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17:12:56",{"text":11,"minutes":126,"time":127,"words":128},2.1,126000,420,{"stem":130,"path":131,"title":132,"date":133,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":134},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F2.sophomore-autumn\u002FProbability-Theory","\u002F2025\u002F01\u002F21\u002FProbability-Theory","概率论与数理统计","2025-01-21 12:52:11",{"text":11,"minutes":135,"time":136,"words":137},2.205,132300,441,{"stem":139,"path":140,"title":141,"date":142,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":143},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F2.sophomore-autumn\u002Fengineering-training","\u002F2024\u002F09\u002F17\u002Fengineering-training","工程训练","2024-09-17 21:40:26",{"text":11,"minutes":144,"time":145,"words":146},2.385,143100,477,{"stem":148,"path":149,"title":150,"date":78,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":151},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F2.sophomore-autumn\u002Findex","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fsophomore-autumn","大二秋冬",{"text":80,"minutes":81,"time":81,"words":81},{"stem":153,"path":154,"title":155,"date":156,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":157},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F2.sophomore-autumn\u002Fsolid-state-physics","\u002F2024\u002F09\u002F11\u002Fsolid-state-physics","固体物理基础","2024-09-11 19:15:26",{"text":158,"minutes":159,"time":160,"words":161},"4 min read",3.21,192600,642,{"stem":163,"path":164,"title":165,"date":166,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":167},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F3.sophomore-spring\u002FAIFrontier","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fsophomore-spring\u002Faifrontier","人工智能前沿","2025-06-12 14:58:16",{"text":168,"minutes":169,"time":170,"words":171},"25 min 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19:39:00",{"text":60,"minutes":200,"time":201,"words":202},0.535,32100,107,{"stem":204,"path":205,"title":206,"date":207,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":208},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F1.microelectronic-devices\u002FLecture10","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Fmicroelectronic-devices\u002Flecture10","Lecture 10：从 MOS 电容到 MOSFET","2026-09-10 00:10:00",{"text":209,"minutes":210,"time":211,"words":212},"18 min read",17.615,1056900,3523,{"stem":214,"path":215,"title":216,"date":217,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":218},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F1.microelectronic-devices\u002FLecture11","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Fmicroelectronic-devices\u002Flecture11","Lecture 11：亚阈值效应与 MOSFET 尺寸缩放","2026-09-10 00:20:00",{"text":219,"minutes":220,"time":221,"words":222},"23 min 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00:50:00",{"text":21,"minutes":51,"time":52,"words":53},{"stem":340,"path":341,"title":342,"date":198,"collapsed":343,"readingTime":344},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F1.microelectronic-devices\u002Findex","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Fmicroelectronic-devices","微电子器件",true,{"text":158,"minutes":345,"time":346,"words":347},3.055,183300,611,{"stem":349,"path":350,"title":351,"date":352,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":353},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F2.ICCAD\u002F1.HistoryMetaCharacters","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Ficcad\u002Fhistorymetacharacters","History & Meta Characters","2026-09-10 20:25:44",{"text":269,"minutes":354,"time":355,"words":356},9.36,561600,1872,{"stem":358,"path":359,"title":360,"date":361,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":362},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F2.ICCAD\u002F10.PastExams\u002F1.ExamAutumn2223","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Ficcad\u002Fpastexams\u002Fexamautumn2223","22-23 秋冬历年卷","2026-09-10 20:26:49",{"text":319,"minutes":363,"time":364,"words":365},20.295,1217700,4059,{"stem":367,"path":368,"title":369,"date":370,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":371},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F2.ICCAD\u002F10.PastExams\u002F2.Exam2021","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Ficcad\u002Fpastexams\u002Fexam2021","20-21 历年卷","2026-09-10 20:26:50",{"text":289,"minutes":290,"time":291,"words":292},{"stem":373,"path":374,"title":375,"date":376,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":377},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F2.ICCAD\u002F10.PastExams\u002F3.ExamRecall1","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Ficcad\u002Fpastexams\u002Fexamrecall1","不知名回忆卷 1","2026-09-10 20:26:51",{"text":116,"minutes":378,"time":379,"words":380},4.215,252900,843,{"stem":382,"path":383,"title":384,"date":385,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":386},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F2.ICCAD\u002F10.PastExams\u002F4.ExamRecall23","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Ficcad\u002Fpastexams\u002Fexamrecall23","不知名回忆卷 2\u002F3","2026-09-10 20:26:52",{"text":387,"minutes":388,"time":389,"words":390},"12 min read",11.235,674100,2247,{"stem":392,"path":393,"title":394,"date":395,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":396},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F2.ICCAD\u002F11.Detailed\u002F1.Chapter1-Introduction","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Ficcad\u002Fdetailed\u002Fchapter1-introduction","Chapter 1：Introduction","2026-09-10 20:27:26",{"text":397,"minutes":398,"time":399,"words":400},"19 min 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20:27:54",{"text":209,"minutes":454,"time":455,"words":456},17.85,1071000,3570,{"stem":458,"path":459,"title":460,"date":461,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":462},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F2.ICCAD\u002F11.Detailed\u002F8.Chapter8-CProgrammingInUnix","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Ficcad\u002Fdetailed\u002Fchapter8-cprogramminginunix","Chapter 8：C Programming in Unix","2026-09-10 20:27:57",{"text":463,"minutes":464,"time":465,"words":466},"17 min read",16.855,1011300,3371,{"stem":468,"path":469,"title":470,"date":471,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":472},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F2.ICCAD\u002F2.LinuxUnix","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Ficcad\u002Flinuxunix","Linux & Unix","2026-09-10 20:25:46",{"text":41,"minutes":473,"time":474,"words":475},29.33,1759800,5866,{"stem":477,"path":478,"title":479,"date":480,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":481},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F2.ICCAD\u002F3.Vi","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Ficcad\u002Fvi","Vi","2026-09-10 20:25:47",{"text":329,"minutes":482,"time":483,"words":484},7.95,477000,1590,{"stem":486,"path":487,"title":488,"date":489,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":490},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F2.ICCAD\u002F4.ViCopy","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Ficcad\u002Fvicopy","Vi（详细版）","2026-09-10 20:25:49",{"text":279,"minutes":491,"time":492,"words":493},13.785,827100,2757,{"stem":495,"path":496,"title":497,"date":498,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":499},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F2.ICCAD\u002F5.Shells","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Ficcad\u002Fshells","Shells","2026-09-10 20:25:51",{"text":500,"minutes":501,"time":502,"words":503},"22 min read",21.21,1272600,4242,{"stem":505,"path":506,"title":507,"date":508,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":509},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F2.ICCAD\u002F6.Network","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Ficcad\u002Fnetwork","Network","2026-09-10 20:25:54",{"text":319,"minutes":510,"time":511,"words":512},20.595,1235700,4119,{"stem":514,"path":515,"title":516,"date":517,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":518},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F2.ICCAD\u002F7.SystemAdministration","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Ficcad\u002Fsystemadministration","System Administration","2026-09-10 20:26:44",{"text":329,"minutes":519,"time":520,"words":521},7.12,427200,1424,{"stem":523,"path":524,"title":525,"date":526,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":527},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F2.ICCAD\u002F8.XWindow","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Ficcad\u002Fxwindow","XWindow","2026-09-10 20:26:45",{"text":97,"minutes":528,"time":529,"words":530},5.105,306300,1021,{"stem":532,"path":533,"title":534,"date":535,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":536},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F2.ICCAD\u002F9.SystemDevelopmentTools","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Ficcad\u002Fsystemdevelopmenttools","System Development Tools","2026-09-10 20:26:47",{"text":387,"minutes":537,"time":538,"words":539},11.35,681000,2270,{"stem":541,"path":542,"title":543,"date":544,"collapsed":343,"readingTime":545},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F2.ICCAD\u002Findex","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Ficcad","面向 ICCAD 的软件基础技术","2026-09-10 12:37:00",{"text":60,"minutes":546,"time":547,"words":548},0.185,11100,37,{"stem":550,"path":551,"title":552,"date":553,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":554},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F3.HDL\u002FFeiQilai1","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Fhdl\u002Ffeiqilai1","飞起来1.0","2026-09-10 