,"path":393,"title":394,"date":395,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":396},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F2.ICCAD\u002F11.Detailed\u002F1.Chapter1-Introduction","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Ficcad\u002Fdetailed\u002Fchapter1-introduction","Chapter 1：Introduction","2026-09-10 20:27:26",{"text":397,"minutes":398,"time":399,"words":400},"19 min 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20:27:54",{"text":209,"minutes":454,"time":455,"words":456},17.85,1071000,3570,{"stem":458,"path":459,"title":460,"date":461,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":462},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F2.ICCAD\u002F11.Detailed\u002F8.Chapter8-CProgrammingInUnix","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Ficcad\u002Fdetailed\u002Fchapter8-cprogramminginunix","Chapter 8：C Programming in Unix","2026-09-10 20:27:57",{"text":463,"minutes":464,"time":465,"words":466},"17 min read",16.855,1011300,3371,{"stem":468,"path":469,"title":470,"date":471,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":472},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F2.ICCAD\u002F2.LinuxUnix","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Ficcad\u002Flinuxunix","Linux & Unix","2026-09-10 20:25:46",{"text":41,"minutes":473,"time":474,"words":475},29.33,1759800,5866,{"stem":477,"path":478,"title":479,"date":480,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":481},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F2.ICCAD\u002F3.Vi","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Ficcad\u002Fvi","Vi","2026-09-10 20:25:47",{"text":329,"minutes":482,"time":483,"words":484},7.95,477000,1590,{"stem":486,"path":487,"title":488,"date":489,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":490},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F2.ICCAD\u002F4.ViCopy","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Ficcad\u002Fvicopy","Vi（详细版）","2026-09-10 20:25:49",{"text":279,"minutes":491,"time":492,"words":493},13.785,827100,2757,{"stem":495,"path":496,"title":497,"date":498,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":499},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F2.ICCAD\u002F5.Shells","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Ficcad\u002Fshells","Shells","2026-09-10 20:25:51",{"text":500,"minutes":501,"time":502,"words":503},"22 min read",21.21,1272600,4242,{"stem":505,"path":506,"title":507,"date":508,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":509},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F2.ICCAD\u002F6.Network","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Ficcad\u002Fnetwork","Network","2026-09-10 20:25:54",{"text":319,"minutes":510,"time":511,"words":512},20.595,1235700,4119,{"stem":514,"path":515,"title":516,"date":517,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":518},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F2.ICCAD\u002F7.SystemAdministration","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Ficcad\u002Fsystemadministration","System Administration","2026-09-10 20:26:44",{"text":329,"minutes":519,"time":520,"words":521},7.12,427200,1424,{"stem":523,"path":524,"title":525,"date":526,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":527},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F2.ICCAD\u002F8.XWindow","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Ficcad\u002Fxwindow","XWindow","2026-09-10 20:26:45",{"text":97,"minutes":528,"time":529,"words":530},5.105,306300,1021,{"stem":532,"path":533,"title":534,"date":535,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":536},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F2.ICCAD\u002F9.SystemDevelopmentTools","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Ficcad\u002Fsystemdevelopmenttools","System Development Tools","2026-09-10 20:26:47",{"text":387,"minutes":537,"time":538,"words":539},11.35,681000,2270,{"stem":541,"path":542,"title":543,"date":544,"collapsed":343,"readingTime":545},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F2.ICCAD\u002Findex","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Ficcad","面向 ICCAD 的软件基础技术","2026-09-10 12:37:00",{"text":60,"minutes":546,"time":547,"words":548},0.185,11100,37,{"stem":550,"path":551,"title":552,"date":553,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":554},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F3.HDL\u002FFeiQilai1","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Fhdl\u002Ffeiqilai1","飞起来1.0","2026-09-10 12:51:49",{"text":555,"minutes":556,"time":557,"words":558},"105 min read",104.655,6279300,20931,{"stem":560,"path":561,"title":562,"date":563,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":564},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F3.HDL\u002FFeiQilai2","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Fhdl\u002Ffeiqilai2","飞起来2.0","2026-09-10 12:52:06",{"text":565,"minutes":566,"time":567,"words":568},"29 min read",28.755,1725300,5751,{"stem":570,"path":571,"title":572,"date":573,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":574},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F3.HDL\u002FFeiQilai3","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Fhdl\u002Ffeiqilai3","飞起来3.0","2026-09-10 12:52:12",{"text":116,"minutes":575,"time":576,"words":577},4.49,269400,898,{"stem":579,"path":580,"title":581,"date":582,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":583},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F3.HDL\u002FLecture13","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Fhdl\u002Flecture13","Lecture 13：浮点数标准","2026-09-10 12:51:27",{"text":11,"minutes":584,"time":585,"words":586},2.575,154500,515,{"stem":588,"path":589,"title":590,"date":591,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":592},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F3.HDL\u002FLecture6","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Fhdl\u002Flecture6","Lecture 6：Behavioral Modeling，非阻塞赋值","2026-09-10 12:51:12",{"text":97,"minutes":593,"time":594,"words":595},5.34,320400,1068,{"stem":597,"path":598,"title":599,"date":600,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":601},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F3.HDL\u002FPPTCorrespondence","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Fhdl\u002Fpptcorrespondence","与PPT的对应","2026-09-10 12:52:18",{"text":269,"minutes":602,"time":603,"words":604},9.275,556500,1855,{"stem":606,"path":607,"title":608,"date":544,"collapsed":343,"readingTime":609},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F3.HDL\u002Findex","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Fhdl","硬件描述语言原理与应用",{"text":60,"minutes":61,"time":62,"words":63},{"stem":611,"path":612,"title":613,"date":614,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":615},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F4.analogICDesign\u002F1.BeforeMidterm","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Fanalogicdesign\u002Fbeforemidterm","期中前","2026-09-10 20:28:52",{"text":616,"minutes":617,"time":618,"words":619},"11 min read",10.835,650100,2167,{"stem":621,"path":622,"title":623,"date":624,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":625},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F4.analogICDesign\u002F2.MidtermExam2425","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Fanalogicdesign\u002Fmidtermexam2425","24-25 期中","2026-09-10 20:29:00",{"text":21,"minutes":626,"time":627,"words":628},1.22,73200,244,{"stem":630,"path":631,"title":632,"date":633,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":634},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F4.analogICDesign\u002F3.FinalExamReview","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Fanalogicdesign\u002Ffinalexamreview","期末考试整理","2026-09-10 20:29:09",{"text":387,"minutes":635,"time":636,"words":637},11.36,681600,2272,{"stem":639,"path":640,"title":641,"date":642,"collapsed":343,"readingTime":643},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F4.analogICDesign\u002Findex","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Fanalogicdesign","模拟集成电路设计","2026-09-10 20:00:00",{"text":80,"minutes":81,"time":81,"words":81},{"stem":645,"path":646,"title":647,"date":78,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":648},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002Findex","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn","大三秋冬",{"text":80,"minutes":81,"time":81,"words":81},{"stem":650,"path":651,"title":652,"date":653,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":654},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F5.junior-spring\u002F1.digitalICDesign\u002F1.Chapter3-Device","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-spring\u002Fdigitalicdesign\u002Fchapter3-device","Chapter 3：器件 Device","2026-09-10 21:14:41",{"text":249,"minutes":655,"time":656,"words":657},6.055,363300,1211,{"stem":659,"path":660,"title":661,"date":653,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":662},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F5.junior-spring\u002F1.digitalICDesign\u002F10.Chapter12-Arithmetic","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-spring\u002Fdigitalicdesign\u002Fchapter12-arithmetic","Chapter 12：算术运算电路 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期中试题",{"text":80,"minutes":81,"time":81,"words":81},{"stem":693,"path":694,"title":695,"date":653,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":696},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F5.junior-spring\u002F1.digitalICDesign\u002F13.PastExams\u002F3.FinalPolished","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-spring\u002Fdigitalicdesign\u002Fpastexams\u002Ffinalpolished","期末历年卷（AI 润色版）",{"text":21,"minutes":697,"time":698,"words":699},1.575,94500,315,{"stem":701,"path":702,"title":703,"date":653,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":704},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F5.junior-spring\u002F1.digitalICDesign\u002F14.ExamRecall2026","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-spring\u002Fdigitalicdesign\u002Fexamrecall2026","数字集成电路回忆 2026",{"text":60,"minutes":705,"time":706,"words":707},0.49,29400,98,{"stem":709,"path":710,"title":711,"date":653,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":712},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F5.junior-spring\u002F1.digitalICDesign\u002F2.Chapter4-Wire","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-spring\u002Fdigitalicdesign\u002Fchapter4-wire","Chapter 4：导线 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Gate",{"text":31,"minutes":729,"time":730,"words":731},8.635,518100,1727,{"stem":733,"path":734,"title":735,"date":653,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":736},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F5.junior-spring\u002F1.digitalICDesign\u002F5.Chapter7-SequentialLogic","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-spring\u002Fdigitalicdesign\u002Fchapter7-sequentiallogic","Chapter 7：时序逻辑 Sequential Logic",{"text":463,"minutes":737,"time":738,"words":739},16.645,998700,3329,{"stem":741,"path":742,"title":743,"date":653,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":744},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F5.junior-spring\u002F1.digitalICDesign\u002F6.Chapter8-Speed","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-spring\u002Fdigitalicdesign\u002Fchapter8-speed","Chapter 8：延迟与速度 Speed",{"text":745,"minutes":746,"time":747,"words":748},"33 min read",32.885,1973100,6577,{"stem":750,"path":751,"title":752,"date":653,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":753},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F5.junior-spring\u002F1.digitalICDesign\u002F7.Chapter9-Power","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-spring\u002Fdigitalicdesign\u002Fchapter9-power","Chapter 9：功耗 Power",{"text":754,"minutes":755,"time":756,"words":757},"31 min read",31.005,1860300,6201,{"stem":759,"path":760,"title":761,"date":653,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":762},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F5.junior-spring\u002F1.digitalICDesign\u002F8.Chapter10-Interconnect","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-spring\u002Fdigitalicdesign\u002Fchapter10-interconnect","Chapter 10：互连 Interconnect",{"text":463,"minutes":763,"time":764,"words":765},16.32,979200,3264,{"stem":767,"path":768,"title":769,"date":653,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":770},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F5.junior-spring\u002F1.digitalICDesign\u002F9.Chapter11-Timing","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-spring\u002Fdigitalicdesign\u002Fchapter11-timing","Chapter 