12:51:49",{"text":555,"minutes":556,"time":557,"words":558},"105 min read",104.655,6279300,20931,{"stem":560,"path":561,"title":562,"date":563,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":564},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F3.HDL\u002FFeiQilai2","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Fhdl\u002Ffeiqilai2","飞起来2.0","2026-09-10 12:52:06",{"text":565,"minutes":566,"time":567,"words":568},"29 min read",28.755,1725300,5751,{"stem":570,"path":571,"title":572,"date":573,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":574},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F3.HDL\u002FFeiQilai3","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Fhdl\u002Ffeiqilai3","飞起来3.0","2026-09-10 12:52:12",{"text":116,"minutes":575,"time":576,"words":577},4.49,269400,898,{"stem":579,"path":580,"title":581,"date":582,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":583},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F3.HDL\u002FLecture13","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Fhdl\u002Flecture13","Lecture 13：浮点数标准","2026-09-10 12:51:27",{"text":11,"minutes":584,"time":585,"words":586},2.575,154500,515,{"stem":588,"path":589,"title":590,"date":591,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":592},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F3.HDL\u002FLecture6","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Fhdl\u002Flecture6","Lecture 6：Behavioral Modeling，非阻塞赋值","2026-09-10 12:51:12",{"text":97,"minutes":593,"time":594,"words":595},5.34,320400,1068,{"stem":597,"path":598,"title":599,"date":600,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":601},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F3.HDL\u002FPPTCorrespondence","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Fhdl\u002Fpptcorrespondence","与PPT的对应","2026-09-10 12:52:18",{"text":269,"minutes":602,"time":603,"words":604},9.275,556500,1855,{"stem":606,"path":607,"title":608,"date":544,"collapsed":343,"readingTime":609},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F3.HDL\u002Findex","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Fhdl","硬件描述语言原理与应用",{"text":60,"minutes":61,"time":62,"words":63},{"stem":611,"path":612,"title":613,"date":614,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":615},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F4.analogICDesign\u002F1.BeforeMidterm","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Fanalogicdesign\u002Fbeforemidterm","期中前","2026-09-10 20:28:52",{"text":616,"minutes":617,"time":618,"words":619},"11 min read",10.835,650100,2167,{"stem":621,"path":622,"title":623,"date":624,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":625},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F4.analogICDesign\u002F2.MidtermExam2425","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Fanalogicdesign\u002Fmidtermexam2425","24-25 期中","2026-09-10 20:29:00",{"text":21,"minutes":626,"time":627,"words":628},1.22,73200,244,{"stem":630,"path":631,"title":632,"date":633,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":634},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F4.analogICDesign\u002F3.FinalExamReview","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Fanalogicdesign\u002Ffinalexamreview","期末考试整理","2026-09-10 20:29:09",{"text":387,"minutes":635,"time":636,"words":637},11.36,681600,2272,{"stem":639,"path":640,"title":641,"date":642,"collapsed":343,"readingTime":643},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F4.analogICDesign\u002Findex","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Fanalogicdesign","模拟集成电路设计","2026-09-10 20:00:00",{"text":80,"minutes":81,"time":81,"words":81},{"stem":645,"path":646,"title":647,"date":78,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":648},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002Findex","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn","大三秋冬",{"text":80,"minutes":81,"time":81,"words":81},{"stem":650,"path":651,"title":652,"date":653,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":654},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F5.junior-spring\u002F1.digitalICDesign\u002F1.Chapter3-Device","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-spring\u002Fdigitalicdesign\u002Fchapter3-device","Chapter 3：器件 Device","2026-09-10 21:14:41",{"text":249,"minutes":655,"time":656,"words":657},6.055,363300,1211,{"stem":659,"path":660,"title":661,"date":653,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":662},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F5.junior-spring\u002F1.digitalICDesign\u002F10.Chapter12-Arithmetic","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-spring\u002Fdigitalicdesign\u002Fchapter12-arithmetic","Chapter 12：算术运算电路 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期中试题",{"text":80,"minutes":81,"time":81,"words":81},{"stem":693,"path":694,"title":695,"date":653,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":696},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F5.junior-spring\u002F1.digitalICDesign\u002F13.PastExams\u002F3.FinalPolished","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-spring\u002Fdigitalicdesign\u002Fpastexams\u002Ffinalpolished","期末历年卷（AI 润色版）",{"text":21,"minutes":697,"time":698,"words":699},1.575,94500,315,{"stem":701,"path":702,"title":703,"date":653,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":704},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F5.junior-spring\u002F1.digitalICDesign\u002F14.ExamRecall2026","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-spring\u002Fdigitalicdesign\u002Fexamrecall2026","数字集成电路回忆 2026",{"text":60,"minutes":705,"time":706,"words":707},0.49,29400,98,{"stem":709,"path":710,"title":711,"date":653,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":712},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F5.junior-spring\u002F1.digitalICDesign\u002F2.Chapter4-Wire","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-spring\u002Fdigitalicdesign\u002Fchapter4-wire","Chapter 4：导线 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Gate",{"text":31,"minutes":729,"time":730,"words":731},8.635,518100,1727,{"stem":733,"path":734,"title":735,"date":653,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":736},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F5.junior-spring\u002F1.digitalICDesign\u002F5.Chapter7-SequentialLogic","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-spring\u002Fdigitalicdesign\u002Fchapter7-sequentiallogic","Chapter 7：时序逻辑 Sequential Logic",{"text":463,"minutes":737,"time":738,"words":739},16.645,998700,3329,{"stem":741,"path":742,"title":743,"date":653,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":744},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F5.junior-spring\u002F1.digitalICDesign\u002F6.Chapter8-Speed","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-spring\u002Fdigitalicdesign\u002Fchapter8-speed","Chapter 8：延迟与速度 Speed",{"text":745,"minutes":746,"time":747,"words":748},"33 min read",32.885,1973100,6577,{"stem":750,"path":751,"title":752,"date":653,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":753},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F5.junior-spring\u002F1.digitalICDesign\u002F7.Chapter9-Power","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-spring\u002Fdigitalicdesign\u002Fchapter9-power","Chapter 9：功耗 Power",{"text":754,"minutes":755,"time":756,"words":757},"31 min read",31.005,1860300,6201,{"stem":759,"path":760,"title":761,"date":653,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":762},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F5.junior-spring\u002F1.digitalICDesign\u002F8.Chapter10-Interconnect","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-spring\u002Fdigitalicdesign\u002Fchapter10-interconnect","Chapter 10：互连 Interconnect",{"text":463,"minutes":763,"time":764,"words":765},16.32,979200,3264,{"stem":767,"path":768,"title":769,"date":653,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":770},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F5.junior-spring\u002F1.digitalICDesign\u002F9.Chapter11-Timing","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-spring\u002Fdigitalicdesign\u002Fchapter11-timing","Chapter 11：时序 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read",43.985,2639100,8797,{"stem":824,"path":825,"title":826,"date":653,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":827},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F5.junior-spring\u002F2.computerOrganization\u002F14.L15","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-spring\u002Fcomputerorganization\u002Fl15","L15：期末复习问答",{"text":269,"minutes":828,"time":829,"words":830},9.105,546300,1821,{"stem":832,"path":833,"title":834,"date":653,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":835},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F5.junior-spring\u002F2.computerOrganization\u002F2.L2-Binary","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-spring\u002Fcomputerorganization\u002Fl2-binary","L2：二进制数制",{"text":80,"minutes":81,"time":81,"words":81},{"stem":837,"path":838,"title":839,"date":653,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":840},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F5.junior-spring\u002F2.computerOrganization\u002F3.L3-CMemory","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-spring\u002Fcomputerorganization\u002Fl3-cmemory","L3：C 语言与内存模型",{"text":841,"minutes":842,"time":843,"words":844},"98 min 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系统配置","2025-08-26 19:38:06",{"text":158,"minutes":911,"time":912,"words":913},3.815,228900,763,{"stem":915,"path":916,"title":917,"date":918,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":919},"posts\u002Fubuntu\u002F2.cadence\u002F1.mmsim","\u002Fubuntu\u002Fcadence\u002Fmmsim","在 