11：时序 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read",43.985,2639100,8797,{"stem":824,"path":825,"title":826,"date":653,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":827},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F5.junior-spring\u002F2.computerOrganization\u002F14.L15","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-spring\u002Fcomputerorganization\u002Fl15","L15：期末复习问答",{"text":269,"minutes":828,"time":829,"words":830},9.105,546300,1821,{"stem":832,"path":833,"title":834,"date":653,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":835},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F5.junior-spring\u002F2.computerOrganization\u002F2.L2-Binary","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-spring\u002Fcomputerorganization\u002Fl2-binary","L2：二进制数制",{"text":80,"minutes":81,"time":81,"words":81},{"stem":837,"path":838,"title":839,"date":653,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":840},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F5.junior-spring\u002F2.computerOrganization\u002F3.L3-CMemory","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-spring\u002Fcomputerorganization\u002Fl3-cmemory","L3：C 语言与内存模型",{"text":841,"minutes":842,"time":843,"words":844},"98 min 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系统配置","2025-08-26 19:38:06",{"text":158,"minutes":911,"time":912,"words":913},3.815,228900,763,{"stem":915,"path":916,"title":917,"date":918,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":919},"posts\u002Fubuntu\u002F2.cadence\u002F1.mmsim","\u002Fubuntu\u002Fcadence\u002Fmmsim","在 Ubuntu 24.04 上安装 Cadence MMSIM 15.1 的兼容性问题","2026-09-09 14:06:40",{"text":158,"minutes":920,"time":921,"words":922},3.5,210000,700,{"stem":924,"path":925,"title":926,"date":918,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":927},"posts\u002Fubuntu\u002F2.cadence\u002F2.innovus","\u002Fubuntu\u002Fcadence\u002Finnovus","Innovus安装",{"text":11,"minutes":928,"time":929,"words":930},2.08,124800,416,{"stem":932,"path":933,"title":934,"date":918,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":935},"posts\u002Fubuntu\u002F2.cadence\u002Findex","\u002Fubuntu\u002Fcadence","Ubuntu24.04安装Cadence 系列软件",{"text":269,"minutes":936,"time":937,"words":938},9.98,598800,1996,{"stem":940,"path":941,"title":942,"date":918,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":943},"posts\u002Fubuntu\u002F3.synopsys","\u002Fubuntu\u002Fsynopsys","Ubuntu 24.04 安装 Synopsys",{"text":269,"minutes":944,"time":945,"words":946},9.555,573300,1911,{"stem":948,"path":949,"title":950,"date":918,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":951},"posts\u002Fubuntu\u002F4.vivado","\u002Fubuntu\u002Fvivado","Ubuntu 24.04 安装 Vivado 2020.1",{"text":60,"minutes":952,"time":953,"words":954},0.62,37200,124,{"stem":956,"path":957,"title":958,"date":918,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":959},"posts\u002Fubuntu\u002F5.migrate","\u002Fubuntu\u002Fmigrate","硬盘迁移系统",{"text":60,"minutes":960,"time":961,"words":962},0.64,38400,128,{"stem":964,"path":965,"title":966,"date":967,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":968},"posts\u002Fubuntu\u002Findex","\u002Fubuntu","Ubuntu装进移动硬盘","2025-08-25 19:38:06",{"text":269,"minutes":969,"time":970,"words":971},9.26,555600,1852,{"id":973,"title":866,"body":974,"categories":6438,"collapsed":9,"date":653,"description":6439,"draft":9,"extension":6440,"hideInArchive":343,"hideInList":343,"image":6441,"meta":6442,"navigation":343,"path":865,"permalink":6441,"published":6441,"readingTime":6444,"recommend":6441,"references":6441,"seo":6445,"sitemap":6446,"stem":864,"tags":6504,"type":6507,"updated":653,"__hash__":6508},"content\u002Fposts\u002FUGCourses\u002F5.junior-spring\u002F2.computerOrganization\u002F7.L6a-SingleCycle.md",{"type":975,"value":976,"toc":6355},"minimark",[977,981,997,1004,1009,1012,1015,1020,1032,1049,1053,1056,1060,1074,1077,1080,1085,1089,1094,1098,1114,1119,1123,1161,1196,1225,1229,1235,1240,1244,1247,1252,1256,1268,1280,1285,1289,1296,1301,1305,1308,1318,1326,1344,1366,1369,1373,1382,1387,1391,1432,1454,1457,1463,1468,1484,1488,1496,1504,1513,1522,1528,1533,1537,1549,1581,1601,1605,1619,1629,1634,1641,1644,1654,1669,1674,1677,1711,1733,1736,1739,1744,1747,1760,1765,1771,1787,1791,1798,1808,1812,1815,1829,1834,1839,1843,1856,1867,1911,1916,1920,1950,1970,1974,1990,1995,2032,2092,2096,2129,2134,2148,2152,2166,2171,2175,2187,2192,2196,2210,2215,2228,2232,2254,2276,2298,2304,2325,2329,2334,2338,2353,2373,2377,2387,2397,2402,2410,2416,2423,2678,2876,2881,2886,2929,2932,3191,3492,3857,3861,3881,3884,3887,3894,3899,3903,3908,3911,3914,3920,3925,3929,3932,3952,3955,3958,3978,3981,4601,4606,4609,4612,4634,4638,4752,5370,5407,5410,5413,5418,5422,5425,5714,5991,5994,5999,6002,6333,6343,6346,6349,6352],[978,979,980],"h2",{"id":980},"单周期处理器总体特点",[982,983,984,988,991,994],"ul",{},[985,986,987],"li",{},"每一时钟周期执行一条指令",[985,989,990],{},"寄存器输出当前状态作为组合逻辑的输入",[985,992,993],{},"组合逻辑的输出状态值在下一个时钟边缘之前稳定",[985,995,996],{},"在时钟上升边缘，所有的状态元素都用组合逻辑输出进行更新",[998,999,1000],"p",{},[1001,1002],"img",{"alt":1001,"src":1003},"\u002Fimg\u002FComputerOrganization\u002FL6a-SingleCycle-01.png",[1005,1006,1008],"h3",{"id":1007},"rv32i-isa-需要的状态","RV32I ISA 需要的状态",[998,1010,1011],{},"处理器执行指令时，必须保存和更新哪些东西，主要有三类状态，包括寄存器文件，程序计数器和存储器状态。",[998,1013,1014],{},"每条指令在执行过程中读取并更新这个状态。",[1016,1017,1019],"h4",{"id":1018},"registersx0x31","Registers（x0..x31）",[998,1021,1022,1023,1027,1028,1031],{},"寄存器文件（regfile）中有 32 个 Registers：Reg",[1024,1025,1026],"span",{},"0","..Reg",[1024,1029,1030],{},"31","，每个register有32bit。",[982,1033,1034,1037,1040,1043],{},[985,1035,1036],{},"根据指令中的 rs1 字段读取第一个寄存器",[985,1038,1039],{},"根据指令中的 rs2 字段读取第二个寄存器",[985,1041,1042],{},"根据指令中 rd 字段写入目标寄存器",[985,1044,1045,1046,1048],{},"x0 始终为 0（对 Reg",[1024,1047,1026],{}," 的写入将被忽略）",[1016,1050,1052],{"id":1051},"程序计数器program-counter-pc","程序计数器（Program Counter, PC）",[998,1054,1055],{},"保存当前指令的地址",[1016,1057,1059],{"id":1058},"存储器mem","存储器（MEM）",[982,1061,1062,1065,1068,1071],{},[985,1063,1064],{},"在一个 32 位字节寻址的内存空间中保存指令和数据",[985,1066,1067],{},"我们将为指令和数据使用单独的内存，稍后我们将用指令缓存（ICache）和数据缓存（DCache）来替换",[985,1069,1070],{},"从指令内存中读取指令（假设 IMEM 是只读的）",[985,1072,1073],{},"加载\u002F存储指令访问数据内存",[1005,1075,1076],{"id":1076},"指令执行的基本阶段",[998,1078,1079],{},"单周期处理器中，取指，译码，执行，访存和写回在一个周期内完成。",[998,1081,1082],{},[1001,1083],{"alt":1001,"src":1084},"\u002Fimg\u002FComputerOrganization\u002FL6a-SingleCycle-02.png",[978,1086,1088],{"id":1087},"单周期-risc-v-数据通路设计","单周期 RISC-V 数据通路设计",[998,1090,1091],{},[1001,1092],{"alt":1001,"src":1093},"\u002Fimg\u002FComputerOrganization\u002FL6a-SingleCycle-03.png",[1005,1095,1097],{"id":1096},"实现-add-指令","实现 ADD 指令",[998,1099,1100,1101,1105,1106,1109,1110,1113],{},"指令中",[1102,1103,1104],"code",{"code":1104},"inst[6:0]","表示ADD属于R-Type指令，",[1102,1107,1108],{"code":1108},"inst[14:12]","和",[1102,1111,1112],{"code":1112},"inst[30]","表示要进行加法运算。",[998,1115,1116],{},[1001,1117],{"alt":1001,"src":1118},"\u002Fimg\u002FComputerOrganization\u002FL6a-SingleCycle-04.png",[1016,1120,1122],{"id":1121},"add-数据通路","ADD 数据通路",[998,1124,1125,1126,1130,1131,1134,1135,1138,1139,1142,1143,1146,1147,1142,1150,1153,1154,1142,1157,1160],{},"PC 先给出当前指令地址，送到 IMEM ",[1127,1128,1129],"mark",{},"取出指令"," ",[1102,1132,1133],{"code":1133},"inst[31:0]","。之后进行",[1127,1136,1137],{},"译码操作","，",[1102,1140,1141],{"code":1141},"inst[19:15]"," 是 ",[1102,1144,1145],{"code":1145},"rs1","，用来指定第一个源寄存器；",[1102,1148,1149],{"code":1149},"inst[24:20]",[1102,1151,1152],{"code":1152},"rs2","，指定第二个源寄存器；",[1102,1155,1156],{"code":1156},"inst[11:7]",[1102,1158,1159],{"code":1159},"rd","，指定最终写回的目标寄存器。这对应于ADD的指令格式。",[998,1162,1163,1164,1166,1167,1169,1170,1166,1173,1176,1177,1180,1181,1184,1185,1188,1189,1192,1193,1195],{},"寄存器文件根据 ",[1102,1165,1145],{"code":1145}," 和 ",[1102,1168,1152],{"code":1152}," 读出两个数据，分别从 ",[1102,1171,1172],{"code":1172},"DataA",[1102,1174,1175],{"code":1175},"DataB"," 输出，送入 ALU。ALU ",[1127,1178,1179],{},"执行","加法，结果送回到寄存器文件的 ",[1102,1182,1183],{"code":1183},"DataD"," 输入端。此时控制逻辑会让 ",[1102,1186,1187],{"code":1187},"RegWEn"," 有效，将结果",[1127,1190,1191],{},"写入","指定的",[1102,1194,1159],{"code":1159},"。",[1197,1198,1200],"table",{"style":1199},"width: 100%; border: 0; border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0;",[1201,1202,1203],"tbody",{},[1204,1205,1207,1208,1207,1217],"tr",{"style":1206},"border: none;","\n  ",[1209,1210,1212,1207],"td",{"style":1211},"width: 52.0%; text-align: center; border: none; padding: 0.3em; margin: 0;",[998,1213,1214],{},[1001,1215],{"alt":1001,"src":1216},"\u002Fimg\u002FComputerOrganization\u002FL6a-SingleCycle-05.png",[1209,1218,1220,1207],{"style":1219},"width: 47.0%; text-align: center; border: none; padding: 0.3em; margin: 0;",[998,1221,1222],{},[1001,1223],{"alt":1001,"src":1224},"\u002Fimg\u002FComputerOrganization\u002FL6a-SingleCycle-06.png",[1016,1226,1228],{"id":1227},"sub-的指令格式","SUB 的指令格式",[998,1230,1231,1232,1234],{},"减法和加法的指令格式几乎一样，只有",[1102,1233,1112],{"code":1112},"不同，决定了执行减法。",[998,1236,1237],{},[1001,1238],{"alt":1001,"src":1239},"\u002Fimg\u002FComputerOrganization\u002FL6a-SingleCycle-07.png",[1016,1241,1243],{"id":1242},"sub-数据通路","SUB 数据通路",[998,1245,1246],{},"减法的数据通路和加法基本相同，主要是控制逻辑给ALU的控制信号不同：此时要控制ALU进行减法运算。",[998,1248,1249],{},[1001,1250],{"alt":1001,"src":1251},"\u002Fimg\u002FComputerOrganization\u002FL6a-SingleCycle-08.png",[1016,1253,1255],{"id":1254},"其他r型指令","其他R型指令",[998,1257,1258,1259,1263,1264,1267],{},"数据通路主要区别在于：通过解码",[1260,1261,1262],"strong",{},"funct3和funct7字段","并选择相应的",[1260,1265,1266],{},"ALU函数","实现。",[1269,1270,1271],"blockquote",{},[998,1272,1273,1274,1276,1277],{},"funct3=",[1102,1275,1108],{"code":1108},", funct7=",[1102,1278,1279],{"code":1279},"inst[31:25]",[998,1281,1282],{},[1001,1283],{"alt":1001,"src":1284},"\u002Fimg\u002FComputerOrganization\u002FL6a-SingleCycle-09.png",[1005,1286,1288],{"id":1287},"实现-addi-指令","实现 ADDI 指令",[998,1290,1291,1292,1295],{},"ADDI指令的格式和ADD指令格式的区别在于：",[1102,1293,1294],{"code":1294},"inst[31:20]","在ADDI指令中表示立即数。",[998,1297,1298],{},[1001,1299],{"alt":1001,"src":1300},"\u002Fimg\u002FComputerOrganization\u002FL6a-SingleCycle-10.png",[1016,1302,1304],{"id":1303},"addi-数据通路","ADDI 数据通路",[998,1306,1307],{},"ADDI的数据通路（左图）和ADD的数据通路（右图）进行比较可以发现：",[998,1309,1310,1311,1314,1315,1195],{},"ADDI的数据路径多了一个",[1260,1312,1313],{},"立即数生成器","以及一个加在寄存器文件输出的",[1260,1316,1317],{},"多路选择器",[998,1319,1320,1322,1323,1325],{},[1260,1321,1313],{},"的作用是从指令 ",[1102,1324,1294],{"code":1294}," 中取出 12 位立即数，并把它符号扩展成 32 位。",[998,1327,1328,1329,1332,1333,1336,1337,1340,1341,1195],{},"ALU 的第一个输入仍然来自 ",[1102,1330,1331],{"code":1331},"Reg[rs1]","。ALU 的",[1260,1334,1335],{},"第二个输入","：通过一个 MUX 选择。如果是 R 型的指令，ALU 第二个输入选择 ",[1102,1338,1339],{"code":1339},"Reg[rs2]","；如果是 I 型指令，ALU 第二个输入选择立即数",[1102,1342,1343],{"code":1343},"imm[31:0]",[1197,1345,1346],{"style":1199},[1201,1347,1348],{},[1204,1349,1207,1350,1207,1358],{"style":1206},[1209,1351,1353,1207],{"style":1352},"width: 50.0%; text-align: center; border: none; padding: 0.3em; margin: 0;",[998,1354,1355],{},[1001,1356],{"alt":1001,"src":1357},"\u002Fimg\u002FComputerOrganization\u002FL6a-SingleCycle-11.png",[1209,1359,1361,1207],{"style":1360},"width: 49.0%; text-align: center; border: none; padding: 0.3em; margin: 0;",[998,1362,1363],{},[1001,1364],{"alt":1001,"src":1365},"\u002Fimg\u002FComputerOrganization\u002FL6a-SingleCycle-12.png",[998,1367,1368],{},"上述数据通路也适用于所有其他I格式的算术指令(slti,sltiu,andi,ori,xori,slli,srli,srai) 只需要通过改变ALUSel",[1005,1370,1372],{"id":1371},"实现-load-word-指令","实现 Load Word 指令",[998,1374,1375,1376,1378,1379,1381],{},"指令中 opcode",[1102,1377,1104],{"code":1104},"表示Load Word属于I-Type指令，",[1102,1380,1108],{"code":1108},"表示要进行load操作。",[998,1383,1384],{},[1001,1385],{"alt":1001,"src":1386},"\u002Fimg\u002FComputerOrganization\u002FL6a-SingleCycle-13.png",[1016,1388,1390],{"id":1389},"load-word-数据通路","Load Word 数据通路",[998,1392,1393,1394,1397,1398,1401,1402,1405,1406,1408,1409,1412,1413,1416,1417,1420,1421,1424,1425,1428,1429,1431],{},"处理器先用 ",[1260,1395,1396],{},"PC"," 到 ",[1260,1399,1400],{},"IMEM"," 取出指令，同时 PC 通过 ",[1102,1403,1404],{"code":1404},"+4"," 计算下一条指令地址；指令译码后，",[1102,1407,1145],{"code":1145}," 作为基址寄存器被读出，",[1102,1410,1411],{"code":1411},"imm"," 经过 ",[1260,1414,1415],{},"ImmGen"," 符号扩展。接着 ALU 不再做普通寄存器加法，而是把 ",[1102,1418,1419],{"code":1419},"Reg[rs1] + imm"," 相加，得到数据内存 ",[1260,1422,1423],{},"DMEM"," 的访问地址。DMEM 根据这个地址读出内存中的 word，最后通过右侧写回选择器选择 ",[1260,1426,1427],{},"mem 数据","，写回到 ",[1102,1430,1159],{"code":1159}," 寄存器中。",[1197,1433,1434],{"style":1199},[1201,1435,1436],{},[1204,1437,1207,1438,1207,1446],{"style":1206},[1209,1439,1441,1207],{"style":1440},"width: 56.0%; text-align: center; border: none; padding: 0.3em; margin: 0;",[998,1442,1443],{},[1001,1444],{"alt":1001,"src":1445},"\u002Fimg\u002FComputerOrganization\u002FL6a-SingleCycle-14.png",[1209,1447,1449,1207],{"style":1448},"width: 43.0%; text-align: center; border: none; padding: 0.3em; margin: 0;",[998,1450,1451],{},[1001,1452],{"alt":1001,"src":1453},"\u002Fimg\u002FComputerOrganization\u002FL6a-SingleCycle-15.png",[1016,1455,1456],{"id":1456},"其他读指令",[998,1458,1459,1460],{},"其他读指令的主要区别在于 funct3 字段，其中funct3字段表示不同的加载数据的",[1260,1461,1462],{},"大小和符号。",[998,1464,1465],{},[1001,1466],{"alt":1001,"src":1467},"\u002Fimg\u002FComputerOrganization\u002FL6a-SingleCycle-16.png",[1269,1469,1470],{},[998,1471,1472,1473,1476,1477,1480,1481,1195],{},"支持",[1260,1474,1475],{},"更窄的数据加载","需要",[1260,1478,1479],{},"额外的电路","，从内存加载的值中提取正确的字节\u002F半字，并在写入寄存器文件之前将结果",[1260,1482,1483],{},"扩展到32位",[1005,1485,1487],{"id":1486},"实现-store-word-指令","实现 Store Word 指令",[998,1489,1490,1492,1493,1195],{},[1260,1491,1145],{},"：基址寄存器，用来提供",[1260,1494,1495],{},"内存基地址",[998,1497,1498,1500,1501,1195],{},[1260,1499,1152],{},"：要被存入内存的",[1260,1502,1503],{},"数据来源",[998,1505,1506,1508,1509,1512],{},[1260,1507,1411],{},"：偏移量，要和 ",[1102,1510,1511],{"code":1511},"x2"," 的值相加得到最终内存地址。",[998,1514,1515,1518,1519,1195],{},[1260,1516,1517],{},"funct3","：表示这是 ",[1260,1520,1521],{},"SW，存一个 word，也就是 32 位",[998,1523,1524,1527],{},[1260,1525,1526],{},"opcode = 0100011","：表示这是 STORE 类型指令。",[998,1529,1530],{},[1001,1531],{"alt":1001,"src":1532},"\u002Fimg\u002FComputerOrganization\u002FL6a-SingleCycle-17.png",[1016,1534,1536],{"id":1535},"sw-数据通路","SW 数据通路",[998,1538,1539,1541,1542,1545,1546,1195],{},[1260,1540,1536],{},"表示执行 ",[1102,1543,1544],{"code":1544},"sw rs2, imm(rs1)"," 时，数据不是写回寄存器，而是写入 ",[1260,1547,1548],{},"数据内存 DMEM",[998,1550,1393,1551,1553,1554,1557,1558,1166,1560,1562,1563,1565,1566,1568,1569,1571,1572,1574,1575,1577,1578,1195],{},[1260,1552,1396],{}," 从 IMEM 取出指令，同时计算 ",[1102,1555,1556],{"code":1556},"PC + 4"," 作为下一条指令地址；然后从寄存器堆中读出 ",[1260,1559,1145],{},[1260,1561,1152],{},"，其中 ",[1102,1564,1145],{"code":1145}," 是基址寄存器，",[1102,1567,1152],{"code":1152}," 是要存入内存的数据。立即数生成器 ",[1260,1570,1415],{}," 把 S 格式中分散的立即数字段拼接并符号扩展，ALU 计算 ",[1102,1573,1419],{"code":1419}," 得到内存地址。最后，DMEM 以 ALU 输出作为地址，把 ",[1102,1576,1339],{"code":1339}," 的值写入该地址；因为 SW 只写内存，所以 ",[1260,1579,1580],{},"不会写回 rd，RegWEn 不开启",[1197,1582,1583],{"style":1199},[1201,1584,1585],{},[1204,1586,1207,1587,1207,1594],{"style":1206},[1209,1588,1589,1207],{"style":1352},[998,1590,1591],{},[1001,1592],{"alt":1001,"src":1593},"\u002Fimg\u002FComputerOrganization\u002FL6a-SingleCycle-18.png",[1209,1595,1596,1207],{"style":1360},[998,1597,1598],{},[1001,1599],{"alt":1001,"src":1600},"\u002Fimg\u002FComputerOrganization\u002FL6a-SingleCycle-19.png",[1016,1602,1604],{"id":1603},"s型和i型立即数比较","S型和I型立即数比较",[998,1606,1607,1610,1611,1614,1615,1618],{},[1260,1608,1609],{},"I型","指令的 12 位立即数是连续放在指令的高 12 位：",[1102,1612,1613],{"code":1613},"inst[31:20] → imm[11:0]","，然后根据最高位 ",[1102,1616,1617],{"code":1617},"inst[31]"," 做符号扩展，变成 32 位立即数。",[998,1620,1621,1624,1625,1628],{},[1260,1622,1623],{},"S型","立即数被拆成两段：",[1102,1626,1627],{"code":1627},"inst[31:25] → imm[11:5]；inst[11:7] → imm[4:0]","，执行时要把这两段重新拼起来，再符号扩展成 32 位立即数。",[998,1630,1631],{},[1001,1632],{"alt":1001,"src":1633},"\u002Fimg\u002FComputerOrganization\u002FL6a-SingleCycle-20.png",[998,1635,1636,1637,1640],{},"硬件实现上，只需要一个",[1260,1638,1639],{},"5位的多路选择器","来在两个位置之间进行选择，其中低5位 的立即数可以驻留在指令中。立即数中的其他位被连接到指令中的固定位置",[1005,1642,1643],{"id":1643},"实现分支指令",[998,1645,1646,1649,1650,1653],{},[1260,1647,1648],{},"B格式","与",[1260,1651,1652],{},"S格式","指令基本相同，有两个源寄存器 (rs1\u002Frs2)和一个12 位立即数。",[998,1655,1656,1657,1660,1661,1664,1665,1668],{},"但是现在立即数以",[1260,1658,1659],{},"2字节","的增量表示",[1260,1662,1663],{},"-4096到+4094","之间的值，12位立即数可以编码",[1260,1666,1667],{},"13位有符号字节","偏移量(偏移量的最低位总是零，所以不需要存储它)",[998,1670,1671],{},[1001,1672],{"alt":1001,"src":1673},"\u002Fimg\u002FComputerOrganization\u002FL6a-SingleCycle-21.png",[1016,1675,1676],{"id":1676},"分支数据通路",[998,1678,1393,1679,1681,1682,1684,1685,1166,1687,1689,1690,1693,1694,1696,1697,1700,1701,1704,1705,1707,1708,1710],{},[1260,1680,1396],{}," 从 IMEM 取出分支指令，同时仍然计算 ",[1102,1683,1556],{"code":1556},"。然后寄存器堆读出 ",[1102,1686,1145],{"code":1145},[1102,1688,1152],{"code":1152},"，送入 ",[1260,1691,1692],{},"Branch Comparator"," 比较，判断两者是否相等、大小关系等。同时，",[1260,1695,1415],{}," 生成分支偏移量，ALU 选择 ",[1102,1698,1699],{"code":1699},"PC + imm"," 计算出分支目标地址。最后控制逻辑根据比较结果决定是否跳转：如果分支成立，",[1102,1702,1703],{"code":1703},"PCSel"," 选择 ",[1102,1706,1699],{"code":1699},"；如果不成立，选择 ",[1102,1709,1556],{"code":1556}," 继续执行下一条指令。",[1197,1712,1713],{"style":1199},[1201,1714,1715],{},[1204,1716,1207,1717,1207,1725],{"style":1206},[1209,1718,1720,1207],{"style":1719},"width: 51.0%; text-align: center; border: none; padding: 0.3em; margin: 0;",[998,1721,1722],{},[1001,1723],{"alt":1001,"src":1724},"\u002Fimg\u002FComputerOrganization\u002FL6a-SingleCycle-22.png",[1209,1726,1728,1207],{"style":1727},"width: 48.0%; text-align: center; border: none; padding: 0.3em; margin: 0;",[998,1729,1730],{},[1001,1731],{"alt":1001,"src":1732},"\u002Fimg\u002FComputerOrganization\u002FL6a-SingleCycle-23.png",[1016,1734,1735],{"id":1735},"分支比较器",[998,1737,1738],{},"分支比较器就是判断 rs1 和 rs2 的关系，输出结果给控制器，让控制器决定分支是否成立。",[998,1740,1741],{},[1001,1742],{"alt":1001,"src":1743},"\u002Fimg\u002FComputerOrganization\u002FL6a-SingleCycle-24.png",[1016,1745,1746],{"id":1746},"分支立即数表示",[998,1748,1749,1750,1753,1754,1757,1758,1195],{},"分支指令的立即数表示的是 ",[1260,1751,1752],{},"PC 相对偏移量","，而且偏移量一定是 ",[1260,1755,1756],{},"2 字节的倍数","，所以最低位永远是 ",[1102,1759,1026],{"code":1026},[998,1761,1762],{},[1001,1763],{"alt":1001,"src":1764},"\u002Fimg\u002FComputerOrganization\u002FL6a-SingleCycle-25.png",[998,1766,1767,1770],{},[1260,1768,1769],{},"12位立即数","以2字节的倍数编码PC相关的偏移：从-4096到 +4094字节",[1269,1772,1773],{},[998,1774,1775,1776,1779,1780,1783,1784],{},"12 位有符号数本来范围是：",[1102,1777,1778],{"code":1778},"-2048 ~ +2047","，但分支偏移量单位是 ",[1260,1781,1782],{},"2 字节","，所以实际字节偏移要乘以 2，所以范围就是 ",[1260,1785,1786],{},"-4096 到 +4094 字节",[1788,1789,1790],"h5",{"id":1790},"标准硬件实现方法",[998,1792,1793,1794,1797],{},"立即处理为范围",[1102,1795,1796],{"code":1796},"-2048..+2047","，然后左移1位。",[998,1799,1800,1801,1803,1804,1807],{},"但是这样存在弊端：同一套 ",[1260,1802,1415],{}," 要同时支持 S 型和 B 型立即数。这样会导致很多输出位都可能来自两个不同位置，所以几乎每一位都要加一个 ",[1260,1805,1806],{},"2 路选择器 mux"," 来选择，硬件更复杂、面积更大、延迟也更高。",[1788,1809,1811],{"id":1810},"risc-v-的实现方法","RISC-V 的实现方法",[998,1813,1814],{},"RISC-V的方法不是在硬件里把立即数整体左移 1 位，而是在指令格式设计时，就把大部分分支立即数的 bit 放到左移后应该在的位置。",[998,1816,1817,1818,1821,1822,1825,1826,1828],{},"其中只有",[1102,1819,1820],{"code":1820},"inst[7]","对应在立即数中的位置在S和B之间发生改变，在B格式中",[1102,1823,1824],{"code":1824},"inst[0]","可以直接固定为1，因此基本只需要一个单bit位的选择器针对",[1102,1827,1820],{"code":1820},"bit位进行选择即可。",[998,1830,1831],{},[1001,1832],{"alt":1001,"src":1833},"\u002Fimg\u002FComputerOrganization\u002FL6a-SingleCycle-26.png",[998,1835,1836],{},[1001,1837],{"alt":1001,"src":1838},"\u002Fimg\u002FComputerOrganization\u002FL6a-SingleCycle-27.png",[1005,1840,1842],{"id":1841},"实现-jalr-指令","实现 JALR 指令",[998,1844,1845,1848,1849,1852,1853],{},[1260,1846,1847],{},"JALR"," 指令格式属于",[1260,1850,1851],{},"I 型","指令，其作用是：",[1260,1854,1855],{},"跳转到一个由寄存器计算出来的地址，同时保存返回地址。",[998,1857,1858,1859,1862,1863,1866],{},"注意 JALR 的立即数和普通 I 型、load 指令一样，",[1260,1860,1861],{},"不需要乘以 2","；它",[1260,1864,1865],{},"直接","作为字节偏移量使用。",[982,1868,1869,1877,1892,1898,1905],{},[985,1870,1871,1876],{},[1260,1872,1411,1873],{},[1024,1874,1875],{},"11:0","：12 位立即数，也就是偏移量 offset。",[985,1878,1879,1881,1882,1888,1889,1195],{},[1260,1880,1145],{},"：基址寄存器，提供跳转的基础地址，需要计算",[1260,1883,1884,1885,1887],{},"Reg",[1024,1886,1145],{}," + immediate","作为",[1260,1890,1891],{},"PC跳转地址",[985,1893,1894,1897],{},[1260,1895,1896],{},"funct3 = 000","：表示这是 JALR 类型中的固定功能编码。",[985,1899,1900,1902,1903,1195],{},[1260,1901,1159],{},"：目标寄存器，用来保存返回地址 ",[1102,1904,1556],{"code":1556},[985,1906,1907,1910],{},[1260,1908,1909],{},"opcode","：表示这是 JALR 指令。",[998,1912,1913],{},[1001,1914],{"alt":1001,"src":1915},"\u002Fimg\u002FComputerOrganization\u002FL6a-SingleCycle-28.png",[1016,1917,1919],{"id":1918},"jalr-数据通路","JALR 数据通路",[998,1921,1922,1923,1926,1927,1929,1930,1932,1933,1935,1936,1938,1939,1943,1944,1946,1947,1949],{},"执行 ",[1102,1924,1925],{"code":1925},"jalr rd, imm(rs1)"," 时，处理器先用 ",[1260,1928,1396],{}," 从 IMEM 取指，同时算出 ",[1260,1931,1556],{},"。然后从寄存器堆读出 ",[1102,1934,1145],{"code":1145},"，ImmGen 生成 I 型立即数 ",[1102,1937,1411],{"code":1411},"，ALU 计算：",[1260,1940,1941],{},[1102,1942,1419],{"code":1419},"。这个结果送回 PC，作为新的跳转地址。与此同时，刚才算出的 ",[1260,1945,1556],{}," 会通过写回选择器写入 ",[1102,1948,1159],{"code":1159},"，作为返回地址。",[1197,1951,1952],{"style":1199},[1201,1953,1954],{},[1204,1955,1207,1956,1207,1963],{"style":1206},[1209,1957,1958,1207],{"style":1360},[998,1959,1960],{},[1001,1961],{"alt":1001,"src":1962},"\u002Fimg\u002FComputerOrganization\u002FL6a-SingleCycle-29.png",[1209,1964,1965,1207],{"style":1352},[998,1966,1967],{},[1001,1968],{"alt":1001,"src":1969},"\u002Fimg\u002FComputerOrganization\u002FL6a-SingleCycle-30.png",[1005,1971,1973],{"id":1972},"实现j格式的跳跃指令","实现J格式的跳跃指令",[998,1975,1976,1979,1980,1982,1983,1985,1986,1989],{},[1260,1977,1978],{},"JAL（Jump and link）","表示跳转并保存返回地址。JAL的作用是把 ",[1102,1981,1556],{"code":1556}," 写入 ",[1102,1984,1159],{"code":1159},"，作为返回地址。把 PC 改成 ",[1102,1987,1988],{"code":1988},"PC + offset","，跳到目标位置。",[998,1991,1992],{},[1001,1993],{"alt":1001,"src":1994},"\u002Fimg\u002FComputerOrganization\u002FL6a-SingleCycle-31.png",[1996,1997,1999,2011],"alert",{"type":1998},"tip",[1788,2000,2002,2005,2008],{"id":2001},"jal-和-jalr-的跳转区别",[1260,2003,2004],{},"JAL 和 JALR 的",[1260,2006,2007],{},"跳转",[1260,2009,2010],{},"区别：",[998,2012,2013,2016,2017,2019,2020,2016,2023,2025,2026,2028,2029,1195],{},[1260,2014,2015],{},"JAL 是 PC 相对跳转","，目标地址由 ",[1102,2018,1988],{"code":1988}," 得到，不需要读寄存器。\n",[1260,2021,2022],{},"JALR 是寄存器间接跳转",[1102,2024,1419],{"code":1419}," 得到，需要读 ",[1102,2027,1145],{"code":1145},"，JALR 跳转更",[1260,2030,2031],{},"灵活",[1996,2033,2034,2044,2072],{"type":1998},[1788,2035,2037,2039,2042],{"id":2036},"jal-和-jalr-的立即数区别",[1260,2038,2004],{},[1260,2040,2041],{},"立即数",[1260,2043,2010],{},[998,2045,2046,2049,2050,2053,2054,2056,2057,2059,2060,2063,2064,2067,2068,2071],{},[1260,2047,2048],{},"JALR 的立即数","是普通 ",[1260,2051,2052],{},"I 型立即数","：直接取 ",[1102,2055,1294],{"code":1294}," 这连续 12 位，符号扩展后使用。它表示的是 ",[1102,2058,1419],{"code":1419}," 里的偏移量，",[1260,2061,2062],{},"不乘 2","，和 ",[1102,2065,2066],{"code":2066},"ADDI","、",[1102,2069,2070],{"code":2070},"LW"," 的立即数类似。",[998,2073,2074,2077,2078,2081,2082,2084,2085,2088,2089,2091],{},[1260,2075,2076],{},"JAL 的立即数","是 ",[1260,2079,2080],{},"J 型立即数","：不是连续放置的，而是分散在指令不同位置，取出后重新拼接，并且最低位默认是 ",[1102,2083,1026],{"code":1026},"，所以偏移量按 ",[1260,2086,2087],{},"2 字节对齐","。它用于计算 ",[1102,2090,1988],{"code":1988},"，属于 PC 相对跳转。",[1016,2093,2095],{"id":2094},"jal-数据通路","JAL 数据通路",[998,2097,1922,2098,1926,2101,2103,2104,2106,2107,2109,2110,2113,2114,1166,2116,2118,2119,2123,2124,2126,2127,1949],{},[1102,2099,2100],{"code":2100},"jal rd, offset",[1260,2102,1396],{}," 从 IMEM 取指，同时计算 ",[1260,2105,1556],{},"。然后 ImmGen 按 ",[1260,2108,2080],{},"生成 ",[1102,2111,2112],{"code":2112},"offset","，ALU 选择 ",[1260,2115,1396],{},[1260,2117,2112],{}," 相加，得到跳转目标地址：",[1260,2120,2121],{},[1102,2122,1988],{"code":1988},"。这个 ALU 结果送回 PC，作为下一条要执行的指令地址；同时 ",[1260,2125,1556],{}," 通过写回选择器写入 ",[1102,2128,1159],{"code":1159},[998,2130,2131],{},[1001,2132],{"alt":1001,"src":2133},"\u002Fimg\u002FComputerOrganization\u002FL6a-SingleCycle-32.png",[998,2135,2136,1166,2139,2141,2142],{},[1260,2137,2138],{},"JAL",[1260,2140,1847],{}," 的数据通路主要区别是：",[1260,2143,2144,2145,2147],{},"JAL 的跳转地址 = PC + offset，不需要读 rs1；JALR 的跳转地址 = Reg",[1024,2146,1145],{}," + imm，需要读寄存器 rs1。",[1005,2149,2151],{"id":2150},"实现高立即数upper-immediate指令","实现高立即数(Upper Immediate)指令",[998,2153,2154,2155,1138,2158,2161,2162,2165],{},"主要包含两条指令",[1260,2156,2157],{},"LUI 和 AUIPC",[1260,2159,2160],{},"LUI"," 是用来加载高位立即数，",[1260,2163,2164],{},"AUIPC"," 是将高位立即数加到PC。",[998,2167,2168],{},[1001,2169],{"alt":1001,"src":2170},"\u002Fimg\u002FComputerOrganization\u002FL6a-SingleCycle-33.png",[1016,2172,2174],{"id":2173},"lui-数据通路","LUI 数据通路",[998,2176,2177,2178,2180,2181,2184,2185,1195],{},"执行时，处理器先从 IMEM 取出指令，ImmGen 根据指令生成 U 型立即数；这个立即数经过 ALU 通路送到写回选择器，最后写入 ",[1102,2179,1159],{"code":1159},"。LUI 不需要读 ",[1102,2182,2183],{"code":2183},"rs1\u002Frs2","，也不访问 DMEM，同时 PC 正常更新为 ",[1102,2186,1556],{"code":1556},[998,2188,2189],{},[1001,2190],{"alt":1001,"src":2191},"\u002Fimg\u002FComputerOrganization\u002FL6a-SingleCycle-34.png",[1016,2193,2195],{"id":2194},"auipc-数据通路","AUIPC 数据通路",[998,2197,2198,2199,2201,2202,2204,2205,2207,2208,1195],{},"执行时，PC 一条路径用于取指并计算 ",[1102,2200,1556],{"code":1556},"，另一条路径被送入 ALU；ImmGen 生成 U 型立即数，也送入 ALU。