Ubuntu 24.04 上安装 Cadence MMSIM 15.1 的兼容性问题","2026-09-09 14:06:40",{"text":158,"minutes":920,"time":921,"words":922},3.5,210000,700,{"stem":924,"path":925,"title":926,"date":918,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":927},"posts\u002Fubuntu\u002F2.cadence\u002F2.innovus","\u002Fubuntu\u002Fcadence\u002Finnovus","Innovus安装",{"text":11,"minutes":928,"time":929,"words":930},2.08,124800,416,{"stem":932,"path":933,"title":934,"date":918,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":935},"posts\u002Fubuntu\u002F2.cadence\u002Findex","\u002Fubuntu\u002Fcadence","Ubuntu24.04安装Cadence 系列软件",{"text":269,"minutes":936,"time":937,"words":938},9.98,598800,1996,{"stem":940,"path":941,"title":942,"date":918,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":943},"posts\u002Fubuntu\u002F3.synopsys","\u002Fubuntu\u002Fsynopsys","Ubuntu 24.04 安装 Synopsys",{"text":269,"minutes":944,"time":945,"words":946},9.555,573300,1911,{"stem":948,"path":949,"title":950,"date":918,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":951},"posts\u002Fubuntu\u002F4.vivado","\u002Fubuntu\u002Fvivado","Ubuntu 24.04 安装 Vivado 2020.1",{"text":60,"minutes":952,"time":953,"words":954},0.62,37200,124,{"stem":956,"path":957,"title":958,"date":918,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":959},"posts\u002Fubuntu\u002F5.migrate","\u002Fubuntu\u002Fmigrate","硬盘迁移系统",{"text":60,"minutes":960,"time":961,"words":962},0.64,38400,128,{"stem":964,"path":965,"title":966,"date":967,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":968},"posts\u002Fubuntu\u002Findex","\u002Fubuntu","Ubuntu装进移动硬盘","2025-08-25 19:38:06",{"text":269,"minutes":969,"time":970,"words":971},9.26,555600,1852,{"id":973,"title":782,"body":974,"categories":5195,"collapsed":9,"date":653,"description":5196,"draft":9,"extension":5197,"hideInArchive":343,"hideInList":343,"image":5198,"meta":5199,"navigation":343,"path":781,"permalink":5198,"published":5198,"readingTime":5201,"recommend":5198,"references":5198,"seo":5202,"sitemap":5203,"stem":780,"tags":5232,"type":5235,"updated":653,"__hash__":5236},"content\u002Fposts\u002FUGCourses\u002F5.junior-spring\u002F2.computerOrganization\u002F1.L1-Intro.md",{"type":975,"value":976,"toc":5127},"minimark",[977,984,988,995,1001,1007,1013,1019,1022,1027,1032,1035,1040,1044,1049,1052,1057,1060,1063,1066,1071,1074,1092,1096,1099,1104,1110,1116,1122,1128,1132,1139,1173,1178,1183,1186,1189,1194,1197,1202,1206,1210,1213,1216,1224,1229,1232,1235,1238,1241,1244,1247,1250,1253,1256,1298,1302,1312,1317,1338,1345,1348,1353,1372,1378,1383,1386,1390,1393,1398,1401,1416,1421,1425,1428,1433,1436,1439,1442,1445,1448,1451,1454,1457,1460,1465,1469,1476,1479,1487,1492,1497,1501,1505,1511,1516,1519,1522,1527,1530,1533,1547,1550,1582,1585,1590,1594,1623,1627,1630,1633,1644,1649,1653,1656,1659,1662,1672,1677,1681,1684,1694,1697,1983,1989,1993,2261,2264,2544,2549,2552,2570,2573,2578,2581,2584,2886,2889,3059,3062,3147,3161,3165,3172,3696,3699,3702,3707,3949,4179,4185,4188,4194,4199,4202,4205,4210,4812,4815,4911,4914,5121],[978,979,980],"blockquote",{},[981,982,983],"p",{},"感觉这一章不知道能考啥，但是历年卷好像考过计算机发展史。。。所以很难评，应该对这一章内容要有印象",[985,986,987],"h2",{"id":987},"计算机发展史",[981,989,990,994],{},[991,992,993],"strong",{},"第一代计算机：真空管时代，1946–1957","\n主要使用真空管作为基本电子器件。特点是体积大、功耗高、发热严重、可靠性较差，但实现了早期电子计算机。",[981,996,997,1000],{},[991,998,999],{},"第二代计算机：晶体管时代，1958–1964","\n晶体管取代真空管。相比第一代，计算机体积变小、功耗降低、速度提高、可靠性增强。",[981,1002,1003,1006],{},[991,1004,1005],{},"第三代计算机：小\u002F中规模集成电路时代，1965–1970","\n开始把多个晶体管集成到一块芯片上，使用小规模集成电路和中规模集成电路。计算机进一步小型化，性能和稳定性继续提升。",[981,1008,1009,1012],{},[991,1010,1011],{},"第四代计算机：大规模\u002F超大规模集成电路时代，1971 至今","\n使用大规模、超大规模甚至极大规模集成电路，单芯片上可集成大量器件。现代 CPU、内存和 SoC 都属于这一发展阶段，特点是性能高、成本低、集成度极高。",[981,1014,1015],{},[1016,1017],"img",{"alt":1016,"src":1018},"\u002Fimg\u002FComputerOrganization\u002FL1-Intro-01.png",[985,1020,1021],{"id":1021},"处理器产业链",[1023,1024,1026],"h3",{"id":1025},"中国基础it产业链","中国基础IT产业链",[981,1028,1029],{},[1016,1030],{"alt":1016,"src":1031},"\u002Fimg\u002FComputerOrganization\u002FL1-Intro-02.png",[1023,1033,1034],{"id":1034},"国产操作系统",[981,1036,1037],{},[1016,1038],{"alt":1016,"src":1039},"\u002Fimg\u002FComputerOrganization\u002FL1-Intro-03.png",[1023,1041,1043],{"id":1042},"cpu供给概述","CPU供给概述",[981,1045,1046],{},[1016,1047],{"alt":1016,"src":1048},"\u002Fimg\u002FComputerOrganization\u002FL1-Intro-04.png",[1023,1050,1051],{"id":1051},"半导体产业链",[981,1053,1054],{},[1016,1055],{"alt":1016,"src":1056},"\u002Fimg\u002FComputerOrganization\u002FL1-Intro-05.png",[985,1058,1059],{"id":1059},"处理器介绍",[1023,1061,1062],{"id":1062},"处理器类型",[981,1064,1065],{},"分为传统处理器和新一代处理器",[981,1067,1068],{},[1016,1069],{"alt":1016,"src":1070},"\u002Fimg\u002FComputerOrganization\u002FL1-Intro-06.png",[1023,1072,1073],{"id":1073},"计算机架构的定义",[981,1075,1076,1079,1080,1083,1084,1087,1088,1091],{},[991,1077,1078],{},"计算机架构不只是 ISA","。旧观点认为架构主要是指令集架构 ISA，包括寄存器、寻址方式、指令格式、操作类型等；但",[991,1081,1082],{},"真实的计算机架构","还包括",[991,1085,1086],{},"微架构","和",[991,1089,1090],{},"硬件实现","，即如何用功能单元、数据通路、控制逻辑和缓存等部件，把 ISA 具体实现出来，并在成本、功耗和可用性约束下尽量提高性能。",[1023,1093,1095],{"id":1094},"cpu结构","CPU结构",[981,1097,1098],{},"CPU，即中央处理器，是计算机中负责执行指令和处理数据的核心部件。它主要由功能单元、数据通路、控制器和缓存组成。",[981,1100,1101],{},[1016,1102],{"alt":1016,"src":1103},"\u002Fimg\u002FComputerOrganization\u002FL1-Intro-07.png",[981,1105,1106,1109],{},[991,1107,1108],{},"控制器","负责取指令、译码，并发出控制信号，决定 CPU 下一步做什么。",[981,1111,1112,1115],{},[991,1113,1114],{},"数据通路","负责数据的传输和运算，包括寄存器、运算单元 ALU 等。",[981,1117,1118,1121],{},[991,1119,1120],{},"功能单元","负责具体操作，比如加减运算、逻辑运算、地址计算等。",[981,1123,1124,1127],{},[991,1125,1126],{},"缓存 Cache","用于临时保存常用的指令和数据，减少 CPU 访问主存的时间。",[1023,1129,1131],{"id":1130},"指令集架构-isa","指令集架构 ISA",[981,1133,1134,1135,1138],{},"CPU内核的基础就是指令集(ISA)和微架构。ISA 是",[991,1136,1137],{},"软件和硬件之间的接口","，规定了编译器能使用哪些指令，以及 CPU 应该如何识别和执行这些指令，ISA包括以下几个部分：",[1140,1141,1142,1149,1155,1161,1167],"ol",{},[1143,1144,1145,1148],"li",{},[991,1146,1147],{},"数据类型","\nCPU 能识别什么类型的数据，例如 byte、word、integer、floating point、string 等。",[1143,1150,1151,1154],{},[991,1152,1153],{},"操作类型","\nCPU 能对数据做什么操作，例如 add、sub、mul、div、xor、move 等。",[1143,1156,1157,1160],{},[991,1158,1159],{},"可编程存储器","\n程序可以直接使用或控制的存储资源，例如寄存器 regs、PC、memory。",[1143,1162,1163,1166],{},[991,1164,1165],{},"寻址方式","\nCPU 如何找到操作数，例如立即数、寄存器、绝对地址、相对地址、寄存器加偏移等。",[1143,1168,1169,1172],{},[991,1170,1171],{},"指令编码","\n一条机器指令如何用二进制表示，包括 opcode 和 operand fields 等。",[1174,1175,1177],"h4",{"id":1176},"isa-对比","ISA 对比",[981,1179,1180],{},[1016,1181],{"alt":1016,"src":1182},"\u002Fimg\u002FComputerOrganization\u002FL1-Intro-08.png",[985,1184,1185],{"id":1185},"芯片设计与制造流程",[1023,1187,1188],{"id":1188},"芯片设计流程",[981,1190,1191],{},[1016,1192],{"alt":1016,"src":1193},"\u002Fimg\u002FComputerOrganization\u002FL1-Intro-09.png",[1023,1195,1196],{"id":1196},"制造流程",[981,1198,1199],{},[1016,1200],{"alt":1016,"src":1201},"\u002Fimg\u002FComputerOrganization\u002FL1-Intro-10.png",[985,1203,1205],{"id":1204},"重要思想1-摩尔定律与制造工艺","重要思想1： 摩尔定律与制造工艺",[1023,1207,1209],{"id":1208},"moores-law","Moore’s Law",[981,1211,1212],{},"Moore 定律指芯片上的晶体管数量会随时间快速增长，早期约每年翻倍，后来约每 18 个月翻倍。它使得芯片在成本基本不变的情况下，集成度提高、性能增强、功耗降低，是推动计算机硬件性能发展的重要规律。",[1023,1214,1215],{"id":1215},"工艺缩放系数",[981,1217,1218,1219,1223],{},"缩放系数 α 表示工艺尺寸缩小的倍数，",[1220,1221,1222],"mark",{},"α = 原尺寸 \u002F 新尺寸","。若尺寸按 1\u002Fα 缩小，则单位面积可集成更多晶体管，芯片性能提高，是摩尔定律背后的重要技术基础。",[981,1225,1226],{},[1016,1227],{"alt":1016,"src":1228},"\u002Fimg\u002FComputerOrganization\u002FL1-Intro-11.png",[1023,1230,1231],{"id":1231},"集成电路工艺的发展史",[981,1233,1234],{},"1962年，SSI（小规模集成）12个晶体管",[981,1236,1237],{},"1966年，MSI（中型集成），100-1k晶体管",[981,1239,1240],{},"1967-1973，大规模集成电路，1k~100k晶体管",[981,1242,1243],{},"1977年，超大规模集成电路（VLSI），30m²，150k晶体管",[981,1245,1246],{},"1993年，ULSI（超大规模集成）16M闪存和256M DRAM集成了10M晶体管",[981,1248,1249],{},"1994年，GSI（千兆级集成）1G DRAM集成了100亿个晶体管",[981,1251,1252],{},"2007年，2T的80核CPU失败",[1023,1254,1255],{"id":1255},"处理器技术的发展史",[1140,1257,1258,1268,1282,1288],{},[1143,1259,1260,1263,1264,1267],{},[991,1261,1262],{},"晶体管尺寸不断缩小","\n从 ",[991,1265,1266],{},"250nm → 130nm → 65nm → 32nm → 14nm → 7nm","，说明工艺节点越来越先进，单个晶体管变得更小。晶体管越小，同样面积芯片上能放更多晶体管。",[1143,1269,1270,1273,1274,1277,1278,1281],{},[991,1271,1272],{},"晶体管密度不断增加","\n晶体管密度每年增加约 ",[991,1275,1276],{},"35%","，芯片尺寸每年增加 ",[991,1279,1280],{},"10%–20%","。这意味着处理器里可以集成更多功能，比如更多缓存、更多核心、更复杂的执行单元等。",[1143,1283,1284,1287],{},[991,1285,1286],{},"晶体管速度随尺寸缩小而提高","\n晶体管变小后，沟道更短，电容更小，开关速度理论上会提高。所以早期处理器性能提升很大程度来自工艺缩小。",[1143,1289,1290,1293,1294,1297],{},[991,1291,1292],{},"但电线延迟成为新问题","\n晶体管变快，不代表芯片内部连线也等比例变快。随着芯片更复杂、连线更多更长，",[991,1295,1296],{},"电线延迟逐渐成为限制处理器性能的重要瓶颈","。",[1023,1299,1301],{"id":1300},"登纳德系数-dennard-factor","登纳德系数 Dennard Factor",[981,1303,1304,1305,1308,1309,1311],{},"登纳德系数 α 表示",[991,1306,1307],{},"工艺尺寸缩小的倍数","，",[1220,1310,1222],{},"。它用于描述理想工艺缩放下，尺寸、电压、电流、电容、延迟和功耗如何同步缩小。早期工艺缩放符合登纳德定律，因此晶体管更多、速度更快且功耗可控；但后来电压难以下降，导致功耗问题严重，Dennard Scaling 失效，并引出黑硅问题。",[981,1313,1314],{},[1016,1315],{"alt":1016,"src":1316},"\u002Fimg\u002FComputerOrganization\u002FL1-Intro-12.png",[978,1318,1319,1325],{},[981,1320,1321,1324],{},[991,1322,1323],{},"500nm → 350nm：","尺寸、电压、电流、电容基本都能按 0.7 缩小，比较符合登纳德缩放。",[981,1326,1327,1330,1331,1334,1335,1297],{},[991,1328,1329],{},"90nm → 65nm：","尺寸还能缩小到 0.7，但",[991,1332,1333],{},"电压和电流基本不再下降，仍然约等于 1","。这样功耗就降不下来了，说明 ",[991,1336,1337],{},"Dennard Scaling 开始失效",[981,1339,1340,1341,1344],{},"当电压缩放和频率缩放都受限制时，会出现 ",[991,1342,1343],{},"Dark Silicon（黑硅）"," 问题，也就是芯片上虽然可以集成越来越多晶体管，但由于功耗和散热限制，不能让所有晶体管同时工作，其中一部分区域必须关闭或低功耗运行，就像“变黑”了一样。",[1023,1346,1347],{"id":1347},"功耗墙",[981,1349,1350],{},[991,1351,1352],{},"动态功率 ≈ 活性 × 电容 × 电压² × 频率",[981,1354,1355,1356,1359,1360,1363,1364,1367,1368,1371],{},"其中，",[991,1357,1358],{},"活性","表示有多少晶体管在工作，",[991,1361,1362],{},"电容","和电路规模有关，",[991,1365,1366],{},"电压","影响最大，因为是平方关系，",[991,1369,1370],{},"频率","越高，开关次数越多，功耗也越大。",[981,1373,1374,1377],{},[991,1375,1376],{},"功率密度在变大","。