ALU 计算 ",[1102,2203,1699],{"code":1699},"，结果通过写回选择器写入 ",[1102,2206,1159],{"code":1159},"，PC 仍然正常更新为 ",[1102,2209,1556],{"code":1556},[998,2211,2212],{},[1001,2213],{"alt":1001,"src":2214},"\u002Fimg\u002FComputerOrganization\u002FL6a-SingleCycle-35.png",[998,2216,2217,2220,2221,2224,2225,1195],{},[1260,2218,2219],{},"LUI 和 AUIPC 数据通路的区别","：LUI 写入的是",[1260,2222,2223],{},"高立即数本身","；AUIPC 写入的是 ",[1260,2226,2227],{},"PC + 立即数",[978,2229,2231],{"id":2230},"单周期-risc-v-控制器设计","单周期 RISC-V 控制器设计",[998,2233,2234,2235,1109,2238,2241,2242,2245,2246,2249,2250,2253],{},"处理器设计可以分为",[1260,2236,2237],{},"数据路径(datapath)",[1260,2239,2240],{},"控制路径(control)","， 前者用于",[1260,2243,2244],{},"存储数字和计算算术操作","，后者用于对数据路径上的操作进行",[1260,2247,2248],{},"排序","。本节要设计的就是下图中的",[1260,2251,2252],{},"控制逻辑","部分。",[1197,2255,2256],{"style":1199},[1201,2257,2258],{},[1204,2259,1207,2260,1207,2268],{"style":1206},[1209,2261,2263,1207],{"style":2262},"width: 42.0%; text-align: center; border: none; padding: 0.3em; margin: 0;",[998,2264,2265],{},[1001,2266],{"alt":1001,"src":2267},"\u002Fimg\u002FComputerOrganization\u002FL6a-SingleCycle-36.png",[1209,2269,2271,1207],{"style":2270},"width: 57.0%; text-align: center; border: none; padding: 0.3em; margin: 0;",[998,2272,2273],{},[1001,2274],{"alt":1001,"src":2275},"\u002Fimg\u002FComputerOrganization\u002FL6a-SingleCycle-37.png",[998,2277,2278,2283,2286,1130,2291,1130,2293],{},[1127,2279,2280],{},[1260,2281,2282],{},"控制逻辑实现",[1127,2284,2285],{},"有两种方法：",[1127,2287,2288],{},[1260,2289,2290],{},"ROM",[1127,2292,1109],{},[1127,2294,2295],{},[1260,2296,2297],{},"组合逻辑。",[998,2299,2300,2303],{},[1260,2301,2302],{},"ROM \u002F 微程序控制方式：","把“某条指令应该产生哪些控制信号”提前存进 ROM。执行时用指令编码去查表，ROM 输出对应的控制信号。优点是结构规则、容易修改错误或增加指令；早期手工设计控制逻辑时很常见。",[998,2305,2306,2309,2310,2067,2312,2067,2315,2067,2318,2067,2321,2324],{},[1260,2307,2308],{},"组合逻辑 \u002F 硬布线控制方式：","直接把指令字段经过译码，生成各种控制信号，比如 ",[1102,2311,1187],{"code":1187},[1102,2313,2314],{"code":2314},"ImmSel",[1102,2316,2317],{"code":2317},"ALUSel",[1102,2319,2320],{"code":2320},"MemRW",[1102,2322,2323],{"code":2323},"WBSel"," 等。现代芯片设计通常用逻辑综合工具，把真值表转换成门级电路。",[1005,2326,2328],{"id":2327},"控制逻辑真值表不完整","控制逻辑真值表（不完整）",[998,2330,2331],{},[1001,2332],{"alt":1001,"src":2333},"\u002Fimg\u002FComputerOrganization\u002FL6a-SingleCycle-38.png",[1005,2335,2337],{"id":2336},"基于rom的控制器设计","基于ROM的控制器设计",[998,2339,2340,2341,2344,2345,2348,2349,2352],{},"控制器的输入输出端口如右下图，根据用输入的 11 位地址进入 ",[1260,2342,2343],{},"Address Decoder","，译码器选中 ROM 里的某一行。每一行提前存好一条“控制字”，例如：",[1102,2346,2347],{"code":2347},"add"," 对应 add 的控制信号，",[1102,2350,2351],{"code":2351},"sub"," 对应 sub 的控制信号等等。选中ROM中的某一行，就输出提前存好的所有控制信号给数据通路。",[1197,2354,2355],{"style":1199},[1201,2356,2357],{},[1204,2358,1207,2359,1207,2366],{"style":1206},[1209,2360,2361,1207],{"style":1360},[998,2362,2363],{},[1001,2364],{"alt":1001,"src":2365},"\u002Fimg\u002FComputerOrganization\u002FL6a-SingleCycle-39.png",[1209,2367,2368,1207],{"style":1352},[998,2369,2370],{},[1001,2371],{"alt":1001,"src":2372},"\u002Fimg\u002FComputerOrganization\u002FL6a-SingleCycle-40.png",[1016,2374,2376],{"id":2375},"微码控制器-microcoded-cpu","微码控制器 | Microcoded CPU",[998,2378,2379,2380,2383,2384,1195],{},"主存 ",[1260,2381,2382],{},"Main Memory"," 里存的是用户程序，也就是普通机器指令，比如 x86、RISC-V 指令，这些叫 ",[1260,2385,2386],{},"宏指令 macroinstructions",[998,2388,2389,2390,2393,2394,1195],{},"CPU 取出一条指令后，不是直接用一个组合逻辑一次性产生所有控制信号，而是把这条指令交给 ",[1260,2391,2392],{},"Microcode ROM","。Microcode ROM 里存着很多更底层的小步骤，也就是 ",[1260,2395,2396],{},"微指令 microinstructions",[998,2398,2399],{},[1001,2400],{"alt":1001,"src":2401},"\u002Fimg\u002FComputerOrganization\u002FL6a-SingleCycle-41.png",[1269,2403,2404],{},[998,2405,2406,2409],{},[1260,2407,2408],{},"执行过程","：主存中的机器指令 → 取出 opcode → 微码ROM查对应微指令 → 输出控制线控制 datapath → 根据 condition \u002F busy 决定下一条微指令",[1996,2411,2412],{"type":1998},[1016,2413,2415],{"id":2414},"微码设计的详细讲解内容在-l6b-microcode-这一章节可以结合起来看","微码设计的详细讲解内容在 L6b microcode 这一章节可以结合起来看。",[1788,2417,2419,2420,2422],{"id":2418},"控制器使用-microcode-rom-大小","控制器使用 ",[1260,2421,2392],{}," 大小",[998,2424,2425,2426,2677],{},"ROM 地址位数：",[1024,2427,2430,2525],{"className":2428},[2429],"katex",[1024,2431,2434],{"className":2432},[2433],"katex-mathml",[2435,2436,2438],"math",{"xmlns":2437},"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML",[2439,2440,2441,2520],"semantics",{},[2442,2443,2444,2449,2452,2455,2458,2460,2463,2466,2469,2471,2473,2477,2479,2481,2484,2487,2489,2492,2494,2497,2499,2502,2504,2506,2508,2510,2512,2516,2518],"mrow",{},[2445,2446,2448],"mi",{"mathvariant":2447},"normal","∣",[2445,2450,2451],{},"μ",[2445,2453,2454],{},"a",[2445,2456,2457],{},"d",[2445,2459,2457],{},[2445,2461,2462],{},"r",[2445,2464,2465],{},"e",[2445,2467,2468],{},"s",[2445,2470,2468],{},[2445,2472,2448],{"mathvariant":2447},[2474,2475,2476],"mo",{},"=",[2445,2478,2448],{"mathvariant":2447},[2445,2480,2451],{},[2445,2482,2483],{},"P",[2445,2485,2486],{},"C",[2445,2488,2448],{"mathvariant":2447},[2474,2490,2491],{},"+",[2445,2493,2448],{"mathvariant":2447},[2445,2495,2496],{},"o",[2445,2498,998],{},[2445,2500,2501],{},"c",[2445,2503,2496],{},[2445,2505,2457],{},[2445,2507,2465],{},[2445,2509,2448],{"mathvariant":2447},[2474,2511,2491],{},[2513,2514,2515],"mn",{},"1",[2474,2517,2491],{},[2513,2519,2515],{},[2521,2522,2524],"annotation",{"encoding":2523},"application\u002Fx-tex","|\\mu address| = |\\mu PC| + |opcode| + 1 + 1",[1024,2526,2530,2577,2611,2648,2667],{"className":2527,"ariaHidden":2529},[2528],"katex-html","true",[1024,2531,2534,2539,2543,2547,2550,2554,2558,2562,2565,2570,2574],{"className":2532},[2533],"base",[1024,2535],{"className":2536,"style":2538},[2537],"strut","height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;",[1024,2540,2448],{"className":2541},[2542],"mord",[1024,2544,2451],{"className":2545},[2542,2546],"mathnormal",[1024,2548,2454],{"className":2549},[2542,2546],[1024,2551,2553],{"className":2552},[2542,2546],"dd",[1024,2555,2462],{"className":2556,"style":2557},[2542,2546],"margin-right:0.0278em;",[1024,2559,2561],{"className":2560},[2542,2546],"ess",[1024,2563,2448],{"className":2564},[2542],[1024,2566],{"className":2567,"style":2569},[2568],"mspace","margin-right:0.2778em;",[1024,2571,2476],{"className":2572},[2573],"mrel",[1024,2575],{"className":2576,"style":2569},[2568],[1024,2578,2580,2583,2586,2589,2593,2597,2600,2604,2608],{"className":2579},[2533],[1024,2581],{"className":2582,"style":2538},[2537],[1024,2584,2448],{"className":2585},[2542],[1024,2587,2451],{"className":2588},[2542,2546],[1024,2590,2483],{"className":2591,"style":2592},[2542,2546],"margin-right:0.1389em;",[1024,2594,2486],{"className":2595,"style":2596},[2542,2546],"margin-right:0.0715em;",[1024,2598,2448],{"className":2599},[2542],[1024,2601],{"className":2602,"style":2603},[2568],"margin-right:0.2222em;",[1024,2605,2491],{"className":2606},[2607],"mbin",[1024,2609],{"className":2610,"style":2603},[2568],[1024,2612,2614,2617,2620,2623,2626,2630,2633,2636,2639,2642,2645],{"className":2613},[2533],[1024,2615],{"className":2616,"style":2538},[2537],[1024,2618,2448],{"className":2619},[2542],[1024,2621,2496],{"className":2622},[2542,2546],[1024,2624,998],{"className":2625},[2542,2546],[1024,2627,2629],{"className":2628},[2542,2546],"co",[1024,2631,2457],{"className":2632},[2542,2546],[1024,2634,2465],{"className":2635},[2542,2546],[1024,2637,2448],{"className":2638},[2542],[1024,2640],{"className":2641,"style":2603},[2568],[1024,2643,2491],{"className":2644},[2607],[1024,2646],{"className":2647,"style":2603},[2568],[1024,2649,2651,2655,2658,2661,2664],{"className":2650},[2533],[1024,2652],{"className":2653,"style":2654},[2537],"height:0.7278em;vertical-align:-0.0833em;",[1024,2656,2515],{"className":2657},[2542],[1024,2659],{"className":2660,"style":2603},[2568],[1024,2662,2491],{"className":2663},[2607],[1024,2665],{"className":2666,"style":2603},[2568],[1024,2668,2670,2674],{"className":2669},[2533],[1024,2671],{"className":2672,"style":2673},[2537],"height:0.6444em;",[1024,2675,2515],{"className":2676},[2542],"，后面两个“1”是指分支预测结果和存储器是否忙。",[998,2679,2680,2681],{},"ROM 每行数据位数：",[1024,2682,2684,2759],{"className":2683},[2429],[1024,2685,2687],{"className":2686},[2433],[2435,2688,2689],{"xmlns":2437},[2439,2690,2691,2756],{},[2442,2692,2693,2695,2697,2699,2702,2704,2706,2708,2710,2712,2714,2716,2718,2720,2722,2724,2726,2729,2731,2733,2735,2738,2740,2743,2746,2748,2750,2752,2754],{},[2445,2694,2448],{"mathvariant":2447},[2445,2696,2457],{},[2445,2698,2454],{},[2445,2700,2701],{},"t",[2445,2703,2454],{},[2445,2705,2448],{"mathvariant":2447},[2474,2707,2476],{},[2445,2709,2448],{"mathvariant":2447},[2445,2711,2451],{},[2445,2713,2483],{},[2445,2715,2486],{},[2445,2717,2448],{"mathvariant":2447},[2474,2719,2491],{},[2445,2721,2448],{"mathvariant":2447},[2445,2723,2501],{},[2445,2725,2496],{},[2445,2727,2728],{},"n",[2445,2730,2701],{},[2445,2732,2462],{},[2445,2734,2496],{},[2445,2736,2737],{},"l",[2445,2739,2468],{},[2445,2741,2742],{},"i",[2445,2744,2745],{},"g",[2445,2747,2728],{},[2445,2749,2454],{},[2445,2751,2737],{},[2445,2753,2468],{},[2445,2755,2448],{"mathvariant":2447},[2521,2757,2758],{"encoding":2523},"|data| = |\\mu PC| + |control signals|",[1024,2760,2762,2795,2825],{"className":2761,"ariaHidden":2529},[2528],[1024,2763,2765,2768,2771,2774,2777,2780,2783,2786,2789,2792],{"className":2764},[2533],[1024,2766],{"className":2767,"style":2538},[2537],[1024,2769,2448],{"className":2770},[2542],[1024,2772,2457],{"className":2773},[2542,2546],[1024,2775,2454],{"className":2776},[2542,2546],[1024,2778,2701],{"className":2779},[2542,2546],[1024,2781,2454],{"className":2782},[2542,2546],[1024,2784,2448],{"className":2785},[2542],[1024,2787],{"className":2788,"style":2569},[2568],[1024,2790,2476],{"className":2791},[2573],[1024,2793],{"className":2794,"style":2569},[2568],[1024,2796,2798,2801,2804,2807,2810,2813,2816,2819,2822],{"className":2797},[2533],[1024,2799],{"className":2800,"style":2538},[2537],[1024,2802,2448],{"className":2803},[2542],[1024,2805,2451],{"className":2806},[2542,2546],[1024,2808,2483],{"className":2809,"style":2592},[2542,2546],[1024,2811,2486],{"className":2812,"style":2596},[2542,2546],[1024,2814,2448],{"className":2815},[2542],[1024,2817],{"className":2818,"style":2603},[2568],[1024,2820,2491],{"className":2821},[2607],[1024,2823],{"className":2824,"style":2603},[2568],[1024,2826,2828,2831,2834,2837,2840,2843,2846,2849,2853,2856,2859,2863,2867,2870,2873],{"className":2827},[2533],[1024,2829],{"className":2830,"style":2538},[2537],[1024,2832,2448],{"className":2833},[2542],[1024,2835,2629],{"className":2836},[2542,2546],[1024,2838,2728],{"className":2839},[2542,2546],[1024,2841,2701],{"className":2842},[2542,2546],[1024,2844,2462],{"className":2845,"style":2557},[2542,2546],[1024,2847,2496],{"className":2848},[2542,2546],[1024,2850,2737],{"className":2851,"style":2852},[2542,2546],"margin-right:0.0197em;",[1024,2854,2468],{"className":2855},[2542,2546],[1024,2857,2742],{"className":2858},[2542,2546],[1024,2860,2745],{"className":2861,"style":2862},[2542,2546],"margin-right:0.0359em;",[1024,2864,2866],{"className":2865},[2542,2546],"na",[1024,2868,2737],{"className":2869,"style":2852},[2542,2546],[1024,2871,2468],{"className":2872},[2542,2546],[1024,2874,2448],{"className":2875},[2542],[998,2877,2878],{},[1001,2879],{"alt":1001,"src":2880},"\u002Fimg\u002FComputerOrganization\u002FL6a-SingleCycle-42.png",[998,2882,2883],{},[1260,2884,2885],{},"单总线Microcoded RISC-V ROM大小",[998,2887,2888,2889],{},"指令获取序列包含3个常用步骤，大约12个指令组，每组约5步(1步调度)，一共是 3+12*5 = 63 步，因此",[1024,2890,2892,2910],{"className":2891},[2429],[1024,2893,2895],{"className":2894},[2433],[2435,2896,2897],{"xmlns":2437},[2439,2898,2899,2907],{},[2442,2900,2901,2903,2905],{},[2445,2902,2451],{},[2445,2904,2483],{},[2445,2906,2486],{},[2521,2908,2909],{"encoding":2523},"\\mu PC",[1024,2911,2913],{"className":2912,"ariaHidden":2529},[2528],[1024,2914,2916,2920,2923,2926],{"className":2915},[2533],[1024,2917],{"className":2918,"style":2919},[2537],"height:0.8778em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;",[1024,2921,2451],{"className":2922},[2542,2546],[1024,2924,2483],{"className":2925,"style":2592},[2542,2546],[1024,2927,2486],{"className":2928,"style":2596},[2542,2546],[998,2930,2931],{},"需要用6位来表示，操作码(opcode)有5位，大约18个控制信号(control signal)。",[998,2933,2934,2935],{},"因此",[1024,2936,2938,3023],{"className":2937},[2429],[1024,2939,2941],{"className":2940},[2433],[2435,2942,2943],{"xmlns":2437},[2439,2944,2945,3020],{},[2442,2946,2947,2949,2951,2953,2955,2957,2959,2961,2963,2965,2967,2969,2971,2973,2975,2977,2979,2981,2983,2985,2987,2989,2991,2993,2995,2997,2999,3001,3003,3005,3007,3010,3012,3015,3017],{},[2445,2948,2448],{"mathvariant":2447},[2445,2950,2457],{},[2445,2952,2454],{},[2445,2954,2701],{},[2445,2956,2454],{},[2445,2958,2448],{"mathvariant":2447},[2474,2960,2476],{},[2445,2962,2448],{"mathvariant":2447},[2445,2964,2451],{},[2445,2966,2483],{},[2445,2968,2486],{},[2445,2970,2448],{"mathvariant":2447},[2474,2972,2491],{},[2445,2974,2448],{"mathvariant":2447},[2445,2976,2501],{},[2445,2978,2496],{},[2445,2980,2728],{},[2445,2982,2701],{},[2445,2984,2462],{},[2445,2986,2496],{},[2445,2988,2737],{},[2445,2990,2468],{},[2445,2992,2742],{},[2445,2994,2745],{},[2445,2996,2728],{},[2445,2998,2454],{},[2445,3000,2737],{},[2445,3002,2468],{},[2445,3004,2448],{"mathvariant":2447},[2474,3006,2476],{},[2513,3008,3009],{},"6",[2474,3011,2491],{},[2513,3013,3014],{},"18",[2474,3016,2476],{},[2513,3018,3019],{},"24",[2521,3021,3022],{"encoding":2523},"|data| = |\\mu PC| + |control signals| = 6 + 18 = 24",[1024,3024,3026,3059,3089,3146,3164,3182],{"className":3025,"ariaHidden":2529},[2528],[1024,3027,3029,3032,3035,3038,3041,3044,3047,3050,3053,3056],{"className":3028},[2533],[1024,3030],{"className":3031,"style":2538},[2537],[1024,3033,2448],{"className":3034},[2542],[1024,3036,2457],{"className":3037},[2542,2546],[1024,3039,2454],{"className":3040},[2542,2546],[1024,3042,2701],{"className":3043},[2542,2546],[1024,3045,2454],{"className":3046},[2542,2546],[1024,3048,2448],{"className":3049},[2542],[1024,3051],{"className":3052,"style":2569},[2568],[1024,3054,2476],{"className":3055},[2573],[1024,3057],{"className":3058,"style":2569},[2568],[1024,3060,3062,3065,3068,3071,3074,3077,3080,3083,3086],{"className":3061},[2533],[1024,3063],{"className":3064,"style":2538},[2537],[1024,3066,2448],{"className":3067},[2542],[1024,3069,2451],{"className":3070},[2542,2546],[1024,3072,2483],{"className":3073,"style":2592},[2542,2546],[1024,3075,2486],{"className":3076,"style":2596},[2542,2546],[1024,3078,2448],{"className":3079},[2542],[1024,3081],{"className":3082,"style":2603},[2568],[1024,3084,2491],{"className":3085},[2607],[1024,3087],{"className":3088,"style":2603},[2568],[1024,3090,3092,3095,3098,3101,3104,3107,3110,3113,3116,3119,3122,3125,3128,3131,3134,3137,3140,3143],{"className":3091},[2533],[1024,3093],{"className":3094,"style":2538},[2537],[1024,3096,2448],{"className":3097},[2542],[1024,3099,2629],{"className":3100},[2542,2546],[1024,3102,2728],{"className":3103},[2542,2546],[1024,3105,2701],{"className":3106},[2542,2546],[1024,3108,2462],{"className":3109,"style":2557},[2542,2546],[1024,3111,2496],{"className":3112},[2542,2546],[1024,3114,2737],{"className":3115,"style":2852},[2542,2546],[1024,3117,2468],{"className":3118},[2542,2546],[1024,3120,2742],{"className":3121},[2542,2546],[1024,3123,2745],{"className":3124,"style":2862},[2542,2546],[1024,3126,2866],{"className":3127},[2542,2546],[1024,3129,2737],{"className":3130,"style":2852},[2542,2546],[1024,3132,2468],{"className":3133},[2542,2546],[1024,3135,2448],{"className":3136},[2542],[1024,3138],{"className":3139,"style":2569},[2568],[1024,3141,2476],{"className":3142},[2573],[1024,3144],{"className":3145,"style":2569},[2568],[1024,3147,3149,3152,3155,3158,3161],{"className":3148},[2533],[1024,3150],{"className":3151,"style":2654},[2537],[1024,3153,3009],{"className":3154},[2542],[1024,3156],{"className":3157,"style":2603},[2568],[1024,3159,2491],{"className":3160},[2607],[1024,3162],{"className":3163,"style":2603},[2568],[1024,3165,3167,3170,3173,3176,3179],{"className":3166},[2533],[1024,3168],{"className":3169,"style":2673},[2537],[1024,3171,3014],{"className":3172},[2542],[1024,3174],{"className":3175,"style":2569},[2568],[1024,3177,2476],{"className":3178},[2573],[1024,3180],{"className":3181,"style":2569},[2568],[1024,3183,3185,3188],{"className":3184},[2533],[1024,3186],{"className":3187,"style":2673},[2537],[1024,3189,3019],{"className":3190},[2542],[1024,3192,3195],{"className":3193},[3194],"katex-display",[1024,3196,3198,3288],{"className":3197},[2429],[1024,3199,3201],{"className":3200},[2433],[2435,3202,3204],{"xmlns":2437,"display":3203},"block",[2439,3205,3206,3285],{},[2442,3207,3208,3210,3212,3214,3216,3218,3220,3222,3224,3226,3228,3230,3232,3234,3236,3238,3240,3242,3244,3246,3248,3250,3252,3254,3256,3258,3260,3262,3264,3266,3268,3270,3272,3275,3277,3280,3282],{},[2445,3209,2448],{"mathvariant":2447},[2445,3211,2451],{},[2445,3213,2454],{},[2445,3215,2457],{},[2445,3217,2457],{},[2445,3219,2462],{},[2445,3221,2465],{},[2445,3223,2468],{},[2445,3225,2468],{},[2445,3227,2448],{"mathvariant":2447},[2474,3229,2476],{},[2445,3231,2448],{"mathvariant":2447},[2445,3233,2451],{},[2445,3235,2483],{},[2445,3237,2486],{},[2445,3239,2448],{"mathvariant":2447},[2474,3241,2491],{},[2445,3243,2448],{"mathvariant":2447},[2445,3245,2496],{},[2445,3247,998],{},[2445,3249,2501],{},[2445,3251,2496],{},[2445,3253,2457],{},[2445,3255,2465],{},[2445,3257,2448],{"mathvariant":2447},[2474,3259,2491],{},[2513,3261,2515],{},[2474,3263,2491],{},[2513,3265,2515],{},[2474,3267,2476],{},[2513,3269,3009],{},[2474,3271,2491],{},[2513,3273,3274],{},"5",[2474,3276,2491],{},[2513,3278,3279],{},"2",[2474,3281,2476],{},[2513,3283,3284],{},"13",[2521,3286,3287],{"encoding":2523},"|\\mu address| = |\\mu PC| + |opcode| + 1 + 1 = 6 + 5 + 2 = 13",[1024,3289,3291,3327,3357,3393,3411,3429,3447,3465,3483],{"className":3290,"ariaHidden":2529},[2528],[1024,3292,3294,3297,3300,3303,3306,3309,3312,3315,3318,3321,3324],{"className":3293},[2533],[1024,3295],{"className":3296,"style":2538},[2537],[1024,3298,2448],{"className":3299},[2542],[1024,3301,2451],{"className":3302},[2542,2546],[1024,3304,2454],{"className":3305},[2542,2546],[1024,3307,2553],{"className":3308},[2542,2546],[1024,3310,2462],{"className":3311,"style":2557},[2542,2546],[1024,3313,2561],{"className":3314},[2542,2546],[1024,3316,2448],{"className":3317},[2542],[1024,3319],{"className":3320,"style":2569},[2568],[1024,3322,2476],{"className":3323},[2573],[1024,3325],{"className":3326,"style":2569},[2568],[1024,3328,3330,3333,3336,3339,3342,3345,3348,3351,3354],{"className":3329},[2533],[1024,3331],{"className":3332,"style":2538},[2537],[1024,3334,2448],{"className":3335},[2542],[1024,3337,2451],{"className":3338},[2542,2546],[1024,3340,2483],{"className":3341,"style":2592},[2542,2546],[1024,3343,2486],{"className":3344,"style":2596},[2542,2546],[1024,3346,2448],{"className":3347},[2542],[1024,3349],{"className":3350,"style":2603},[2568],[1024,3352,2491],{"className":3353},[2607],[1024,3355],{"className":3356,"style":2603},[2568],[1024,3358,3360,3363,3366,3369,3372,3375,3378,3381,3384,3387,3390],{"className":3359},[2533],[1024,3361],{"className":3362,"style":2538},[2537],[1024,3364,2448],{"className":3365},[2542],[1024,3367,2496],{"className":3368},[2542,2546],[1024,3370,998],{"className":3371},[2542,2546],[1024,3373,2629],{"className":3374},[2542,2546],[1024,3376,2457],{"className":3377},[2542,2546],[1024,3379,2465],{"className":3380},[2542,2546],[1024,3382,2448],{"className":3383},[2542],[1024,3385],{"className":3386,"style":2603},[2568],[1024,3388,2491],{"className":3389},[2607],[1024,3391],{"className":3392,"style":2603},[2568],[1024,3394,3396,3399,3402,3405,3408],{"className":3395},[2533],[1024,3397],{"className":3398,"style":2654},[2537],[1024,3400,2515],{"className":3401},[2542],[1024,3403],{"className":3404,"style":2603},[2568],[1024,3406,2491],{"className":3407},[2607],[1024,3409],{"className":3410,"style":2603},[2568],[1024,3412,3414,3417,3420,3423,3426],{"className":3413},[2533],[1024,3415],{"className":3416,"style":2673},[2537],[1024,3418,2515],{"className":3419},[2542],[1024,3421],{"className":3422,"style":2569},[2568],[1024,3424,2476],{"className":3425},[2573],[1024,3427],{"className":3428,"style":2569},[2568],[1024,3430,3432,3435,3438,3441,3444],{"className":3431},[2533],[1024,3433],{"className":3434,"style":2654},[2537],[1024,3436,3009],{"className":3437},[2542],[1024,3439],{"className":3440,"style":2603},[2568],[1024,3442,2491],{"className":3443},[2607],[1024,3445],{"className":3446,"style":2603},[2568],[1024,3448,3450,3453,3456,3459,3462],{"className":3449},[2533],[1024,3451],{"className":3452,"style":2654},[2537],[1024,3454,3274],{"className":3455},[2542],[1024,3457],{"className":3458,"style":2603},[2568],[1024,3460,2491],{"className":3461},[2607],[1024,3463],{"className":3464,"style":2603},[2568],[1024,3466,3468,3471,3474,3477,3480],{"className":3467},[2533],[1024,3469],{"className":3470,"style":2673},[2537],[1024,3472,3279],{"className":3473},[2542],[1024,3475],{"className":3476,"style":2569},[2568],[1024,3478,2476],{"className":3479},[2573],[1024,3481],{"className":3482,"style":2569},[2568],[1024,3484,3486,3489],{"className":3485},[2533],[1024,3487],{"className":3488,"style":2673},[2537],[1024,3490,3284],{"className":3491},[2542],[1024,3493,3495],{"className":3494},[3194],[1024,3496,3498,3601],{"className":3497},[2429],[1024,3499,3501],{"className":3500},[2433],[2435,3502,3503],{"xmlns":2437,"display":3203},[2439,3504,3505,3598],{},[2442,3506,3507,3510,3513,3516,3518,3545,3548,3550,3552,3554,3556,3558,3560,3562,3568,3570,3572,3574,3577,3580,3582,3584,3586,3588,3590,3593,3595],{},[2445,3508,3509],{},"R",[2445,3511,3512],{},"O",[2445,3514,3515],{},"M",[2474,3517,2476],{},[3519,3520,3521,3523],"msup",{},[2513,3522,3279],{},[2442,3524,3525,3527,3529,3531,3533,3535,3537,3539,3541,3543],{},[2445,3526,2448],{"mathvariant":2447},[2445,3528,2451],{},[2445,3530,2454],{},[2445,3532,2457],{},[2445,3534,2457],{},[2445,3536,2462],{},[2445,3538,2465],{},[2445,3540,2468],{},[2445,3542,2468],{},[2445,3544,2448],{"mathvariant":2447},[2474,3546,3547],{},"×",[2445,3549,2448],{"mathvariant":2447},[2445,3551,2457],{},[2445,3553,2454],{},[2445,3555,2701],{},[2445,3557,2454],{},[2445,3559,2448],{"mathvariant":2447},[2474,3561,2476],{},[3519,3563,3564,3566],{},[2513,3565,3279],{},[2513,3567,3284],{},[2474,3569,3547],{},[2513,3571,3019],{},[2474,3573,2476],{},[2513,3575,3576],{},"196608",[2445,3578,3579],{},"b",[2445,3581,2742],{},[2445,3583,2701],{},[2445,3585,2468],{},[2474,3587,2476],{},[2513,3589,3019],{},[2445,3591,3592],{},"K",[2445,3594,2742],{},[2445,3596,3597],{},"B",[2521,3599,3600],{"encoding":2523},"ROM = 2^{|\\mu address|} × |data| = 2^{13} × 24 = 196608 bits = 24 KiB",[1024,3602,3604,3631,3709,3742,3791,3809,3838],{"className":3603,"ariaHidden":2529},[2528],[1024,3605,3607,3611,3615,3618,3622,3625,3628],{"className":3606},[2533],[1024,3608],{"className":3609,"style":3610},[2537],"height:0.6833em;",[1024,3612,3509],{"className":3613,"style":3614},[2542,2546],"margin-right:0.0077em;",[1024,3616,3512],{"className":3617,"style":2557},[2542,2546],[1024,3619,3515],{"className":3620,"style":3621},[2542,2546],"margin-right:0.109em;",[1024,3623],{"className":3624,"style":2569},[2568],[1024,3626,2476],{"className":3627},[2573],[1024,3629],{"className":3630,"style":2569},[2568],[1024,3632,3634,3638,3700,3703,3706],{"className":3633},[2533],[1024,3635],{"className":3636,"style":3637},[2537],"height:1.0213em;vertical-align:-0.0833em;",[1024,3639,3641,3644],{"className":3640},[2542],[1024,3642,3279],{"className":3643},[2542],[1024,3645,3648],{"className":3646},[3647],"msupsub",[1024,3649,3652],{"className":3650},[3651],"vlist-t",[1024,3653,3656],{"className":3654},[3655],"vlist-r",[1024,3657,3661],{"className":3658,"style":3660},[3659],"vlist","height:0.938em;",[1024,3662,3664,3669],{"style":3663},"top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;",[1024,3665],{"className":3666,"style":3668},[3667],"pstrut","height:2.7em;",[1024,3670,3676],{"className":3671},[3672,3673,3674,3675],"sizing","reset-size6","size3","mtight",[1024,3677,3679,3682,3685,3688,3691,3694,3697],{"className":3678},[2542,3675],[1024,3680,2448],{"className":3681},[2542,3675],[1024,3683,2451],{"className":3684},[2542,2546,3675],[1024,3686,2454],{"className":3687},[2542,2546,3675],[1024,3689,2553],{"className":3690},[2542,2546,3675],[1024,3692,2462],{"className":3693,"style":2557},[2542,2546,3675],[1024,3695,2561],{"className":3696},[2542,2546,3675],[1024,3698,2448],{"className":3699},[2542,3675],[1024,3701],{"className":3702,"style":2603},[2568],[1024,3704,3547],{"className":3705},[2607],[1024,3707],{"className":3708,"style":2603},[2568],[1024,3710,3712,3715,3718,3721,3724,3727,3730,3733,3736,3739],{"className":3711},[2533],[1024,3713],{"className":3714,"style":2538},[2537],[1024,3716,2448],{"className":3717},[2542],[1024,3719,2457],{"className":3720},[2542,2546],[1024,3722,2454],{"className":3723},[2542,2546],[1024,3725,2701],{"className":3726},[2542,2546],[1024,3728,2454],{"className":3729},[2542,2546],[1024,3731,2448],{"className":3732},[2542],[1024,3734],{"className":3735,"style":2569},[2568],[1024,3737,2476],{"className":3738},[2573],[1024,3740],{"className":3741,"style":2569},[2568],[1024,3743,3745,3749,3782,3785,3788],{"className":3744},[2533],[1024,3746],{"className":3747,"style":3748},[2537],"height:0.9474em;vertical-align:-0.0833em;",[1024,3750,3752,3755],{"className":3751},[2542],[1024,3753,3279],{"className":3754},[2542],[1024,3756,3758],{"className":3757},[3647],[1024,3759,3761],{"className":3760},[3651],[1024,3762,3764],{"className":3763},[3655],[1024,3765,3768],{"className":3766,"style":3767},[3659],"height:0.8641em;",[1024,3769,3770,3773],{"style":3663},[1024,3771],{"className":3772,"style":3668},[3667],[1024,3774,3776],{"className":3775},[3672,3673,3674,3675],[1024,3777,3779],{"className":3778},[2542,3675],[1024,3780,3284],{"className":3781},[2542,3675],[1024,3783],{"className":3784,"style":2603},[2568],[1024,3786,3547],{"className":3787},[2607],[1024,3789],{"className":3790,"style":2603},[2568],[1024,3792,3794,3797,3800,3803,3806],{"className":3793},[2533],[1024,3795],{"className":3796,"style":2673},[2537],[1024,3798,3019],{"className":3799},[2542],[1024,3801],{"className":3802,"style":2569},[2568],[1024,3804,2476],{"className":3805},[2573],[1024,3807],{"className":3808,"style":2569},[2568],[1024,3810,3812,3816,3819,3823,3826,3829,3832,3835],{"className":3811},[2533],[1024,3813],{"className":3814,"style":3815},[2537],"height:0.6944em;",[1024,3817,3576],{"className":3818},[2542],[1024,3820,3822],{"className":3821},[2542,2546],"bi",[1024,3824,2701],{"className":3825},[2542,2546],[1024,3827,2468],{"className":3828},[2542,2546],[1024,3830],{"className":3831,"style":2569},[2568],[1024,3833,2476],{"className":3834},[2573],[1024,3836],{"className":3837,"style":2569},[2568],[1024,3839,3841,3844,3847,3850,3853],{"className":3840},[2533],[1024,3842],{"className":3843,"style":3610},[2537],[1024,3845,3019],{"className":3846},[2542],[1024,3848,3592],{"className":3849,"style":2596},[2542,2546],[1024,3851,2742],{"className":3852},[2542,2546],[1024,3854,3597],{"className":3855,"style":3856},[2542,2546],"margin-right:0.0502em;",[1016,3858,3860],{"id":3859},"ibm-360中的微编程例子","IBM 