电压和频率是恒定的，每个晶体管的面积在减小，晶体管数量（活性）正在增加，漏电功耗也在上升。",[981,1379,1380],{},[1016,1381],{"alt":1016,"src":1382},"\u002Fimg\u002FComputerOrganization\u002FL1-Intro-13.png",[981,1384,1385],{},"工艺缩小后，晶体管越来越多，但电压和频率不能继续有效下降，漏电也增加，导致单位面积功耗越来越高。这限制了 CPU 继续靠提高主频来提升性能，因此出现“功耗墙”。",[985,1387,1389],{"id":1388},"重要思想2-抽象表示","重要思想2： 抽象表示",[1023,1391,1392],{"id":1392},"软硬件接口",[981,1394,1395],{},[1016,1396],{"alt":1016,"src":1397},"\u002Fimg\u002FComputerOrganization\u002FL1-Intro-14.png",[1023,1399,1400],{"id":1400},"存储器抽象表示",[1402,1403,1404,1407,1410,1413],"ul",{},[1143,1405,1406],{},"表示方式（C语言中以指针来表示）。通常以字节地址命名，通常值以大小的倍数排列",[1143,1408,1409],{},"读写序列",[1143,1411,1412],{},"通过写入操作将值写到对应地址",[1143,1414,1415],{},"读取地址返回该地址的最近写入值",[981,1417,1418],{},[1016,1419],{"alt":1016,"src":1420},"\u002Fimg\u002FComputerOrganization\u002FL1-Intro-15.png",[985,1422,1424],{"id":1423},"重要思想3-层次化","重要思想3： 层次化",[1023,1426,1427],{"id":1427},"计算机体系结构",[981,1429,1430],{},[1016,1431],{"alt":1016,"src":1432},"\u002Fimg\u002FComputerOrganization\u002FL1-Intro-16.png",[1023,1434,1435],{"id":1435},"存储器技术的发展",[981,1437,1438],{},"存储器的发展经历了从早期物理介质到现代半导体存储的过程。",[981,1440,1441],{},"最早使用穿孔卡片、打孔纸带和机械轮子保存数据或指令，速度慢、容量小；",[981,1443,1444],{},"后来出现水银延迟线和磁芯存储器，使存储器逐渐进入电子化和随机访问阶段；",[981,1446,1447],{},"再后来 Robert Dennard 发明 DRAM，利用电容和晶体管存储信息，具有高密度、低成本的特点，成为现代主存的核心技术。",[981,1449,1450],{},"总体趋势是存储容量和密度快速提高，但访问延迟提升较慢，因此产生了“内存墙”问题，成为现代计算机系统性能的重要瓶颈。",[1023,1452,1453],{"id":1453},"存储墙",[981,1455,1456],{},"存储墙是指 CPU 性能提升速度远快于 DRAM 主存性能提升速度，导致处理器和内存之间的性能差距不断扩大，因此 CPU 经常因为等待内存数据而停顿，内存访问成为系统性能瓶颈。",[981,1458,1459],{},"为了解决这个问题，处理器逐渐加入片上 Cache，并发展到 L2 Cache，用更快的缓存减少访问主存的次数。但随着缓存越来越大，其性能收益逐渐下降，所以存储墙仍然是现代计算机设计中的重要问题。",[981,1461,1462],{},[1016,1463],{"alt":1016,"src":1464},"\u002Fimg\u002FComputerOrganization\u002FL1-Intro-17.png",[1023,1466,1468],{"id":1467},"局部性原则locality","局部性原则(Locality)",[981,1470,1471,1472,1475],{},"局部性原则: 程序在任何时刻都",[991,1473,1474],{},"只能访问地址空间中相对较小","的部分。",[1174,1477,1478],{"id":1478},"两种不同类型的局部性",[1402,1480,1481,1484],{},[1143,1482,1483],{},"时间局部性：如果一个项被引用，它将倾向于很快被再次引用(例如，循环，重用)",[1143,1485,1486],{},"空间局部性：如果一个项被引用，其地址靠近的项倾向于很快被引用(例如，直线代码，数组访问)",[981,1488,1489],{},[1016,1490],{"alt":1016,"src":1491},"\u002Fimg\u002FComputerOrganization\u002FL1-Intro-18.png",[978,1493,1494],{},[981,1495,1496],{},"过去30年，硬件速度的提升主要依靠局部性。",[985,1498,1500],{"id":1499},"重要思想4-并行","重要思想4： 并行",[1023,1502,1504],{"id":1503},"ilp-墙-instruction-level-parallelism","ILP 墙 | Instruction-Level Parallelism",[981,1506,1507,1510],{},[991,1508,1509],{},"ILP 墙","表示在单个程序\u002F单个线程的指令流内部，能够找到的可并行执行的指令越来越少，单核处理器很难再靠“同时执行更多指令”来持续提升性能。",[978,1512,1513],{},[981,1514,1515],{},"简单理解就是单个线程内部的并行性被挖得差不多了，再增加复杂硬件，收益也越来越小。",[1023,1517,1518],{"id":1518},"新学派机器结构",[981,1520,1521],{},"现代“新学派机器结构”不再主要依赖单核变快，而是通过不同层次的并行性来提高性能。",[981,1523,1524],{},[1016,1525],{"alt":1016,"src":1526},"\u002Fimg\u002FComputerOrganization\u002FL1-Intro-19.png",[1023,1528,1529],{"id":1529},"并行的分类",[1174,1531,1532],{"id":1532},"应用程序中的并行",[1402,1534,1535,1541],{},[1143,1536,1537,1540],{},[991,1538,1539],{},"数据并行 DLP：Data-Level Parallelism，数据级并行","\n意思是：对很多数据做相同或类似的操作。\n例如：同时计算很多个数组元素、图像像素、矩阵元素。",[1143,1542,1543,1546],{},[991,1544,1545],{},"任务并行 \u002F 线程并行 TLP：Thread-Level Parallelism，线程级并行","\n任务并行的意思是把不同任务或线程分配到不同计算环境中执行。\n例如：一个程序中，一个线程负责搜索，一个线程负责排序，一个线程负责显示结果。",[1174,1548,1549],{"id":1549},"架构中的并行",[1402,1551,1552,1558,1564,1570,1576],{},[1143,1553,1554,1557],{},[991,1555,1556],{},"位级并行","：增加处理器字长。\n例如从 8 位到 16 位、32 位、64 位，一次能处理更多位的数据。",[1143,1559,1560,1563],{},[991,1561,1562],{},"ILP：Instruction-Level Parallelism，指令级并行","\n意思是一个处理器核心内部同时处理多条指令，例如流水线、超标量、乱序执行。",[1143,1565,1566,1569],{},[991,1567,1568],{},"线程级并行","：多个核心或多个硬件线程同时运行多个线程。\n例如多核 CPU 同时跑多个线程。",[1143,1571,1572,1575],{},[991,1573,1574],{},"向量架构 \u002F GPU","：适合大量数据并行。\n例如 GPU 同时处理大量像素、矩阵运算、AI 张量计算。",[1143,1577,1578,1581],{},[991,1579,1580],{},"异构","：不同类型处理器协同工作。\n例如 CPU + GPU + NPU，CPU 负责通用控制，GPU\u002FNPU 负责专门计算。",[1023,1583,1584],{"id":1584},"并行加速案例",[981,1586,1587],{},[1016,1588],{"alt":1016,"src":1589},"\u002Fimg\u002FComputerOrganization\u002FL1-Intro-20.png",[985,1591,1593],{"id":1592},"重要思想5-流水线","重要思想5： 流水线",[1595,1596,1598],"table",{"style":1597},"width: 100%; border: 0; border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0;",[1599,1600,1601],"tbody",{},[1602,1603,1605,1606,1605,1615],"tr",{"style":1604},"border: none;","\n  ",[1607,1608,1610,1605],"td",{"style":1609},"width: 50.0%; text-align: center; border: none; padding: 0.3em; margin: 0;",[981,1611,1612],{},[1016,1613],{"alt":1016,"src":1614},"\u002Fimg\u002FComputerOrganization\u002FL1-Intro-21.png",[1607,1616,1618,1605],{"style":1617},"width: 49.0%; text-align: center; border: none; padding: 0.3em; margin: 0;",[981,1619,1620],{},[1016,1621],{"alt":1016,"src":1622},"\u002Fimg\u002FComputerOrganization\u002FL1-Intro-22.png",[985,1624,1626],{"id":1625},"重要思想6-冗余","重要思想6： 冗余",[981,1628,1629],{},"通过冗余实现可靠性",[981,1631,1632],{},"适用于从数据中心到存储到内存到指令的所有部分。",[1402,1634,1635,1638,1641],{},[1143,1636,1637],{},"采用冗余数据中心，即使失去一个数据中心，互联网服务仍然在线",[1143,1639,1640],{},"采用冗余磁盘阵列(RAID)，即使丢失1个磁盘但不丢失数据",[1143,1642,1643],{},"冗余内存位(错误纠正码\u002FECC内存) ，即使丢失1位数据，也不会丢 失整个数据",[981,1645,1646],{},[1016,1647],{"alt":1016,"src":1648},"\u002Fimg\u002FComputerOrganization\u002FL1-Intro-23.png",[985,1650,1652],{"id":1651},"重要思想7性能评估","重要思想7：性能评估",[981,1654,1655],{},"处理器性能评估的核心是执行时间。执行时间由指令数、CPI 和时钟周期共同决定，不能只看频率或 MIPS。比较性能要用同一工作负载下的执行时间，加速比等于旧时间除以新时间。局部优化不一定带来等比例整体提升，还要考虑功耗、CPI 和系统瓶颈。",[1023,1657,1658],{"id":1658},"性能指标",[981,1660,1661],{},"性能主要看两个指标：",[981,1663,1664,1667,1668,1671],{},[991,1665,1666],{},"响应时间 response time","：一个程序从开始到结束的时间。\n",[991,1669,1670],{},"吞吐率 throughput","：单位时间内完成的任务数量。",[978,1673,1674],{},[981,1675,1676],{},"注意：更快的处理器通常能改善两者；更多处理器主要提升吞吐率，不一定改善单个任务响应时间。",[1023,1678,1680],{"id":1679},"cpu-时间","CPU 时间",[981,1682,1683],{},"PU 时间分为：",[981,1685,1686,1689,1690,1693],{},[991,1687,1688],{},"User time","：用户程序运行时间。\n",[991,1691,1692],{},"System time","：操作系统执行系统调用等操作的时间。",[981,1695,1696],{},"真正比较性能时，常用：",[1698,1699,1702],"span",{"className":1700},[1701],"katex-display",[1698,1703,1706,1807],{"className":1704},[1705],"katex",[1698,1707,1710],{"className":1708},[1709],"katex-mathml",[1711,1712,1715],"math",{"xmlns":1713,"display":1714},"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML","block",[1716,1717,1718,1802],"semantics",{},[1719,1720,1721,1725,1728,1731,1734,1737,1739,1742,1745,1748,1751,1753,1757],"mrow",{},[1722,1723,1724],"mi",{},"P",[1722,1726,1727],{},"e",[1722,1729,1730],{},"r",[1722,1732,1733],{},"f",[1722,1735,1736],{},"o",[1722,1738,1730],{},[1722,1740,1741],{},"m",[1722,1743,1744],{},"a",[1722,1746,1747],{},"n",[1722,1749,1750],{},"c",[1722,1752,1727],{},[1754,1755,1756],"mo",{},"=",[1758,1759,1760,1764],"mfrac",{},[1761,1762,1763],"mn",{},"1",[1719,1765,1766,1769,1772,1774,1776,1779,1782,1785,1787,1789,1793,1796,1798,1800],{},[1722,1767,1768],{},"E",[1722,1770,1771],{},"x",[1722,1773,1727],{},[1722,1775,1750],{},[1722,1777,1778],{},"u",[1722,1780,1781],{},"t",[1722,1783,1784],{},"i",[1722,1786,1736],{},[1722,1788,1747],{},[1790,1791,1792],"mtext",{}," ",[1722,1794,1795],{},"T",[1722,1797,1784],{},[1722,1799,1741],{},[1722,1801,1727],{},[1803,1804,1806],"annotation",{"encoding":1805},"application\u002Fx-tex","Performance = \\frac{1}{Execution\\ Time}",[1698,1808,1812,1860],{"className":1809,"ariaHidden":1811},[1810],"katex-html","true",[1698,1813,1816,1821,1827,1832,1836,1840,1844,1848,1853,1857],{"className":1814},[1815],"base",[1698,1817],{"className":1818,"style":1820},[1819],"strut","height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;",[1698,1822,1724],{"className":1823,"style":1826},[1824,1825],"mord","mathnormal","margin-right:0.1389em;",[1698,1828,1831],{"className":1829,"style":1830},[1824,1825],"margin-right:0.0278em;","er",[1698,1833,1733],{"className":1834,"style":1835},[1824,1825],"margin-right:0.1076em;",[1698,1837,1839],{"className":1838,"style":1830},[1824,1825],"or",[1698,1841,1843],{"className":1842},[1824,1825],"man",[1698,1845,1847],{"className":1846},[1824,1825],"ce",[1698,1849],{"className":1850,"style":1852},[1851],"mspace","margin-right:0.2778em;",[1698,1854,1756],{"className":1855},[1856],"mrel",[1698,1858],{"className":1859,"style":1852},[1851],[1698,1861,1863,1867],{"className":1862},[1815],[1698,1864],{"className":1865,"style":1866},[1819],"height:2.0074em;vertical-align:-0.686em;",[1698,1868,1870,1875,1979],{"className":1869},[1824],[1698,1871],{"className":1872},[1873,1874],"mopen","nulldelimiter",[1698,1876,1878],{"className":1877},[1758],[1698,1879,1883,1970],{"className":1880},[1881,1882],"vlist-t","vlist-t2",[1698,1884,1887,1965],{"className":1885},[1886],"vlist-r",[1698,1888,1892,1942,1953],{"className":1889,"style":1891},[1890],"vlist","height:1.3214em;",[1698,1893,1895,1900],{"style":1894},"top:-2.314em;",[1698,1896],{"className":1897,"style":1899},[1898],"pstrut","height:3em;",[1698,1901,1903,1907,1910,1914,1917,1920,1923,1926,1929,1932,1935,1939],{"className":1902},[1824],[1698,1904,1768],{"className":1905,"style":1906},[1824,1825],"margin-right:0.0576em;",[1698,1908,1771],{"className":1909},[1824,1825],[1698,1911,1913],{"className":1912},[1824,1825],"ec",[1698,1915,1778],{"className":1916},[1824,1825],[1698,1918,1781],{"className":1919},[1824,1825],[1698,1921,1784],{"className":1922},[1824,1825],[1698,1924,1736],{"className":1925},[1824,1825],[1698,1927,1747],{"className":1928},[1824,1825],[1698,1930,1792],{"className":1931},[1851],[1698,1933,1795],{"className":1934,"style":1826},[1824,1825],[1698,1936,1938],{"className":1937},[1824,1825],"im",[1698,1940,1727],{"className":1941},[1824,1825],[1698,1943,1945,1948],{"style":1944},"top:-3.23em;",[1698,1946],{"className":1947,"style":1899},[1898],[1698,1949],{"className":1950,"style":1952},[1951],"frac-line","border-bottom-width:0.04em;",[1698,1954,1956,1959],{"style":1955},"top:-3.677em;",[1698,1957],{"className":1958,"style":1899},[1898],[1698,1960,1962],{"className":1961},[1824],[1698,1963,1763],{"className":1964},[1824],[1698,1966,1969],{"className":1967},[1968],"vlist-s","​",[1698,1971,1973],{"className":1972},[1886],[1698,1974,1977],{"className":1975,"style":1976},[1890],"height:0.686em;",[1698,1978],{},[1698,1980],{"className":1981},[1982,1874],"mclose",[981,1984,1985,1986,1297],{},"也就是：",[991,1987,1988],{},"执行时间越短，性能越高",[1023,1990,1992],{"id":1991},"核心公式iron-law","核心公式：Iron