360中的微编程例子",[1197,3862,3863],{"style":1199},[1201,3864,3865],{},[1204,3866,1207,3867,1207,3874],{"style":1206},[1209,3868,3869,1207],{"style":1352},[998,3870,3871],{},[1001,3872],{"alt":1001,"src":3873},"\u002Fimg\u002FComputerOrganization\u002FL6a-SingleCycle-43.png",[1209,3875,3876,1207],{"style":1360},[998,3877,3878],{},[1001,3879],{"alt":1001,"src":3880},"\u002Fimg\u002FComputerOrganization\u002FL6a-SingleCycle-44.png",[1016,3882,3883],{"id":3883},"六七十年代微编程发展",[998,3885,3886],{},"当时微编程流行，是因为 ROM 比 DRAM 快，而且复杂指令集用微码实现更便宜、更容易。比如增加浮点指令，可以通过改微码支持，不一定要大改数据通路。微码还方便修复控制器 bug，也容易保持不同机器之间的 ISA 兼容。",[998,3888,3889,3890,3893],{},"但后来问题出现了：指令集越来越复杂，微码里甚至需要子程序和调用栈；同时 ROM 是只读的，不方便修改，所以出现了 ",[1260,3891,3892],{},"WCS，可写控制存储","。WCS 允许修改微码，但又带来工具支持差、空间小、上下文切换贵、保护困难等问题。",[998,3895,3896],{},[1001,3897],{"alt":1001,"src":3898},"\u002Fimg\u002FComputerOrganization\u002FL6a-SingleCycle-45.png",[1788,3900,3902],{"id":3901},"微码机器的cpi","微码机器的CPI",[998,3904,3905],{},[1001,3906],{"alt":1001,"src":3907},"\u002Fimg\u002FComputerOrganization\u002FL6a-SingleCycle-46.png",[1788,3909,3910],{"id":3910},"微编程的改进",[998,3912,3913],{},"随着 IC 技术演变，逻辑、RAM、ROM 都逐渐用 MOS 晶体管实现，RAM 和 ROM 的速度差距变小。这样一来，早期“ROM 很快，所以适合做控制器”的优势就减弱了。",[998,3915,3916,3919],{},[1260,3917,3918],{},"纳型编码 nanocode","的思想是：微码中很多控制信号组合会重复出现，所以不要每条微指令都完整存一大串控制信号，而是把常见控制信号组合放到另一个 ROM 里，再由微码去索引它。",[998,3921,3922],{},[1001,3923],{"alt":1001,"src":3924},"\u002Fimg\u002FComputerOrganization\u002FL6a-SingleCycle-47.png",[1788,3926,3928],{"id":3927},"从cisc到risc","从CISC到RISC",[998,3930,3931],{},"因为快速 RAM 可以做指令缓存，简单 ISA 更适合硬连线流水线实现。编译器也变好了，很多复杂 CISC 指令其实很少被用到，所以不如设计简单、规则、容易流水线化的指令集，因此简单硬连线的 RISC 设计逐渐更有优势。",[1197,3933,3934],{"style":1199},[1201,3935,3936],{},[1204,3937,1207,3938,1207,3945],{"style":1206},[1209,3939,3940,1207],{"style":1448},[998,3941,3942],{},[1001,3943],{"alt":1001,"src":3944},"\u002Fimg\u002FComputerOrganization\u002FL6a-SingleCycle-48.png",[1209,3946,3947,1207],{"style":1440},[998,3948,3949],{},[1001,3950],{"alt":1001,"src":3951},"\u002Fimg\u002FComputerOrganization\u002FL6a-SingleCycle-49.png",[978,3953,3954],{"id":3954},"处理器性能",[998,3956,3957],{},"以ADD指令执行过程为例进行分析",[1197,3959,3960],{"style":1199},[1201,3961,3962],{},[1204,3963,1207,3964,1207,3971],{"style":1206},[1209,3965,3966,1207],{"style":1352},[998,3967,3968],{},[1001,3969],{"alt":1001,"src":3970},"\u002Fimg\u002FComputerOrganization\u002FL6a-SingleCycle-50.png",[1209,3972,3973,1207],{"style":1360},[998,3974,3975],{},[1001,3976],{"alt":1001,"src":3977},"\u002Fimg\u002FComputerOrganization\u002FL6a-SingleCycle-51.png",[1005,3979,3980],{"id":3980},"关键路径",[998,3982,3983,3984],{},"ADD指令执行的关键路径时间：",[1024,3985,3987,4129],{"className":3986},[2429],[1024,3988,3990],{"className":3989},[2433],[2435,3991,3992],{"xmlns":2437},[2439,3993,3994,4126],{},[2442,3995,3996,4016,4018,4034,4036,4039,4041,4044,4073,4075,4090,4092,4094,4107,4109],{},[3997,3998,3999,4001],"msub",{},[2445,4000,2701],{},[2442,4002,4003,4005,4007,4010,4013],{},[2445,4004,2501],{},[2445,4006,2737],{},[2445,4008,4009],{},"k",[2474,4011,4012],{},"−",[2445,4014,4015],{},"q",[2474,4017,2491],{},[3997,4019,4020,4022],{},[2445,4021,2701],{},[2442,4023,4024,4027,4029,4032],{},[2445,4025,4026],{},"I",[2445,4028,3515],{},[2445,4030,4031],{},"E",[2445,4033,3515],{},[2474,4035,2491],{},[2445,4037,4038],{},"m",[2445,4040,2454],{},[2445,4042,4043],{},"x",[2442,4045,4046,4058,4061],{},[3997,4047,4048,4050],{},[2445,4049,2701],{},[2442,4051,4052,4054,4056],{},[2445,4053,3509],{},[2445,4055,2465],{},[2445,4057,2745],{},[2474,4059,4060],{"separator":2529},",",[3997,4062,4063,4065],{},[2445,4064,2701],{},[2442,4066,4067,4069,4071],{},[2445,4068,4026],{},[2445,4070,4038],{},[2445,4072,4038],{},[2474,4074,2491],{},[3997,4076,4077,4079],{},[2445,4078,2701],{},[2442,4080,4081,4084,4087],{},[2445,4082,4083],{},"A",[2445,4085,4086],{},"L",[2445,4088,4089],{},"U",[2474,4091,2491],{},[2513,4093,3279],{},[3997,4095,4096,4098],{},[2445,4097,2701],{},[2442,4099,4100,4102,4105],{},[2445,4101,4038],{},[2445,4103,4104],{},"u",[2445,4106,4043],{},[2474,4108,2491],{},[3997,4110,4111,4113],{},[2445,4112,2701],{},[2442,4114,4115,4118,4120,4122,4124],{},[2445,4116,4117],{},"S",[2445,4119,2465],{},[2445,4121,2701],{},[2445,4123,4104],{},[2445,4125,998],{},[2521,4127,4128],{"encoding":2523},"t_{clk−q}+t_{IMEM}+max{t_{Reg},t_{Imm}}+t_{ALU}+2t_{mux}+t_{Setup}",[1024,4130,4132,4210,4282,4411,4473,4540],{"className":4131,"ariaHidden":2529},[2528],[1024,4133,4135,4139,4201,4204,4207],{"className":4134},[2533],[1024,4136],{"className":4137,"style":4138},[2537],"height:0.9012em;vertical-align:-0.2861em;",[1024,4140,4142,4145],{"className":4141},[2542],[1024,4143,2701],{"className":4144},[2542,2546],[1024,4146,4148],{"className":4147},[3647],[1024,4149,4152,4192],{"className":4150},[3651,4151],"vlist-t2",[1024,4153,4155,4187],{"className":4154},[3655],[1024,4156,4159],{"className":4157,"style":4158},[3659],"height:0.3361em;",[1024,4160,4162,4165],{"style":4161},"top:-2.55em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;",[1024,4163],{"className":4164,"style":3668},[3667],[1024,4166,4168],{"className":4167},[3672,3673,3674,3675],[1024,4169,4171,4174,4177,4181,4184],{"className":4170},[2542,3675],[1024,4172,2501],{"className":4173},[2542,2546,3675],[1024,4175,2737],{"className":4176,"style":2852},[2542,2546,3675],[1024,4178,4009],{"className":4179,"style":4180},[2542,2546,3675],"margin-right:0.0315em;",[1024,4182,4012],{"className":4183},[2607,3675],[1024,4185,4015],{"className":4186,"style":2862},[2542,2546,3675],[1024,4188,4191],{"className":4189},[4190],"vlist-s","​",[1024,4193,4195],{"className":4194},[3655],[1024,4196,4199],{"className":4197,"style":4198},[3659],"height:0.2861em;",[1024,4200],{},[1024,4202],{"className":4203,"style":2603},[2568],[1024,4205,2491],{"className":4206},[2607],[1024,4208],{"className":4209,"style":2603},[2568],[1024,4211,4213,4217,4273,4276,4279],{"className":4212},[2533],[1024,4214],{"className":4215,"style":4216},[2537],"height:0.7651em;vertical-align:-0.15em;",[1024,4218,4220,4223],{"className":4219},[2542],[1024,4221,2701],{"className":4222},[2542,2546],[1024,4224,4226],{"className":4225},[3647],[1024,4227,4229,4264],{"className":4228},[3651,4151],[1024,4230,4232,4261],{"className":4231},[3655],[1024,4233,4236],{"className":4234,"style":4235},[3659],"height:0.3283em;",[1024,4237,4238,4241],{"style":4161},[1024,4239],{"className":4240,"style":3668},[3667],[1024,4242,4244],{"className":4243},[3672,3673,3674,3675],[1024,4245,4247,4251,4254,4258],{"className":4246},[2542,3675],[1024,4248,4026],{"className":4249,"style":4250},[2542,2546,3675],"margin-right:0.0785em;",[1024,4252,3515],{"classNa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lw 限制，导致很多较短指令也必须等完整的 800 ps，硬件模块大部分时间会空闲。",[1197,4613,4614],{"style":1199},[1201,4615,4616],{},[1204,4617,1207,4618,1207,4626],{"style":1206},[1209,4619,4621,1207],{"style":4620},"width: 46.0%; text-align: center; border: none; padding: 0.3em; margin: 0;",[998,4622,4623],{},[1001,4624],{"alt":1001,"src":4625},"\u002Fimg\u002FComputerOrganization\u002FL6a-SingleCycle-53.png",[1209,4627,4629,1207],{"style":4628},"width: 53.0%; text-align: center; border: none; padding: 0.3em; margin: 0;",[998,4630,4631],{},[1001,4632],{"alt":1001,"src":4633},"\u002Fimg\u002FComputerOrganization\u002FL6a-SingleCycle-54.png",[1005,4635,4637],{"id":4636},"处理器性能的iron-law","处理器性能的“Iron Law”",[1024,4639,4641],{"className":4640},[3194],[1024,4642,4644,4678],{"className":4643},[2429],[1024,4645,4647],{"className":4646},[2433],[2435,4648,4649],{"xmlns":2437,"display":3203},[2439,4650,4651,4675],{},[2442,4652,4653,4657,4659,4662,4664,4666,4668,4670,4672],{},[4654,4655,4656],"mtext",{},"程序运行时间",[2474,4658,2476],{},[4654,4660,4661],{},"指令数",[2474,4663,3547],{},[2445,4665,2486],{},[2445,4667,2483],{},[2445,4669,4026],{},[2474,4671,3547],{},[4654,4673,4674],{},"时钟周期时间",[2521,4676,4677],{"encoding":2523},"程序运行时间=指令数×CPI×时钟周期时间",[1024,4679,4681,4700,4719,4743],{"className":4680,"ariaHidden":2529},[2528],[1024,4682,4684,4687,4691,4694,4697],{"className":4683},[2533],[1024,4685],{"className":4686,"style":3610},[2537],[1024,4688,4656],{"className":4689},[2542,4690],"cjk_fallback",[1024,4692],{"className":4693,"style":2569},[2568],[1024,4695,2476],{"className":4696},[2573],[1024,4698],{"className":4699,"style":2569},[2568],[1024,4701,4703,4707,4710,4713,4716],{"className":4702},[2533],[1024,4704],{"className":4705,"style":4706},[2537],"height:0.7667em;vertical-align:-0.0833em;",[1024,4708,4661],{"className":4709},[2542,4690],[1024,4711],{"className":4712,"style":2603},[2568],[1024,4714,3547],{"className":4715},[2607],[1024,4717],{"className":4718,"style":2603},[2568],[1024,4720,4722,4725,4728,4731,4734,4737,4740],{"className":4721},[2533],[1024,4723],{"className":4724,"style":4706},[2537],[1024,4726,2486],{"className":4727,"style":2596},[2542,2546],[1024,4729,2483],{"className":4730,"style":2592},[2542,2546],[1024,4732,4026],{"className":4733,"style":4250},[2542,2546],[1024,4735],{"className":4736,"style":2603},[2568],[1024,4738,3547],{"className":4739},[2607],[1024,4741],{"className":4742,"style":2603},[2568],[1024,4744,4746,4749],{"className":4745},[2533],[1024,4747],{"className":4748,"style":3610},[2537],[1024,4750,4674],{"className":4751},[2542,4690],[1024,4753,4755],{"className":4754},[3194],[1024,4756,4758,4918],{"className":4757},[2429],[1024,4759,4761],{"className":4760},[2433],[2435,4762,4763],{"xmlns":2437,"display":3203},[2439,4764,4765,4915],{},[2442,4766,4767,4770,4800,4802,4846,4848,4889,4891],{},[4654,4768,4769],{},"即",[4771,4772,4773,4784],"mfrac",{},[2442,4774,4775,4778,4780,4782],{},[2445,4776,4777],{},"T",[2445,4779,2742],{},[2445,4781,4038],{},[2445,4783,2465],{},[2442,4785,4786,4788,4790,4792,4794,4796,4798],{},[2445,4787,2483],{},[2445,4789,2462],{},[2445,4791,2496],{},[2445,4793,2745],{},[2445,4795,2462],{},[2445,4797,2454],{},[2445,4799,4038],{},[2474,4801,2476],{},[4771,4803,4804,4830],{},[2442,4805,4806,4808,4810,4812,4814,4816,4818,4820,4822,4824,4826,4828],{},[2445,4807,4026],{},[2445,4809,2728],{},[2445,4811,2468],{},[2445,4813,2701],{},[2445,4815,2462],{},[2445,4817,4104],{},[2445,4819,2501],{},[2445,4821,2701],{},[2445,4823,2742],{},[2445,4825,2496],{},[2445,4827,2728],{},[2445,4829,2468],{},[2442,4831,4832,4834,4836,4838,4840,4842,4844],{},[2445,4833,2483],{},[2445,4835,2462],{},[2445,4837,2496],{},[2445,4839,2745],{},[2445,4841,2462],{},[2445,4843,2454],{},[2445,4845,4038],{},[2474,4847,3547],{},[4771,4849,4850,4865],{},[2442,4851,4852,4854,4857,4859,4861,4863],{},[2445,4853,2486],{},[2445,4855,4856],{},"y",[2445,4858,2501],{},[2445,4860,2737],{},[2445,4862,2465],{},[2445,4864,2468],{},[2442,4866,4867,4869,4871,4873,4875,4877,4879,4881,4883,4885,4887],{},[2445,4868,4026],{},[2445,4870,2728],{},[2445,4872,2468],{},[2445,4874,2701],{},[2445,4876,2462],{},[2445,4878,4104],{},[2445,4880,2501],{},[2445,4882,2701],{},[2445,4884,2742],{},[2445,4886,2496],{},[2445,4888,2728],{},[2474,4890,3547],{},[4771,4892,4893,4903],{},[2442,4894,4895,4897,4899,4901],{},[2445,4896,4777],{},[2445,4898,2742],{},[2445,4900,4038],{},[2445,4902,2465],{},[2442,4904,4905,4907,4909,4911,4913],{},[2445,4906,2486],{},[2445,4908,4856],{},[2445,4910,2501],{},[2445,4912,2737],{},[2445,4914,2465],{},[2521,4916,4917],{"encoding":2523},"即 \\frac{Time}{Program}=\\frac{Instructions}{Program}×\\frac{Cycles}{Instruction}×\\frac{Time}{Cycle}",[1024,4919,4921,5036,5161,5284],{"className":4920,"ariaHidden":2529},[2528],[1024,4922,4924,4928,4931,5027,5030,5033],{"className":4923},[2533],[1024,4925],{"className":4926,"style":4927},[2537],"height:2.2408em;vertical-align:-0.8804em;",[1024,4929,4769],{"className":4930},[2542,4690],[1024,4932,4934,4939,5023],{"className":4933},[2542],[1024,4935],{"className":4936},[4937,4938],"mopen","nulldelimiter",[1024,4940,4942],{"className":4941},[4771],[1024,4943,4945,5014],{"className":4944},[3651,4151],[1024,4946,4948,5011],{"className":4947},[3655],[1024,4949,4952,4981,4992],{"className":4950,"style":4951},[3659],"height:1.3603em;",[1024,4953,4955,4959],{"style":4954},"top:-2.314em;",[1024,4956],{"className":4957,"style":4958},[3667],"height:3em;",[1024,4960,4962,4965,4968,4971,4974,4977],{"className":4961},[2542],[1024,4963,2483],{"className":4964,"style":2592},[2542,2546],[1024,4966,2462],{"className":4967,"style":2557},[2542,2546],[1024,4969,2496],{"className":4970},[2542,2546],[1024,4972,2745],{"className":4973,"style":2862},[2542,2546],[1024,4975,2462],{"className":4976,"style":2557},[2542,2546],[1024,4978,4980],{"className":4979},[2542,2546],"am",[1024,4982,4984,4987],{"style":4983},"top:-3.23em;",[1024,4985],{"className":4986,"style":4958},[3667],[1024,4988],{"className":4989,"style":4991},[4990],"frac-line","border-bottom-width:0.04em;",[1024,4993,4995,4998],{"style":4994},"top:-3.677em;",[1024,4996],{"className":4997,"style":4958},[3667],[1024,4999,5001,5004,5008],{"className":5000},[2542],[1024,5002,4777],{"className":5003,"style":2592},[2542,2546],[1024,5005,5007],{"className":5006},[2542,2546],"im",[1024,5009,2465],{"className":5010},[2542,2546],[1024,5012,4191],{"className":5013},[4190],[1024,5015,5017],{"className":5016},[3655],[1024,5018,5021],{"className":5019,"style":5020},[3659],"height:0.8804em;",[1024,5022],{},[1024,5024],{"className":5025},[5026,4938],"mclose",[1024,5028],{"className":5029,"style":2569},[2568],[1024,5031,2476],{"className":5032},[2573],[1024,5034],{"className":5035,"style":2569},[2568],[1024,5037,5039,5042,5152,5155,5158],{"className":5038},[2533],[1024,5040],{"className":5041,"style":4927},[2537],[1024,5043,5045,5048,5149],{"className":5044},[2542],[1024,5046],{"className":5047},[4937,4938],[1024,5049,5051],{"className":5050},[4771],[1024,5052,5054,5141],{"className":5053},[3651,4151],[1024,5055,5057,5138],{"className":5056},[3655],[1024,5058,5060,5086,5094],{"className":5059,"style":4951},[3659],[1024,5061,5062,5065],{"style":4954},[1024,5063],{"className":5064,"style":4958},[3667],[1024,5066,5068,5071,5074,5077,5080,5083],{"className":5067},[2542],[1024,5069,2483],{"className":5070,"style":2592},[2542,2546],[1024,5072,2462],{"className":5073,"style":2557},[2542,2546],[1024,5075,2496],{"className":5076},[2542,2546],[1024,5078,2745],{"className":5079,"style":2862},[2542,2546],[1024,5081,2462],{"className":5082,"style":2557},[2542,2546],[1024,5084,4980],{"className":5085},[2542,2546],[1024,5087,5088,5091],{"style":4983},[1024,5089],{"className":5090,"style":4958},[3667],[1024,5092],{"className":5093,"style":4991},[4990],[1024,5095,5096,5099],{"style":4994},[1024,5097],{"className":5098,"style":4958},[3667],[1024,5100,5102,5105,5108,5111,5114,5117,5120,5123,5126,5129,5132,5135],{"className":5101},[2542],[1024,5103,4026],{"className":5104,"style":4250},[2542,2546],[1024,5106,2728],{"className":5107},[2542,2546],[1024,5109,2468],{"className":5110},[2542,2546],[1024,5112,2701],{"className":5113},[2542,2546],[1024,5115,2462],{"className":5116,"style":2557},[2542,2546],[1024,5118,4104],{"className":5119},[2542,2546],[1024,5121,2501],{"className":5122},[2542,2546],[1024,5124,2701],{"className":5125},[2542,2546],[1024,5127,2742],{"className":5128},[2542,2546],[1024,5130,2496],{"className":5131},[2542,2546],[1024,5133,2728],{"className":5134},[2542,2546],[1024,5136,2468],{"className":5137},[2542,2546],[1024,5139,4191],{"className":5140},[4190],[1024,5142,5144],{"className":5143},[3655],[1024,5145,5147],{"className":5146,"style":5020},[3659],[1024,5148],{},[1024,5150],{"className":5151},[5026,4938],[1024,5153],{"className":5154,"style":2603},[2568],[1024,5156,3547],{"className":5157},[2607],[1024,5159],{"className":5160,"style":2603},[2568],[1024,5162,5164,5168,5275,5278,5281],{"className":5163},[2533],[1024,5165],{"className":5166,"style":5167},[2537],"height:2.0574em;vertical-align:-0.686em;",[1024,5169,5171,5174,5272],{"className":5170},[2542],[1024,5172],{"className":5173},[4937,4938],[1024,5175,5177],{"className":5176},[4771],[1024,5178,5180,5263],{"className":5179},[3651,4151],[1024,5181,5183,5260],{"className":5182},[3655],[1024,5184,5187,5228,5236],{"className":5185,"style":5186},[3659],"height:1.3714em;",[1024,5188,5189,5192],{"style":4954},[1024,5190],{"className":5191,"style":4958},[3667],[1024,5193,5195,5198,5201,5204,5207,5210,5213,5216,5219,5222,5225],{"className":5194},[2542],[1024,5196,4026],{"className":5197,"style":4250},[2542,2546],[1024,5199,2728],{"className":5200},[2542,2546],[1024,5202,2468],{"className":5203},[2542,2546],[1024,5205,2701],{"className":5206},[2542,2546],[1024,5208,2462],{"className":5209,"style":2557},[2542,2546],[1024,5211,4104],{"className":5212},[2542,2546],[1024,5214,2501],{"className":5215},[2542,2546],[1024,5217,2701],{"className":5218},[2542,2546],[1024,5220,2742],{"className":5221},[2542,2546],[1024,5223,2496],{"className":5224},[2542,2546],[1024,5226,2728],{"className":5227},[2542,2546],[1024,5229,5230,5233],{"style":4983},[1024,5231],{"className":5232,"style":4958},[3667],[1024,5234],{"className":5235,"style":4991},[4990],[1024,5237,5238,5241],{"style":4994},[1024,5239],{"className":5240,"style":4958},[3667],[1024,5242,5244,5247,5250,5253,5256],{"className":5243},[2542],[1024,5245,2486],{"className":5246,"style":2596},[2542,2546],[1024,5248,4856],{"className":5249,"style":2862},[2542,2546],[1024,5251,2501],{"className":5252},[2542,2546],[1024,5254,2737],{"className":5255,"style":2852},[2542,2546],[1024,5257,5259],{"className":5258},[2542,2546],"es",[1024,5261,4191],{"className":5262},[4190],[1024,5264,5266],{"className":5265},[3655],[1024,5267,5270],{"className":5268,"style":5269},[3659],"height:0.686em;",[1024,5271],{},[1024,5273],{"className":5274},[5026,4938],[1024,5276],{"className":5277,"style":2603},[2568],[1024,5279,3547],{"className":5280},[2607],[1024,5282],{"className":5283,"style":2603},[2568],[1024,5285,5287,5290],{"className":5286},[2533],[1024,5288],{"className":5289,"style":4927},[2537],[1024,5291,5293,5296,5367],{"className":5292},[2542],[1024,5294],{"className":5295},[4937,4938],[1024,5297,5299],{"className":5298},[4771],[1024,5300,5302,5359],{"className":5301},[3651,4151],[1024,5303,5305,5356],{"className":5304},[3655],[1024,5306,5308,5331,5339],{"className":5307,"style":4951},[3659],[1024,5309,5310,5313],{"style":4954},[1024,5311],{"className":5312,"style":4958},[3667],[1024,5314,5316,5319,5322,5325,5328],{"className":5315},[2542],[1024,5317,2486],{"className":5318,"style":2596},[2542,2546],[1024,5320,4856],{"className":5321,"style":2862},[2542,2546],[1024,5323,2501],{"className":5324},[2542,2546],[1024,5326,2737],{"className":5327,"style":2852},[2542,2546],[1024,5329,2465],{"className":5330},[2542,2546],[1024,5332,5333,5336],{"style":4983},[1024,5334],{"className":5335,"style":4958},[3667],[1024,5337],{"className":5338,"style":4991},[4990],[1024,5340,5341,5344],{"style":4994},[1024,5342],{"className":5343,"style":4958},[3667],[1024,5345,5347,5350,5353],{"className":5346},[2542],[1024,5348,4777],{"className":5349,"style":2592},[2542,2546],[1024,5351,5007],{"className":5352},[2542,2546],[1024,5354,2465],{"className":5355},[2542,2546],[1024,5357,4191],{"className":5358},[4190],[1024,5360,5362],{"className":5361},[3655],[1024,5363,5365],{"className":5364,"style":5020},[3659],[1024,5366],{},[1024,5368],{"className":5369},[5026,4938],[982,5371,5372,5378,5400],{},[985,5373,5374,5375,5377],{},"每个程序的",[1260,5376,4661],{},"取决于：任务、算法、源代码、编程语言、编译器和指令集架构 ISA。",[985,5379,5380,5381,5384,5385,5388,5389,5392,5393,5396,5397],{},"每指令周期数 ",[1260,5382,5383],{},"CPI"," 取决于 ISA 和微架构，如：单周期 RISC-V 设计的",[1260,5386,5387],{},"CPI = 1","；复杂指令，例如 ",[1102,5390,5391],{"code":5391},"strcpy","的",[1260,5394,5395],{},"CPI >> 1；","超标量处理器的",[1260,5398,5399],{},"CPI \u003C 1。",[985,5401,5402,5403,5406],{},"每个",[1260,5404,5405],{},"周期的时间","取决于微架构和工艺技术。",[1016,5408,5409],{"id":5409},"速度权衡示例",[998,5411,5412],{},"尽管处理器B执行了更多的指令，并且具有较低的时钟速率，但 对于这个任务，处理器B更快!",[998,5414,5415],{},[1001,5416],{"alt":1001,"src":5417},"\u002Fimg\u002FComputerOrganization\u002FL6a-SingleCycle-55.png",[1005,5419,5421],{"id":5420},"处理器能耗的iron-law","处理器能耗的“Iron Law”",[998,5423,5424],{},"简单来说，一个程序\u002F任务消耗的总能量 = 指令数 × 每条指令消耗的能量，即下面式子：",[1024,5426,5428],{"className":5427},[3194],[1024,5429,5431,5469],{"className":5430},[2429],[1024,5432,5434],{"className":5433},[2433],[2435,5435,5436],{"xmlns":2437,"display":3203},[2439,5437,5438,5466],{},[2442,5439,5440,5448,5450,5457,5459],{},[4771,5441,5442,5445],{},[4654,5443,5444],{},"Energy",[4654,5446,5447],{},"Program",[2474,5449,2476],{},[4771,5451,5452,5455],{},[4654,5453,5454],{},"Instructions",[4654,5456,5447],{},[2474,5458,3547],{},[4771,5460,5461,5463],{},[4654,5462,5444],{},[4654,5464,5465],{},"Instruction",[2521,5467,5468],{"encoding":2523},"\\frac{\\text{Energy}}{\\text{Program}} = \\frac{\\text{Instructions}}{\\text{Program}} \\times \\frac{\\text{Energy}}{\\text{Instruction}}",[1024,5470,5472,5556,5639],{"className":5471,"ariaHidden":2529},[2528],[1024,5473,5475,5478,5547,5550,5553],{"className":5474},[2533],[1024,5476],{"className":5477,"style":4927},[2537],[1024,5479,5481,5484,5544],{"className":5480},[2542],[1024,5482],{"className":5483},[4937,4938],[1024,5485,5487],{"className":5486},[4771],[1024,5488,5490,5536],{"className":5489},[3651,4151],[1024,5491,5493,5533],{"className":5492},[3655],[1024,5494,5496,5511,5519],{"className":5495,"style":4951},[3659],[1024,5497,5498,5501],{"style":4954},[1024,5499],{"className":5500,"style":4958},[3667],[1024,5502,5504],{"className":5503},[2542],[1024,5505,5508],{"className":5506},[2542,5507],"text",[1024,5509,5447],{"className":5510},[2542],[1024,5512,5513,5516],{"style":4983},[1024,5514],{"className":5515,"style":4958},[3667],[1024,5517],{"className":5518,"style":4991},[4990],[1024,5520,5521,5524],{"style":4994},[1024,5522],{"className":5523,"style":4958},[3667],[1024,5525,5527],{"className":5526},[2542],[1024,5528,5530],{"className":5529},[2542,5507],[1024,5531,5444],{"className":5532},[2542],[1024,5534,4191],{"className":5535},[4190],[1024,5537,5539],{"className":5538},[3655],[1024,5540,5542],{"className":5541,"style":5020},[3659],[1024,5543],{},[1024,5545],{"className":5546},[5026,4938],[1024,5548],{"className":5549,"style":2569},[2568],[1024,5551,2476],{"className":5552},[2573],[1024,5554],{"className":5555,"style":2569},[2568],[1024,5557,5559,5562,5630,5633,5636],{"className":5558},[2533],[1024,5560],{"className":5561,"style":4927},[2537],[1024,5563,5565,5568,5627],{"className":5564},[2542],[1024,5566],{"className":5567},[4937,4938],[1024,5569,5571],{"className":5570},[4771],[1024,5572,5574,5619],{"className":5573},[3651,4151],[1024,5575,5577,5616],{"className":5576},[3655],[1024,5578,5580,5594,5602],{"className":5579,"style":4951},[3659],[1024,5581,5582,5585],{"style":4954},[1024,5583],{"className":5584,"style":4958},[3667],[1024,5586,5588],{"className":5587},[2542],[1024,5589,5591],{"className":5590},[2542,5507],[1024,5592,5447],{"className":5593},[2542],[1024,5595,5596,5599],{"style":4983},[1024,5597],{"className":5598,"style":4958},[3667],[1024,5600],{"className":5601,"style":4991},[4990],[1024,5603,5604,5607],{"style":4994},[1024,5605],{"className":5606,"style":4958},[3667],[1024,5608,5610],{"className":5609},[2542],[1024,5611,5613],{"className":5612},[2542,5507],[1024,5614,5454],{"className":5615},[2542],[1024,5617,4191],{"className":5618},[4190],[1024,5620,5622],{"className":5621},[3655],[1024,5623,5625],{"className":5624,"style":5020},[3659],[1024,5626],{},[1024,5628],{"className":5629},[5026,4938],[1024,5631],{"className":5632,"style":2603},[2568],[1024,5634,3547],{"className":5635},[2607],[1024,5637],{"className":5638,"style":2603},[2568],[1024,5640,5642,5646],{"className":5641},[2533],[1024,5643],{"className":5644,"style":5645},[2537],"height:2.0463em;vertical-align:-0.686em;",[1024,5647,5649,5652,5711],{"className":5648},[2542],[1024,5650],{"className":5651},[4937,4938],[1024,5653,5655],{"className":5654},[4771],[1024,5656,5658,5703],{"className":5657},[3651,4151],[1024,5659,5661,5700],{"className":5660},[3655],[1024,5662,5664,5678,5686],{"className":5663,"style":4951},[3659],[1024,5665,5666,5669],{"style":4954},[1024,5667],{"className":5668,"style":4958},[3667],[1024,5670,5672],{"className":5671},[2542],[1024,5673,5675],{"className":5674},[2542,5507],[1024,5676,5465],{"className":5677},[2542],[1024,5679,5680,5683],{"style":4983},[1024,5681],{"className":5682,"style":4958},[3667],[1024,5684],{"className":5685,"style":4991},[4990],[1024,5687,5688,5691],{"style":4994},[1024,5689],{"className":5690,"style":4958},[3667],[1024,5692,5694],{"className":5693},[2542],[1024,5695,5697],{"className":5696},[2542,5507],[1024,5698,5444],{"className":5699},[2542],[1024,5701,4191],{"className":5702},[4190],[1024,5704,5706],{"className":5705},[3655],[1024,5707,5709],{"className":5708,"style":5269},[3659],[1024,5710],{},[1024,5712],{"className":5713},[5026,4938],[998,5715,5716,5717,5720,5721],{},"一个程序消耗的总能量正比于",[1260,5718,5719],{},"指令数，电容和电压","：",[1024,5722,5724,5762],{"className":5723},[2429],[1024,5725,5727],{"className":5726},[2433],[2435,5728,5729],{"xmlns":2437},[2439,5730,5731,5759],{},[2442,5732,5733,5739,5742,5748,5750,5752],{},[4771,5734,5735,5737],{},[4654,5736,5444],{},[4654,5738,5447],{},[2474,5740,5741],{},"∝",[4771,5743,5744,5746],{},[4654,5745,5454],{},[4654,5747,5447],{},[2474,5749,3547],{},[2445,5751,2486],{},[3519,5753,5754,5757],{},[2445,5755,5756],{},"V",[2513,5758,3279],{},[2521,5760,5761],{"encoding":2523},"\\frac{\\text{Energy}}{\\text{Program}} \\propto \\frac{\\text{Instructions}}{\\text{Program}} \\times C V^2",[1024,5763,5765,5859,5951],{"className":5764,"ariaHidden":2529},[2528],[1024,5766,5768,5772,5850,5853,5856],{"className":5767},[2533],[1024,5769],{"className":5770,"style":5771},[2537],"height:1.4055em;vertical-align:-0.4811em;",[1024,5773,5775,5778,5847],{"className":5774},[2542],[1024,5776],{"className":5777},[4937,4938],[1024,5779,5781],{"className":5780},[4771],[1024,5782,5784,5838],{"className":5783},[3651,4151],[1024,5785,5787,5835],{"className":5786},[3655],[1024,5788,5791,5809,5817],{"className":5789,"style":5790},[3659],"height:0.9244em;",[1024,5792,5794,5797],{"style":5793},"top:-2.655em;",[1024,5795],{"className":5796,"style":4958},[3667],[1024,5798,5800],{"className":5799},[3672,3673,3674,3675],[1024,5801,5803],{"className":5802},[2542,3675],[1024,5804,5806],{"className":5805},[2542,5507,3675],[1024,5807,5447],{"className":5808},[2542,3675],[1024,5810,5811,5814],{"style":4983},[1024,5812],{"className":5813,"style":4958},[3667],[1024,5815],{"className":5816,"style":4991},[4990],[1024,5818,5820,5823],{"style":5819},"top:-3.4461em;",[1024,5821],{"className":5822,"style":4958},[3667],[1024,5824,5826],{"className":5825},[3672,3673,3674,3675],[1024,5827,5829],{"className":5828},[2542,3675],[1024,5830,5832],{"className":5831},[2542,5507,3675],[1024,5833,5444],{"className":5834},[2542,3675],[1024,5836,4191],{"className":5837},[4190],[1024,5839,5841],{"className":5840},[3655],[1024,5842,5845],{"className":5843,"style":5844},[3659],"height:0.4811em;",[1024,5846],{},[1024,5848],{"className":5849},[5026,4938],[1024,5851],{"className":5852,"style":2569},[2568],[1024,5854,5741],{"className":5855},[2573],[1024,5857],{"className":5858,"style":2569},[2568],[1024,5860,5862,5866,5942,5945,5948],{"className":5861},[2533],[1024,5863],{"className":5864,"style":5865},[2537],"height:1.3534em;vertical-align:-0.4811em;",[1024,5867,5869,5872,5939],{"className":5868},[2542],[1024,5870],{"className":5871},[4937,4938],[1024,5873,5875],{"className":5874},[4771],[1024,5876,5878,5931],{"className":5877},[3651,4151],[1024,5879,5881,5928],{"className":5880},[3655],[1024,5882,5885,5902,5910],{"className":5883,"style":5884},[3659],"height:0.8723em;",[1024,5886,5887,5890],{"style":5793},[1024,5888],{"className":5889,"style":4958},[3667],[1024,5891,5893],{"className":5892},[3672,3673,3674,3675],[1024,5894,5896],{"className":5895},[2542,3675],[1024,5897,5899],{"className":5898},[2542,5507,3675],[1024,5900,5447],{"className":5901},[2542,3675],[1024,5903,5904,5907],{"style":4983},[1024,5905],{"className":5906,"style":4958},[3667],[1024,5908],{"className":5909,"style":4991},[4990],[1024,5911,5913,5916],{"style":5912},"top:-3.394em;",[1024,5914],{"className":5915,"style":4958},[3667],[1024,5917,5919],{"className":5918},[3672,3673,3674,3675],[1024,5920,5922],{"className":5921},[2542,3675],[1024,5923,5925],{"className":5924},[2542,5507,3675],[1024,5926,5454],{"className":5927},[2542,3675],[1024,5929,4191],{"className":5930},[4190],[1024,5932,5934],{"className":5933},[3655],[1024,5935,5937],{"className":5936,"style":5844},[3659],[1024,5938],{},[1024,5940],{"className":5941},[5026,4938],[1024,5943],{"className":5944,"style":2603},[2568],[1024,5946,3547],{"className":5947},[2607],[1024,5949],{"className":5950,"style":2603},[2568],[1024,5952,5954,5958,5961],{"className":5953},[2533],[1024,5955],{"className":5956,"style":5957},[2537],"height:0.8141em;",[1024,5959,2486],{"className":5960,"style":2596},[2542,2546],[1024,5962,5964,5967],{"className":5963},[2542],[1024,5965,5756],{"className":5966,"style":2603},[2542,2546],[1024,5968,5970],{"className":5969},[3647],[1024,5971,5973],{"className":5972},[3651],[1024,5974,5976],{"className":5975},[3655],[1024,5977,5979],{"className":5978,"style":5957},[3659],[1024,5980,5982,5985],{"style":5981},"top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;",[1024,5983],{"className":5984,"style":3668},[3667],[1024,5986,5988],{"className":5987},[3672,3673,3674,3675],[1024,5989,3279],{"className":5990},[2542,3675],[1016,5992,5993],{"id":5993},"能耗权衡的例子",[998,5995,5996],{},[1001,5997],{"alt":1001,"src":5998},"\u002Fimg\u002FComputerOrganization\u002FL6a-SingleCycle-56.png",[998,6000,6001],{},"电容C降低15%，即0.85C；电压V降低15%，即0.85C。",[998,6003,6004,6005,6166,6167],{},"又",[1024,6006,6008,6036],{"className":6007},[2429],[1024,6009,6011],{"className":6010},[2433],[2435,6012,6013],{"xmlns":2437},[2439,6014,6015,6033],{},[2442,6016,6017,6023,6025,6027],{},[4771,6018,6019,6021],{},[4654,6020,5444],{},[4654,6022,5447],{},[2474,6024,5741],{},[2445,6026,2486],{},[3519,6028,6029,6031],{},[2445,6030,5756],{},[2513,6032,3279],{},[2521,6034,6035],{"encoding":2523},"\\frac{\\text{Energy}}{\\text{Program}} \\propto C V^2",[1024,6037,6039,6128],{"className":6038,"ariaHidden":2529},[2528],[1024,6040,6042,6045,6119,6122,6125],{"className":6041},[2533],[1024,6043],{"className":6044,"style":5771},[2537],[1024,6046,6048,6051,6116],{"className":6047},[2542],[1024,6049],{"className":6050},[4937,4938],[1024,6052,6054],{"className":6053},[4771],[1024,6055,6057,6108],{"className":6056},[3651,4151],[1024,6058,6060,6105],{"className":6059},[3655],[1024,6061,6063,6080,6088],{"className":6062,"style":5790},[3659],[1024,6064,6065,6068],{"style":5793},[1024,6066],{"className":6067,"style":4958},[3667],[1024,6069,6071],{"className":6070},[3672,3673,3674,3675],[1024,6072,6074],{"className":6073},[2542,3675],[1024,6075,6077],{"className":6076},[2542,5507,3675],[1024,6078,5447],{"className":6079},[2542,3675],[1024,6081,6082,6085],{"style":4983},[1024,6083],{"className":6084,"style":4958},[3667],[1024,6086],{"className":6087,"style":4991},[4990],[1024,6089,6090,6093],{"style":5819},[1024,6091],{"className":6092,"style":4958},[3667],[1024,6094,6096],{"className":6095},[3672,3673,3674,3675],[1024,6097,6099],{"className":6098},[2542,3675],[1024,6100,6102],{"className":6101},[2542,5507,3675],[1024,6103,5444],{"className":6104},[2542,3675],[1024,6106,4191],{"className":6107},[4190],[1024,6109,6111],{"className":6110},[3655],[1024,6112,6114],{"className":6113,"style":5844},[3659],[1024,6115],{},[1024,6117],{"className":6118},[5026,4938],[1024,6120],{"className":6121,"style":2569},[2568],[1024,6123,5741],{"className":6124},[2573],[1024,6126],{"className":6127,"style":2569},[2568],[1024,6129,6131,6134,6137],{"className":6130},[2533],[1024,6132],{"className":6133,"style":5957},[2537],[1024,6135,2486],{"className":6136,"style":2596},[2542,2546],[1024,6138,6140,6143],{"className":6139},[2542],[1024,6141,5756],{"className":6142,"style":2603},[2542,2546],[1024,6144,6146],{"className":6145},[3647],[1024,6147,6149],{"className":6148},[3651],[1024,6150,6152],{"className":6151},[3655],[1024,6153,6155],{"className":6154,"style":5957},[3659],[1024,6156,6157,6160],{"style":5981},[1024,6158],{"className":6159,"style":3668},[3667],[1024,6161,6163],{"className":6162},[3672,3673,3674,3675],[1024,6164,3279],{"className":6165},[2542,3675],"，所以新能耗大约是：",[1024,6168,6170,6208],{"className":6169},[2429],[1024,6171,6173],{"className":6172},[2433],[2435,6174,6175],{"xmlns":2437},[2439,6176,6177,6205],{},[2442,6178,6179,6182,6184,6190,6192,6199,6202],{},[2513,6180,6181],{},"0.85",[2474,6183,3547],{},[3519,6185,6186,6188],{},[2513,6187,6181],{},[2513,6189,3279],{},[2474,6191,2476],{},[3519,6193,6194,6196],{},[2513,6195,6181],{},[2513,6197,6198],{},"3",[2474,6200,6201],{},"≈",[2513,6203,6204],{},"0.614",[2521,6206,6207],{"encoding":2523},"0.85 \\times 0.85^2 = 0.85^3 \\approx 0.614",[1024,6209,6211,6229,6277,6324],{"className":6210,"ariaHidden":2529},[2528],[1024,6212,6214,6217,6220,6223,6226],{"className":6213},[2533],[1024,6215],{"className":6216,"style":2654},[2537],[1024,6218,6181],{"className":6219},[2542],[1024,6221],{"className":6222,"style":2603},[2568],[1024,6224,3547],{"className":6225},[2607],[1024,6227],{"className":6228,"style":2603},[2568],[1024,6230,6232,6235,6239,6268,6271,6274],{"className":6231},[2533],[1024,6233],{"className":6234,"style":5957},[2537],[1024,6236,6238],{"className":6237},[2542],"0.8",[1024,6240,6242,6245],{"className":6241},[2542],[1024,6243,3274],{"className":6244},[2542],[1024,6246,6248],{"className":6247},[3647],[1024,6249,6251],{"className":6250},[3651],[1024,6252,6254],{"className":6253},[3655],[1024,6255,6257],{"className":6256,"style":5957},[3659],[1024,6258,6259,6262],{"style":5981},[1024,6260],{"className":6261,"style":3668},[3667],[1024,6263,6265],{"className":6264},[3672,3673,3674,3675],[1024,6266,3279],{"className":6267},[2542,3675],[1024,6269],{"className":6270,"style":2569},[2568],[1024,6272,2476],{"className":6273},[2573],[1024,6275],{"className":6276,"style":2569},[2568],[1024,6278,6280,6283,6286,6315,6318,6321],{"className":6279},[2533],[1024,6281],{"className":6282,"style":5957},[2537],[1024,6284,6238],{"className":6285},[2542],[1024,6287,6289,6292],{"className":6288},[2542],[1024,6290,3274],{"className":6291},[2542],[1024,6293,6295],{"className":6294},[3647],[1024,6296,6298],{"className":6297},[3651],[1024,6299,6301],{"className":6300},[3655],[1024,6302,6304],{"className":6303,"style":5957},[3659],[1024,6305,6306,6309],{"style":5981},[1024,6307],{"className":6308,"style":3668},[3667],[1024,6310,6312],{"className":6311},[3672,3673,3674,3675],[1024,6313,6198],{"className":6314},[2542,3675],[1024,6316],{"className":6317,"style":2569},[2568],[1024,6319,6201],{"className":6320},[2573],[1024,6322],{"className":6323,"style":2569},[2568],[1024,6325,6327,6330],{"className":6326},[2533],[1024,6328],{"className":6329,"style":2673},[2537],[1024,6331,6204],{"className":6332},[2542],[998,6334,6335,6336,6339,6340],{},"也就是原来的 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的手机，需要更好的能耗效率来延长电池寿命。",{"title":6356,"searchDepth":6357,"depth":6357,"links":6358},"",4,[6359,6369,6411,6427],{"id":980,"depth":6360,"text":980,"children":6361},2,[6362,6368],{"id":1007,"depth":6363,"text":1008,"children":6364},3,[6365,6366,6367],{"id":1018,"depth":6357,"text":1019},{"id":1051,"depth":6357,"text":1052},{"id":1058,"depth":6357,"text":1059},{"id":1076,"depth":6363,"text":1076},{"id":1087,"depth":6360,"text":1088,"children":6370},[6371,6377,6380,6384,6388,6397,6400,6407],{"id":1096,"depth":6363,"text":1097,"children":6372},[6373,6374,6375,6376],{"id":1121,"depth":6357,"text":1122},{"id":1227,"depth":6357,"text":1228},{"id":1242,"depth":6357,"text":1243},{"id":1254,"depth":6357,"text":1255},{"id":1287,"depth":6363,"text":1288,"children":6378},[6379],{"id":1303,"depth":6357,"text":1304},{"id":1371,"depth":6363,"text":1372,"children":6381},[6382,6383],{"id":1389,"depth":6357,"text":1390},{"id":1456,"depth":6357,"text":1456},{"id":1486,"depth":6363,"text":1487,"children":6385},[6386,6387],{"id":1535,"depth":6357,"text":1536},{"id":1603,"depth":6357,"text":1604},{"id":1643,"depth":6363,"text":1643,"children":6389},[6390,6391,6392],{"id":1676,"depth":6357,"text":1676},{"id":1735,"depth":6357,"text":1735},{"id":1746,"depth":6357,"text":1746,"children":6393},[6394,6396],{"id":1790,"depth":6395,"text":1790},5,{"id":1810,"depth":6395,"text":1811},{"id":1841,"depth":6363,"text":1842,"children":6398},[6399],{"id":1918,"depth":6357,"text":1919},{"id":1972,"depth":6363,"text":1973,"children":6401},[6402,6404,6406],{"id":2001,"depth":6395,"text":6403},"JAL 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