Law",[1698,1994,1996],{"className":1995},[1701],[1698,1997,1999,2097],{"className":1998},[1705],[1698,2000,2002],{"className":2001},[1709],[1711,2003,2004],{"xmlns":1713,"display":1714},[1716,2005,2006,2094],{},[1719,2007,2008,2011,2013,2016,2018,2020,2022,2024,2026,2029,2031,2034,2036,2038,2040,2042,2044,2046,2048,2050,2052,2055,2057,2059,2061,2063,2065,2068,2070,2072,2075,2077,2080,2082,2084,2086,2088,2090,2092],{},[1722,2009,2010],{},"C",[1722,2012,1724],{},[1722,2014,2015],{},"U",[1722,2017,1795],{},[1722,2019,1784],{},[1722,2021,1741],{},[1722,2023,1727],{},[1754,2025,1756],{},[1722,2027,2028],{},"I",[1722,2030,1747],{},[1722,2032,2033],{},"s",[1722,2035,1781],{},[1722,2037,1730],{},[1722,2039,1778],{},[1722,2041,1750],{},[1722,2043,1781],{},[1722,2045,1784],{},[1722,2047,1736],{},[1722,2049,1747],{},[1722,2051,2033],{},[1754,2053,2054],{},"×",[1722,2056,2010],{},[1722,2058,1724],{},[1722,2060,2028],{},[1754,2062,2054],{},[1722,2064,2010],{},[1722,2066,2067],{},"l",[1722,2069,1736],{},[1722,2071,1750],{},[1722,2073,2074],{},"k",[1722,2076,2010],{},[1722,2078,2079],{},"y",[1722,2081,1750],{},[1722,2083,2067],{},[1722,2085,1727],{},[1722,2087,1795],{},[1722,2089,1784],{},[1722,2091,1741],{},[1722,2093,1727],{},[1803,2095,2096],{"encoding":1805},"CPU Time=Instructions×CPI×Clock Cycle Time",[1698,2098,2100,2136,2191,2215],{"className":2099,"ariaHidden":1811},[1810],[1698,2101,2103,2107,2111,2114,2118,2121,2124,2127,2130,2133],{"className":2102},[1815],[1698,2104],{"className":2105,"style":2106},[1819],"height:0.6833em;",[1698,2108,2010],{"className":2109,"style":2110},[1824,1825],"margin-right:0.0715em;",[1698,2112,1724],{"className":2113,"style":1826},[1824,1825],[1698,2115,2015],{"className":2116,"style":2117},[1824,1825],"margin-right:0.109em;",[1698,2119,1795],{"className":2120,"style":1826},[1824,1825],[1698,2122,1938],{"className":2123},[1824,1825],[1698,2125,1727],{"className":2126},[1824,1825],[1698,2128],{"className":2129,"style":1852},[1851],[1698,2131,1756],{"className":2132},[1856],[1698,2134],{"className":2135,"style":1852},[1851],[1698,2137,2139,2143,2147,2150,2153,2156,2159,2162,2165,2168,2171,2174,2177,2180,2184,2188],{"className":2138},[1815],[1698,2140],{"className":2141,"style":2142},[1819],"height:0.7667em;vertical-align:-0.0833em;",[1698,2144,2028],{"className":2145,"style":2146},[1824,1825],"margin-right:0.0785em;",[1698,2148,1747],{"className":2149},[1824,1825],[1698,2151,2033],{"className":2152},[1824,1825],[1698,2154,1781],{"className":2155},[1824,1825],[1698,2157,1730],{"className":2158,"style":1830},[1824,1825],[1698,2160,1778],{"className":2161},[1824,1825],[1698,2163,1750],{"className":2164},[1824,1825],[1698,2166,1781],{"className":2167},[1824,1825],[1698,2169,1784],{"className":2170},[1824,1825],[1698,2172,1736],{"className":2173},[1824,1825],[1698,2175,1747],{"className":2176},[1824,1825],[1698,2178,2033],{"className":2179},[1824,1825],[1698,2181],{"className":2182,"style":2183},[1851],"margin-right:0.2222em;",[1698,2185,2054],{"className":2186},[2187],"mbin",[1698,2189],{"className":2190,"style":2183},[1851],[1698,2192,2194,2197,2200,2203,2206,2209,2212],{"className":2193},[1815],[1698,2195],{"className":2196,"style":2142},[1819],[1698,2198,2010],{"className":2199,"style":2110},[1824,1825],[1698,2201,1724],{"className":2202,"style":1826},[1824,1825],[1698,2204,2028],{"className":2205,"style":2146},[1824,1825],[1698,2207],{"className":2208,"style":2183},[1851],[1698,2210,2054],{"className":2211},[2187],[1698,2213],{"className":2214,"style":2183},[1851],[1698,2216,2218,2221,2224,2228,2232,2236,2239,2243,2246,2249,2252,2255,2258],{"className":2217},[1815],[1698,2219],{"className":2220,"style":1820},[1819],[1698,2222,2010],{"className":2223,"style":2110},[1824,1825],[1698,2225,2067],{"className":2226,"style":2227},[1824,1825],"margin-right:0.0197em;",[1698,2229,2231],{"className":2230},[1824,1825],"oc",[1698,2233,2074],{"className":2234,"style":2235},[1824,1825],"margin-right:0.0315em;",[1698,2237,2010],{"className":2238,"style":2110},[1824,1825],[1698,2240,2079],{"className":2241,"style":2242},[1824,1825],"margin-right:0.0359em;",[1698,2244,1750],{"className":2245},[1824,1825],[1698,2247,2067],{"className":2248,"style":2227},[1824,1825],[1698,2250,1727],{"className":2251},[1824,1825],[1698,2253,1795],{"className":2254,"style":1826},[1824,1825],[1698,2256,1938],{"className":2257},[1824,1825],[1698,2259,1727],{"className":2260},[1824,1825],[981,2262,2263],{},"也可以写成：",[1698,2265,2267],{"className":2266},[1701],[1698,2268,2270,2359],{"className":2269},[1705],[1698,2271,2273],{"className":2272},[1709],[1711,2274,2275],{"xmlns":1713,"display":1714},[1716,2276,2277,2356],{},[1719,2278,2279,2281,2283,2285,2287,2289,2291,2293,2295,2297],{},[1722,2280,2010],{},[1722,2282,1724],{},[1722,2284,2015],{},[1790,2286,1792],{},[1722,2288,1795],{},[1722,2290,1784],{},[1722,2292,1741],{},[1722,2294,1727],{},[1754,2296,1756],{},[1758,2298,2299,2333],{},[1719,2300,2301,2303,2305,2307,2309,2311,2313,2315,2317,2319,2321,2323,2325,2327,2329,2331],{},[1722,2302,2028],{},[1722,2304,1747],{},[1722,2306,2033],{},[1722,2308,1781],{},[1722,2310,1730],{},[1722,2312,1778],{},[1722,2314,1750],{},[1722,2316,1781],{},[1722,2318,1784],{},[1722,2320,1736],{},[1722,2322,1747],{},[1722,2324,2033],{},[1754,2326,2054],{},[1722,2328,2010],{},[1722,2330,1724],{},[1722,2332,2028],{},[1719,2334,2335,2337,2339,2341,2343,2345,2347,2350,2352,2354],{},[1722,2336,2010],{},[1722,2338,2067],{},[1722,2340,1736],{},[1722,2342,1750],{},[1722,2344,2074],{},[1790,2346,1792],{},[1722,2348,2349],{},"R",[1722,2351,1744],{},[1722,2353,1781],{},[1722,2355,1727],{},[1803,2357,2358],{"encoding":1805},"CPU\\ Time = \\frac{Instructions \\times CPI}{Clock\\ Rate}",[1698,2360,2362,2398],{"className":2361,"ariaHidden":1811},[1810],[1698,2363,2365,2368,2371,2374,2377,2380,2383,2386,2389,2392,2395],{"className":2364},[1815],[1698,2366],{"className":2367,"style":2106},[1819],[1698,2369,2010],{"className":2370,"style":2110},[1824,1825],[1698,2372,1724],{"className":2373,"style":1826},[1824,1825],[1698,2375,2015],{"className":2376,"style":2117},[1824,1825],[1698,2378,1792],{"className":2379},[1851],[1698,2381,1795],{"className":2382,"style":1826},[1824,1825],[1698,2384,1938],{"className":2385},[1824,1825],[1698,2387,1727],{"className":2388},[1824,1825],[1698,2390],{"className":2391,"style":1852},[1851],[1698,2393,1756],{"className":2394},[1856],[1698,2396],{"className":2397,"style":1852},[1851],[1698,2399,2401,2405],{"className":2400},[1815],[1698,2402],{"className":2403,"style":2404},[1819],"height:2.0463em;vertical-align:-0.686em;",[1698,2406,2408,2411,2541],{"className":2407},[1824],[1698,2409],{"className":2410},[1873,1874],[1698,2412,2414],{"className":2413},[1758],[1698,2415,2417,2533],{"className":2416},[1881,1882],[1698,2418,2420,2530],{"className":2419},[1886],[1698,2421,2424,2460,2468],{"className":2422,"style":2423},[1890],"height:1.3603em;",[1698,2425,2426,2429],{"style":1894},[1698,2427],{"className":2428,"style":1899},[1898],[1698,2430,2432,2435,2438,2441,2444,2447,2451,2454,2457],{"className":2431},[1824],[1698,2433,2010],{"className":2434,"style":2110},[1824,1825],[1698,2436,2067],{"className":2437,"style":2227},[1824,1825],[1698,2439,2231],{"className":2440},[1824,1825],[1698,2442,2074],{"className":2443,"style":2235},[1824,1825],[1698,2445,1792],{"className":2446},[1851],[1698,2448,2349],{"className":2449,"style":2450},[1824,1825],"margin-right:0.0077em;",[1698,2452,1744],{"className":2453},[1824,1825],[1698,2455,1781],{"className":2456},[1824,1825],[1698,2458,1727],{"className":2459},[1824,1825],[1698,2461,2462,2465],{"style":1944},[1698,2463],{"className":2464,"style":1899},[1898],[1698,2466],{"className":2467,"style":1952},[1951],[1698,2469,2470,2473],{"style":1955},[1698,2471],{"className":2472,"style":1899},[1898],[1698,2474,2476,2479,2482,2485,2488,2491,2494,2497,2500,2503,2506,2509,2512,2515,2518,2521,2524,2527],{"className":2475},[1824],[1698,2477,2028],{"className":2478,"style":2146},[1824,1825],[1698,2480,1747],{"className":2481},[1824,1825],[1698,2483,2033],{"className":2484},[1824,1825],[1698,2486,1781],{"className":2487},[1824,1825],[1698,2489,1730],{"className":2490,"style":1830},[1824,1825],[1698,2492,1778],{"className":2493},[1824,1825],[1698,2495,1750],{"className":2496},[1824,1825],[1698,2498,1781],{"className":2499},[1824,1825],[1698,2501,1784],{"className":2502},[1824,1825],[1698,2504,1736],{"className":2505},[1824,1825],[1698,2507,1747],{"className":2508},[1824,1825],[1698,2510,2033],{"className":2511},[1824,1825],[1698,2513],{"className":2514,"style":2183},[1851],[1698,2516,2054],{"className":2517},[2187],[1698,2519],{"className":2520,"style":2183},[1851],[1698,2522,2010],{"className":2523,"style":2110},[1824,1825],[1698,2525,1724],{"className":2526,"style":1826},[1824,1825],[1698,2528,2028],{"className":2529,"style":2146},[1824,1825],[1698,2531,1969],{"className":2532},[1968],[1698,2534,2536],{"className":2535},[1886],[1698,2537,2539],{"className":2538,"style":1976},[1890],[1698,2540],{},[1698,2542],{"className":2543},[1982,1874],[981,2545,2546],{},[991,2547,2548],{},"指令数越少、CPI 越低、时钟周期越短，程序执行越快。",[981,2550,2551],{},"其中：",[981,2553,2554,2557,2558,2561,2562,2565,2566,2569],{},[991,2555,2556],{},"IC \u002F Instructions","：指令数\n",[991,2559,2560],{},"CPI","：每条指令平均需要多少个时钟周期\n",[991,2563,2564],{},"Clock Cycle Time","：时钟周期时间\n",[991,2567,2568],{},"Clock Rate","：时钟频率",[981,2571,2572],{},"算法、编程语言、编译器会影响指令数和 CPI；指令集、微架构、芯片实现会影响 CPI 和时钟周期。",[981,2574,2575],{},[1016,2576],{"alt":1016,"src":2577},"\u002Fimg\u002FComputerOrganization\u002FL1-Intro-24.png",[1023,2579,2580],{"id":2580},"性能比较与加速比",[981,2582,2583],{},"比较两个系统时，不要只看频率，要看执行同一任务的时间。",[1698,2585,2587],{"className":2586},[1701],[1698,2588,2590,2664],{"className":2589},[1705],[1698,2591,2593],{"className":2592},[1709],[1711,2594,2595],{"xmlns":1713,"display":1714},[1716,2596,2597,2661],{},[1719,2598,2599,2602,2604,2606,2608,2611,2613,2615,2617],{},[1722,2600,2601],{},"S",[1722,2603,981],{},[1722,2605,1727],{},[1722,2607,1727],{},[1722,2609,2610],{},"d",[1722,2612,1778],{},[1722,2614,981],{},[1754,2616,1756],{},[1758,2618,2619,2640],{},[1719,2620,2621,2623,2625,2627],{},[1722,2622,1795],{},[1722,2624,1784],{},[1722,2626,1741],{},[2628,2629,2630,2632],"msub",{},[1722,2631,1727],{},[1719,2633,2634,2636,2638],{},[1722,2635,1736],{},[1722,2637,2067],{},[1722,2639,2610],{},[1719,2641,2642,2644,2646,2648],{},[1722,2643,1795],{},[1722,2645,1784],{},[1722,2647,1741],{},[2628,2649,2650,2652],{},[1722,2651,1727],{},[1719,2653,2654,2656,2658],{},[1722,2655,1747],{},[1722,2657,1727],{},[1722,2659,2660],{},"w",[1803,2662,2663],{"encoding":1805},"Speedup = \\frac{Time_{old}}{Time_{new}}",[1698,2665,2667,2701],{"className":2666,"ariaHidden":1811},[1810],[1698,2668,2670,2673,2676,2679,2683,2686,2689,2692,2695,2698],{"className":2669},[1815],[1698,2671],{"className":2672,"style":1820},[1819],[1698,2674,2601],{"className":2675,"style":1906},[1824,1825],[1698,2677,981],{"className":2678},[1824,1825],[1698,2680,2682],{"className":2681},[1824,1825],"ee",[1698,2684,2610],{"className":2685},[1824,1825],[1698,2687,1778],{"className":2688},[1824,1825],[1698,2690,981],{"className":2691},[1824,1825],[1698,2693],{"className":2694,"style":1852},[1851],[1698,2696,1756],{"className":2697},[1856],[1698,2699],{"className":2700,"style":1852},[1851],[1698,2702,2704,2708],{"className":2703},[1815],[1698,2705],{"className":2706,"style":2707},[1819],"height:2.1963em;vertical-align:-0.836em;",[1698,2709,2711,2714,2883],{"className":2710},[1824],[1698,2712],{"className":2713},[1873,1874],[1698,2715,2717],{"className":2716},[1758],[1698,2718,2720,2874],{"className":2719},[1881,1882],[1698,2721,2723,2871],{"className":2722},[1886],[1698,2724,2726,2799,2807],{"className":2725,"style":2423},[1890],[1698,2727,2728,2731],{"style":1894},[1698,2729],{"className":2730,"style":1899},[1898],[1698,2732,2734,2737,2740],{"className":2733},[1824],[1698,2735,1795],{"className":2736,"style":1826},[1824,1825],[1698,2738,1938],{"className":2739},[1824,1825],[1698,2741,2743,2746],{"className":2742},[1824],[1698,2744,1727],{"className":2745},[1824,1825],[1698,2747,2750],{"className":2748},[2749],"msupsub",[1698,2751,2753,2790],{"className":2752},[1881,1882],[1698,2754,2756,2787],{"className":2755},[1886],[1698,2757,2760],{"className":2758,"style":2759},[1890],"height:0.1514em;",[1698,2761,2763,2767],{"style":2762},"top:-2.55em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;",[1698,2764],{"className":2765,"style":2766},[1898],"height:2.7em;",[1698,2768,2774],{"className":2769},[2770,2771,2772,2773],"sizing","reset-size6","size3","mtight",[1698,2775,2777,2780,2783],{"className":2776},[1824,2773],[1698,2778,1747],{"className":2779},[1824,1825,2773],[1698,2781,1727],{"className":2782},[1824,1825,2773],[1698,2784,2660],{"className":2785,"style":2786},[1824,1825,2773],"margin-right:0.0269em;",[1698,2788,1969],{"className":2789},[1968],[1698,2791,2793],{"className":2792},[1886],[1698,2794,2797],{"className":2795,"style":2796},[1890],"height:0.15em;",[1698,2798],{},[1698,2800,2801,2804],{"style":1944},[1698,2802],{"className":2803,"style":1899},[1898],[1698,2805],{"className":2806,"style":1952},[1951],[1698,2808,2809,2812],{"style":1955},[1698,2810],{"className":2811,"style":1899},[1898],[1698,2813,2815,2818,2821],{"className":2814},[1824],[1698,2816,1795],{"className":2817,"style":1826},[1824,1825],[1698,2819,1938],{"className":2820},[1824,1825],[1698,2822,2824,2827],{"className":2823},[1824],[1698,2825,1727],{"className":2826},[1824,1825],[1698,2828,2830],{"className":2829},[2749],[1698,2831,2833,2863],{"className":2832},[1881,1882],[1698,2834,2836,2860],{"className":2835},[1886],[1698,2837,2840],{"className":2838,"style":2839},[1890],"height:0.3361em;",[1698,2841,2842,2845],{"style":2762},[1698,2843],{"className":2844,"style":2766},[1898],[1698,2846,2848],{"className":2847},[2770,2771,2772,2773],[1698,2849,2851,2854,2857],{"className":2850},[1824,2773],[1698,2852,1736],{"className":2853},[1824,1825,2773],[1698,2855,2067],{"className":2856,"style":2227},[1824,1825,2773],[1698,2858,2610],{"className":2859},[1824,1825,2773],[1698,2861,1969],{"className":2862},[1968],[1698,2864,2866],{"className":2865},[1886],[1698,2867,2869],{"className":2868,"style":2796},[1890],[1698,2870],{},[1698,2872,1969],{"className":2873},[1968],[1698,2875,2877],{"className":2876},[1886],[1698,2878,2881],{"className":2879,"style":2880},[1890],"height:0.836em;",[1698,2882],{},[1698,2884],{"className":2885},[1982,1874],[981,2887,2888],{},"例如 X 用 10s，Y 用 15s：",[1698,2890,2892],{"className":2891},[1701],[1698,2893,2895,2936],{"className":2894},[1705],[1698,2896,2898],{"className":2897},[1709],[1711,2899,2900],{"xmlns":1713,"display":1714},[1716,2901,2902,2933],{},[1719,2903,2904,2906,2908,2910,2912,2914,2916,2918,2920,2928,2930],{},[1722,2905,2601],{},[1722,2907,981],{},[1722,2909,1727],{},[1722,2911,1727],{},[1722,2913,2610],{},[1722,2915,1778],{},[1722,2917,981],{},[1754,2919,1756],{},[1758,2921,2922,2925],{},[1761,2923,2924],{},"15",[1761,2926,2927],{},"10",[1754,2929,1756],{},[1761,2931,2932],{},"1.5",[1803,2934,2935],{"encoding":1805},"Speedup = \\frac{15}{10}=1.5",[1698,2937,2939,2972,3049],{"className":2938,"ariaHidden":1811},[1810],[1698,2940,2942,2945,2948,2951,2954,2957,2960,2963,2966,2969],{"className":2941},[1815],[1698,2943],{"className":2944,"style":1820},[1819],[1698,2946,2601],{"className":2947,"style":1906},[1824,1825],[1698,2949,981],{"className":2950},[1824,1825],[1698,2952,2682],{"className":2953},[1824,1825],[1698,2955,2610],{"className":2956},[1824,1825],[1698,2958,1778],{"className":2959},[1824,1825],[1698,2961,981],{"className":2962},[1824,1825],[1698,2964],{"className":2965,"style":1852},[1851],[1698,2967,1756],{"className":2968},[1856],[1698,2970],{"className":2971,"style":1852},[1851],[1698,2973,2975,2978,3040,3043,3046],{"className":2974},[1815],[1698,2976],{"className":2977,"style":1866},[1819],[1698,2979,2981,2984,3037],{"className":2980},[1824],[1698,2982],{"className":2983},[1873,1874],[1698,2985,2987],{"className":2986},[1758],[1698,2988,2990,3029],{"className":2989},[1881,1882],[1698,2991,2993,3026],{"className":2992},[1886],[1698,2994,2996,3007,3015],{"className":2995,"style":1891},[1890],[1698,2997,2998,3001],{"style":1894},[1698,2999],{"className":3000,"style":1899},[1898],[1698,3002,3004],{"className":3003},[1824],[1698,3005,2927],{"className":3006},[1824],[1698,3008,3009,3012],{"style":1944},[1698,3010],{"className":3011,"style":1899},[1898],[1698,3013],{"className":3014,"style":1952},[1951],[1698,3016,3017,3020],{"style":1955},[1698,3018],{"className":3019,"style":1899},[1898],[1698,3021,3023],{"className":3022},[1824],[1698,3024,2924],{"className":3025},[1824],[1698,3027,1969],{"className":3028},[1968],[1698,3030,3032],{"className":3031},[1886],[1698,3033,3035],{"className":3034,"style":1976},[1890],[1698,3036],{},[1698,3038],{"className":3039},[1982,1874],[1698,3041],{"className":3042,"style":1852},[1851],[1698,3044,1756],{"className":3045},[1856],[1698,3047],{"className":3048,"style":1852},[1851],[1698,3050,3052,3056],{"className":3051},[1815],[1698,3053],{"className":3054,"style":3055},[1819],"height:0.6444em;",[1698,3057,2932],{"className":3058},[1824],[981,3060,3061],{},"所以 X 比 Y 快 1.5 倍，性能提升是：",[1698,3063,3065],{"className":3064},[1701],[1698,3066,3068,3096],{"className":3067},[1705],[1698,3069,3071],{"className":3070},[1709],[1711,3072,3073],{"xmlns":1713,"display":1714},[1716,3074,3075,3093],{},[1719,3076,3077,3079,3082,3084,3086,3089],{},[1761,3078,2932],{},[1754,3080,3081],{},"−",[1761,3083,1763],{},[1754,3085,1756],{},[1761,3087,3088],{},"50",[1722,3090,3092],{"mathvariant":3091},"normal","%",[1803,3094,3095],{"encoding":1805},"1.5-1=50\\%",[1698,3097,3099,3118,3136],{"className":3098,"ariaHidden":1811},[1810],[1698,3100,3102,3106,3109,3112,3115],{"className":3101},[1815],[1698,3103],{"className":3104,"style":3105},[1819],"height:0.7278em;vertical-align:-0.0833em;",[1698,3107,2932],{"className":3108},[1824],[1698,3110],{"className":3111,"style":2183},[1851],[1698,3113,3081],{"className":3114},[2187],[1698,3116],{"className":3117,"style":2183},[1851],[1698,3119,3121,3124,3127,3130,3133],{"className":3120},[1815],[1698,3122],{"className":3123,"style":3055},[1819],[1698,3125,1763],{"className":3126},[1824],[1698,3128],{"className":3129,"style":1852},[1851],[1698,3131,1756],{"className":3132},[1856],[1698,3134],{"className":3135,"style":1852},[1851],[1698,3137,3139,3143],{"className":3138},[1815],[1698,3140],{"className":3141,"style":3142},[1819],"height:0.8056em;vertical-align:-0.0556em;",[1698,3144,3146],{"className":3145},[1824],"50%",[981,3148,3149,3150,3153,3154,3157,3158,1297],{},"注意：",[991,3151,3152],{},"性能提升 50%"," 不等于 ",[991,3155,3156],{},"执行时间减少 50%","。这个例子中",[991,3159,3160],{},"执行时间只是从 15s 减到 10s，减少了 33%",[1023,3162,3164],{"id":3163},"mips-陷阱","MIPS 陷阱",[981,3166,3167,3168,3171],{},"MIPS 全称是 ",[991,3169,3170],{},"Millions of Instructions Per Second","，即每秒执行几百万条指令：",[1698,3173,3175],{"className":3174},[1701],[1698,3176,3178,3321],{"className":3177},[1705],[1698,3179,3181],{"className":3180},[1709],[1711,3182,3183],{"xmlns":1713,"display":1714},[1716,3184,3185,3318],{},[1719,3186,3187,3190,3192,3194,3196,3198,3276,3278],{},[1722,3188,3189],{},"M",[1722,3191,2028],{},[1722,3193,1724],{},[1722,3195,2601],{},[1754,3197,1756],{},[1758,3199,3200,3236],{},[1719,3201,3202,3204,3206,3208,3210,3212,3214,3216,3218,3220,3222,3224,3226,3228,3230,3232,3234],{},[1722,3203,2028],{},[1722,3205,1747],{},[1722,3207,2033],{},[1722,3209,1781],{},[1722,3211,1730],{},[1722,3213,1778],{},[1722,3215,1750],{},[1722,3217,1781],{},[1722,3219,1784],{},[1722,3221,1736],{},[1722,3223,1747],{},[1790,3225,1792],{},[1722,3227,2010],{},[1722,3229,1736],{},[1722,3231,1778],{},[1722,3233,1747],{},[1722,3235,1781],{},[1719,3237,3238,3240,3242,3244,3246,3248,3250,3252,3254,3256,3258,3260,3262,3264,3266,3268],{},[1722,3239,1768],{},[1722,3241,1771],{},[1722,3243,1727],{},[1722,3245,1750],{},[1722,3247,1778],{},[1722,3249,1781],{},[1722,3251,1784],{},[1722,3253,1736],{},[1722,3255,1747],{},[1790,3257,1792],{},[1722,3259,1795],{},[1722,3261,1784],{},[1722,3263,1741],{},[1722,3265,1727],{},[1754,3267,2054],{},[3269,3270,3271,3273],"msup",{},[1761,3272,2927],{},[1761,3274,3275],{},"6",[1754,3277,1756],{},[1758,3279,3280,3302],{},[1719,3281,3282,3284,3286,3288,3290,3292,3294,3296,3298,3300],{},[1722,3283,1750],{},[1722,3285,2067],{},[1722,3287,1736],{},[1722,3289,1750],{},[1722,3291,2074],{},[1790,3293,1792],{},[1722,3295,1730],{},[1722,3297,1744],{},[1722,3299,1781],{},[1722,3301,1727],{},[1719,3303,3304,3306,3308,3310,3312],{},[1722,3305,2010],{},[1722,3307,1724],{},[1722,3309,2028],{},[1754,3311,2054],{},[3269,3313,3314,3316],{},[1761,3315,2927],{},[1761,3317,3275],{},[1803,3319,3320],{"encoding":1805},"MIPS = \\frac{Instruction\\ Count}{Execution\\ Time \\times 10^6} = \\frac{clock\\ rate}{CPI \\times 10^6}",[1698,3322,3324,3351,3555],{"className":3323,"ariaHidden":1811},[1810],[1698,3325,3327,3330,3333,3336,3339,3342,3345,3348],{"className":3326},[1815],[1698,3328],{"className":3329,"style":2106},[1819],[1698,3331,3189],{"className":3332,"style":2117},[1824,1825],[1698,3334,2028],{"className":3335,"style":2146},[1824,1825],[1698,3337,1724],{"className":3338,"style":1826},[1824,1825],[1698,3340,2601],{"className":3341,"style":1906},[1824,1825],[1698,3343],{"className":3344,"style":1852},[1851],[1698,3346,1756],{"className":3347},[1856],[1698,3349],{"className":3350,"style":1852},[1851],[1698,3352,3354,3358,3546,3549,3552],{"className":3353},[1815],[1698,3355],{"className":3356,"style":3357},[1819],"height:2.1297em;vertical-align:-0.7693em;",[1698,3359,3361,3364,3543],{"className":3360},[1824],[1698,3362],{"className":3363},[1873,1874],[1698,3365,3367],{"className":3366},[1758],[1698,3368,3370,3534],{"className":3369},[1881,1882],[1698,3371,3373,3531],{"className":3372},[1886],[1698,3374,3376,3464,3472],{"className":3375,"style":2423},[1890],[1698,3377,3378,3381],{"style":1894},[1698,3379],{"className":3380,"style":1899},[1898],[1698,3382,3384,3387,3390,3393,3396,3399,3402,3405,3408,3411,3414,3417,3420,3423,3426,3429,3432],{"className":3383},[1824],[1698,3385,1768],{"className":3386,"style":1906},[1824,1825],[1698,3388,1771],{"className":3389},[1824,1825],[1698,3391,1913],{"className":3392},[1824,1825],[1698,3394,1778],{"className":3395},[1824,1825],[1698,3397,1781],{"className":3398},[1824,1825],[1698,3400,1784],{"className":3401},[1824,1825],[1698,3403,1736],{"className":3404},[1824,1825],[1698,3406,1747],{"className":3407},[1824,1825],[1698,3409,1792],{"className":3410},[1851],[1698,3412,1795],{"className":3413,"style":1826},[1824,1825],[1698,3415,1938],{"className":3416},[1824,1825],[1698,3418,1727],{"className":3419},[1824,1825],[1698,3421],{"className":3422,"style":2183},[1851],[1698,3424,2054],{"className":3425},[2187],[1698,3427],{"className":3428,"style":2183},[1851],[1698,3430,1763],{"className":3431},[1824],[1698,3433,3435,3439],{"className":3434},[1824],[1698,3436,3438],{"className":3437},[1824],"0",[1698,3440,3442],{"className":3441},[2749],[1698,3443,3445],{"className":3444},[1881],[1698,3446,3448],{"className":3447},[1886],[1698,3449,3452],{"className":3450,"style":3451},[1890],"height:0.7401em;",[1698,3453,3455,3458],{"style":3454},"top:-2.989em;margin-right:0.05em;",[1698,3456],{"className":3457,"style":2766},[1898],[1698,3459,3461],{"className":3460},[2770,2771,2772,2773],[1698,3462,3275],{"className":3463},[1824,2773],[1698,3465,3466,3469],{"style":1944},[1698,3467],{"className":3468,"style":1899},[1898],[1698,3470],{"className":3471,"style":1952},[1951],[1698,3473,3474,3477],{"style":1955},[1698,3475],{"className":3476,"style":1899},[1898],[1698,3478,3480,3483,3486,3489,3492,3495,3498,3501,3504,3507,3510,3513,3516,3519,3522,3525,3528],{"className":3479},[1824],[1698,3481,2028],{"className":3482,"style":2146},[1824,1825],[1698,3484,1747],{"className":3485},[1824,1825],[1698,3487,2033],{"className":3488},[1824,1825],[1698,3490,1781],{"className":3491},[1824,1825],[1698,3493,1730],{"className":3494,"style":1830},[1824,1825],[1698,3496,1778],{"className":3497},[1824,1825],[1698,3499,1750],{"className":3500},[1824,1825],[1698,3502,1781],{"className":3503},[1824,1825],[1698,3505,1784],{"className":3506},[1824,1825],[1698,3508,1736],{"className":3509},[1824,1825],[1698,3511,1747],{"className":3512},[1824,1825],[1698,3514,1792],{"className":3515},[1851],[1698,3517,2010],{"className":3518,"style":2110},[1824,1825],[1698,3520,1736],{"className":3521},[1824,1825],[1698,3523,1778],{"className":3524},[1824,1825],[1698,3526,1747],{"className":3527},[1824,1825],[1698,3529,1781],{"className":3530},[1824,1825],[1698,3532,1969],{"className":3533},[1968],[1698,3535,3537],{"className":3536},[1886],[1698,3538,3541],{"className":3539,"style":3540},[1890],"height:0.7693em;",[1698,3542],{},[1698,3544],{"className":3545},[1982,1874],[1698,3547],{"className":3548,"style":1852},[1851],[1698,3550,1756],{"className":3551},[1856],[1698,3553],{"className":3554,"style":1852},[1851],[1698,3556,3558,3562],{"className":3557},[1815],[1698,3559],{"className":3560,"style":3561},[1819],"height:2.1408em;vertical-align:-0.7693em;",[1698,3563,3565,3568,3693],{"className":3564},[1824],[1698,3566],{"className":3567},[1873,1874],[1698,3569,3571],{"className":3570},[1758],[1698,3572,3574,3685],{"className":3573},[1881,1882],[1698,3575,3577,3682],{"className":3576},[1886],[1698,3578,3581,3639,3647],{"className":3579,"style":3580},[1890],"height:1.3714em;",[1698,3582,3583,3586],{"style":1894},[1698,3584],{"className":3585,"style":1899},[1898],[1698,3587,3589,3592,3595,3598,3601,3604,3607,3610],{"className":3588},[1824],[1698,3590,2010],{"className":3591,"style":2110},[1824,1825],[1698,3593,1724],{"className":3594,"style":1826},[1824,1825],[1698,3596,2028],{"className":3597,"style":2146},[1824,1825],[1698,3599],{"className":3600,"style":2183},[1851],[1698,3602,2054],{"className":3603},[2187],[1698,3605],{"className":3606,"style":2183},[1851],[1698,3608,1763],{"className":3609},[1824],[1698,3611,3613,3616],{"className":3612},[1824],[1698,3614,3438],{"className":3615},[1824],[1698,3617,3619],{"className":3618},[2749],[1698,3620,3622],{"className":3621},[1881],[1698,3623,3625],{"className":3624},[1886],[1698,3626,3628],{"className":3627,"style":3451},[1890],[1698,3629,3630,3633],{"style":3454},[1698,3631],{"className":3632,"style":2766},[1898],[1698,3634,3636],{"className":3635},[2770,2771,2772,2773],[1698,3637,3275],{"className":3638},[1824,2773],[1698,3640,3641,3644],{"style":1944},[1698,3642],{"className":3643,"style":1899},[1898],[1698,3645],{"className":3646,"style":1952},[1951],[1698,3648,3649,3652],{"style":1955},[1698,3650],{"className":3651,"style":1899},[1898],[1698,3653,3655,3658,3661,3664,3667,3670,3673,3676,3679],{"className":3654},[1824],[1698,3656,1750],{"className":3657},[1824,1825],[1698,3659,2067],{"className":3660,"style":2227},[1824,1825],[1698,3662,2231],{"className":3663},[1824,1825],[1698,3665,2074],{"className":3666,"style":2235},[1824,1825],[1698,3668,1792],{"className":3669},[1851],[1698,3671,1730],{"className":3672,"style":1830},[1824,1825],[1698,3674,1744],{"className":3675},[1824,1825],[1698,3677,1781],{"className":3678},[1824,1825],[1698,3680,1727],{"className":3681},[1824,1825],[1698,3683,1969],{"className":3684},[1968],[1698,3686,3688],{"className":3687},[1886],[1698,3689,3691],{"className":3690,"style":3540},[1890],[1698,3692],{},[1698,3694],{"className":3695},[1982,1874],[981,3697,3698],{},"但不同 ISA 的“指令”复杂度不同，所以不能直接说 MIPS 高就一定快。比如 MIPS 指令多但 CPI 低，x86 指令少但 CPI 高，最后还是要回到执行时间公式判断。",[1174,3700,3701],{"id":3701},"案例",[981,3703,3704],{},[1016,3705],{"alt":1016,"src":3706},"\u002Fimg\u002FComputerOrganization\u002FL1-Intro-25.png",[981,3708,3709,3710],{},"MIPS 处理器：",[1698,3711,3713,3763],{"className":3712},[1705],[1698,3714,3716],{"className":3715},[1709],[1711,3717,3718],{"xmlns":1713},[1716,3719,3720,3760],{},[1719,3721,3722,3754,3756,3758],{},[1758,3723,3724,3742],{},[1719,3725,3726,3729,3731,3738,3740],{},[1761,3727,3728],{},"4",[1754,3730,2054],{},[3269,3732,3733,3735],{},[1761,3734,2927],{},[1761,3736,3737],{},"9",[1754,3739,2054],{},[1761,3741,2932],{},[1719,3743,3744,3746,3748],{},[1761,3745,1763],{},[1754,3747,2054],{},[3269,3749,3750,3752],{},[1761,3751,2927],{},[1761,3753,3737],{},[1754,3755,1756],{},[1761,3757,3275],{},[1722,3759,2033],{},[1803,3761,3762],{"encoding":1805},"\\frac{4\\times10^9 \\times 1.5}{1\\times10^9}=6s",[1698,3764,3766,3937],{"className":3765,"ariaHidden":1811},[1810],[1698,3767,3769,3773,3928,3931,3934],{"className":3768},[1815],[1698,3770],{"className":3771,"style":3772},[1819],"height:1.4213em;vertical-align:-0.4033em;",[1698,3774,3776,3779,3925],{"className":3775},[1824],[1698,3777],{"className":3778},[1873,1874],[1698,3780,3782],{"className":3781},[1758],[1698,3783,3785,3916],{"className":3784},[1881,1882],[1698,3786,3788,3913],{"className":3787},[1886],[1698,3789,3792,3847,3855],{"className":3790,"style":3791},[1890],"height:1.0179em;",[1698,3793,3795,3798],{"style":3794},"top:-2.655em;",[1698,3796],{"className":3797,"style":1899},[1898],[1698,3799,3801],{"className":3800},[2770,2771,2772,2773],[1698,3802,3804,3807,3810,3813],{"className":3803},[1824,2773],[1698,3805,1763],{"className":3806},[1824,2773],[1698,3808,2054],{"className":3809},[2187,2773],[1698,3811,1763],{"className":3812},[1824,2773],[1698,3814,3816,3819],{"className":3815},[1824,2773],[1698,3817,3438],{"className":3818},[1824,2773],[1698,3820,3822],{"className":3821},[2749],[1698,3823,3825],{"className":3824},[1881],[1698,3826,3828],{"className":3827},[1886],[1698,3829,3832],{"className":3830,"style":3831},[1890],"height:0.7463em;",[1698,3833,3835,3839],{"style":3834},"top:-2.786em;margin-right:0.0714em;",[1698,3836],{"className":3837,"style":3838},[1898],"height:2.5em;",[1698,3840,3844],{"className":3841},[2770,3842,3843,2773],"reset-size3","size1",[1698,3845,3737],{"className":3846},[1824,2773],[1698,3848,3849,3852],{"style":1944},[1698,3850],{"className":3851,"style":1899},[1898],[1698,3853],{"className":3854,"style":1952},[1951],[1698,3856,3858,3861],{"style":3857},"top:-3.394em;",[1698,3859],{"className":3860,"style":1899},[1898],[1698,3862,3864],{"className":3863},[2770,2771,2772,2773],[1698,3865,3867,3870,3873,3876,3907,3910],{"className":3866},[1824,2773],[1698,3868,3728],{"className":3869},[1824,2773],[1698,3871,2054],{"className":3872},[2187,2773],[1698,3874,1763],{"className":3875},[1824,2773],[1698,3877,3879,3882],{"className":3878},[1824,2773],[1698,3880,3438],{"className":3881},[1824,2773],[1698,3883,3885],{"className":3884},[2749],[1698,3886,3888],{"className":3887},[1881],[1698,3889,3891],{"className":3890},[1886],[1698,3892,3895],{"className":3893,"style":3894},[1890],"height:0.8913em;",[1698,3896,3898,3901],{"style":3897},"top:-2.931em;margin-right:0.0714em;",[1698,3899],{"className":3900,"style":3838},[1898],[1698,3902,3904],{"className":3903},[2770,3842,3843,2773],[1698,3905,3737],{"className":3906},[1824,2773],[1698,3908,2054],{"className":3909},[2187,2773],[1698,3911,2932],{"className":3912},[1824,2773],[1698,3914,1969],{"className":3915},[1968],[1698,3917,3919],{"className":3918},[1886],[1698,3920,3923],{"className":3921,"style":3922},[1890],"height:0.4033em;",[1698,3924],{},[1698,3926],{"className":3927},[1982,1874],[1698,3929],{"className":3930,"style":1852},[1851],[1698,3932,1756],{"className":3933},[1856],[1698,3935],{"className":3936,"style":1852},[1851],[1698,3938,3940,3943,3946],{"className":3939},[1815],[1698,3941],{"className":3942,"style":3055},[1819],[1698,3944,3275],{"className":3945},[1824],[1698,3947,2033],{"className":3948},[1824,1825],[981,3950,3951,3952],{},"x86 处理器：",[1698,3953,3955,4005],{"className":3954},[1705],[1698,3956,3958],{"className":3957},[1709],[1711,3959,3960],{"xmlns":1713},[1716,3961,3962,4002],{},[1719,3963,3964,3995,3997,4000],{},[1758,3965,3966,3983],{},[1719,3967,3968,3971,3973,3979,3981],{},[1761,3969,3970],{},"2",[1754,3972,2054],{},[3269,3974,3975,3977],{},[1761,3976,2927],{},[1761,3978,3737],{},[1754,3980,2054],{},[1761,3982,3275],{},[1719,3984,3985,3987,3989],{},[1761,3986,2932],{},[1754,3988,2054],{},[3269,3990,3991,3993],{},[1761,3992,2927],{},[1761,3994,3737],{},[1754,3996,1756],{},[1761,3998,3999],{},"8",[1722,4001,2033],{},[1803,4003,4004],{"encoding":1805},"\\frac{2\\times10^9 \\times 6}{1.5\\times10^9}=8s",[1698,4006,4008,4167],{"className":4007,"ariaHidden":1811},[1810],[1698,4009,4011,4014,4158,4161,4164],{"className":4010},[1815],[1698,4012],{"className":4013,"style":3772},[1819],[1698,4015,4017,4020,4155],{"className":4016},[1824],[1698,4018],{"className":4019},[1873,1874],[1698,4021,4023],{"className":4022},[1758],[1698,4024,4026,4147],{"className":4025},[1881,1882],[1698,4027,4029,4144],{"className":4028},[1886],[1698,4030,4032,4081,4089],{"className":4031,"style":3791},[1890],[1698,4033,4034,4037],{"style":3794},[1698,4035],{"className":4036,"style":1899},[1898],[1698,4038,4040],{"className":4039},[2770,2771,2772,2773],[1698,4041,4043,4046,4049,4052],{"className":4042},[1824,2773],[1698,4044,2932],{"className":4045},[1824,2773],[1698,4047,2054],{"className":4048},[2187,2773],[1698,4050,1763],{"className":4051},[1824,2773],[1698,4053,4055,4058],{"className":4054},[1824,2773],[1698,4056,3438],{"className":4057},[1824,2773],[1698,4059,4061],{"className":4060},[2749],[1698,4062,4064],{"className":4063},[1881],[1698,4065,4067],{"className":4066},[1886],[1698,4068,4070],{"className":4069,"style":3831},[1890],[1698,4071,4072,4075],{"style":3834},[1698,4073],{"className":4074,"style":3838},[1898],[1698,4076,4078],{"className":4077},[2770,3842,3843,2773],[1698,4079,3737],{"className":4080},[1824,2773],[1698,4082,4083,4086],{"style":1944},[1698,4084],{"className":4085,"style":1899},[1898],[1698,4087],{"className":4088,"style":1952},[1951],[1698,4090,4091,4094],{"style":3857},[1698,4092],{"className":4093,"style":1899},[1898],[1698,4095,4097],{"className":4096},[2770,2771,2772,2773],[1698,4098,4100,4103,4106,4109,4138,4141],{"className":4099},[1824,2773],[1698,4101,3970],{"className":4102},[1824,2773],[1698,4104,2054],{"className":4105},[2187,2773],[1698,4107,1763],{"className":4108},[1824,2773],[1698,4110,4112,4115],{"className":4111},[1824,2773],[1698,4113,3438],{"className":4114},[1824,2773],[1698,4116,4118],{"className":4117},[2749],[1698,4119,4121],{"className":4120},[1881],[1698,4122,4124],{"className":4123},[1886],[1698,4125,4127],{"className":4126,"style":3894},[1890],[1698,4128,4129,4132],{"style":3897},[1698,4130],{"className":4131,"style":3838},[1898],[1698,4133,4135],{"className":4134},[2770,3842,3843,2773],[1698,4136,3737],{"className":4137},[1824,2773],[1698,4139,2054],{"className":4140},[2187,2773],[1698,4142,3275],{"className":4143},[1824,2773],[1698,4145,1969],{"className":4146},[1968],[1698,4148,4150],{"className":4149},[1886],[1698,4151,4153],{"className":4152,"style":3922},[1890],[1698,4154],{},[1698,4156],{"className":4157},[1982,1874],[1698,4159],{"className":4160,"style":1852},[1851],[1698,4162,1756],{"className":4163},[1856],[1698,4165],{"className":4166,"style":1852},[1851],[1698,4168,4170,4173,4176],{"className":4169},[1815],[1698,4171],{"className":4172,"style":3055},[1819],[1698,4174,3999],{"className":4175},[1824],[1698,4177,2033],{"className":4178},[1824,1825],[981,4180,4181,4182,1297],{},"所以这个例子中 ",[991,4183,4184],{},"MIPS 处理器更快",[1023,4186,4187],{"id":4187},"性能改善不一定等于整体改善",[981,4189,4190,4193],{},[991,4191,4192],{},"只改进系统某一部分，不能期待整体性能按同样比例提升","。系统性能要看整体瓶颈。",[981,4195,4196],{},[1016,4197],{"alt":1016,"src":4198},"\u002Fimg\u002FComputerOrganization\u002FL1-Intro-26.png",[981,4200,4201],{},"下面的Turbo Boost 例子说明：提高频率可能减少执行时间，但也会改变动态功耗。",[1174,4203,3701],{"id":4204},"案例-1",[981,4206,4207],{},[1016,4208],{"alt":1016,"src":4209},"\u002Fimg\u002FComputerOrganization\u002FL1-Intro-27.png",[978,4211,4212,4475],{},[981,4213,4214,4215],{},"依据动态功耗公式：",[1698,4216,4218,4287],{"className":4217},[1705],[1698,4219,4221],{"className":4220},[1709],[1711,4222,4223],{"xmlns":1713},[1716,4224,4225,4284],{},[1719,4226,4227,4247,4249,4252,4254,4256,4258,4261,4263,4265,4267,4269,4271,4273,4280,4282],{},[2628,4228,4229,4231],{},[1722,4230,1724],{},[1719,4232,4233,4235,4237,4239,4241,4243,4245],{},[1722,4234,2610],{},[1722,4236,2079],{},[1722,4238,1747],{},[1722,4240,1744],{},[1722,4242,1741],{},[1722,4244,1784],{},[1722,4246,1750],{},[1754,4248,1756],{},[1722,4250,4251],{},"A",[1722,4253,1750],{},[1722,4255,1781],{},[1722,4257,1784],{},[1722,4259,4260],{},"v",[1722,4262,1784],{},[1722,4264,1781],{},[1722,4266,2079],{},[1754,4268,2054],{},[1722,4270,2010],{},[1754,4272,2054],{},[3269,4274,4275,4278],{},[1722,4276,4277],{},"V",[1761,4279,3970],{},[1754,4281,2054],{},[1722,4283,1733],{},[1803,4285,4286],{"encoding":1805},"P_{dynamic}=Activity×C×V^2×f",[1698,4288,4290,4361,4401,4419,4466],{"className":4289,"ariaHidden":1811},[1810],[1698,4291,4293,4297,4352,4355,4358],{"className":4292},[1815],[1698,4294],{"className":4295,"style":4296},[1819],"height:0.9694em;vertical-align:-0.2861em;",[1698,4298,4300,4303],{"className":4299},[1824],[1698,4301,1724],{"className":4302,"style":1826},[1824,1825],[1698,4304,4306],{"className":4305},[2749],[1698,4307,4309,4343],{"className":4308},[1881,1882],[1698,4310,4312,4340],{"className":4311},[1886],[1698,4313,4315],{"className":4314,"style":2839},[1890],[1698,4316,4318,4321],{"style":4317},"top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.1389em;margin-right:0.05em;",[1698,4319],{"className":4320,"style":2766},[1898],[1698,4322,4324],{"className":4323},[2770,2771,2772,2773],[1698,4325,4327,4330,4333,4337],{"className":4326},[1824,2773],[1698,4328,2610],{"className":4329},[1824,1825,2773],[1698,4331,2079],{"className":4332,"style":2242},[1824,1825,2773],[1698,4334,4336],{"className":4335},[1824,1825,2773],"nami",[1698,4338,1750],{"className":4339},[1824,1825,2773],[1698,4341,1969],{"className":4342},[1968],[1698,4344,4346],{"className":4345},[1886],[1698,4347,4350],{"className":4348,"style":4349},[1890],"height:0.2861em;",[1698,4351],{},[1698,4353],{"className":4354,"style":1852},[1851],[1698,4356,1756],{"className":4357},[1856],[1698,4359],{"className":4360,"style":1852},[1851],[1698,4362,4364,4368,4371,4374,4377,4380,4383,4386,4389,4392,4395,4398],{"className":4363},[1815],[1698,4365],{"className":4366,"style":4367},[1819],"height:0.8778em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;",[1698,4369,4251],{"className":4370},[1824,1825],[1698,4372,1750],{"className":4373},[1824,1825],[1698,4375,1781],{"className":4376},[1824,1825],[1698,4378,1784],{"className":4379},[1824,1825],[1698,4381,4260],{"className":4382,"style":2242},[1824,1825],[1698,4384,1784],{"className":4385},[1824,1825],[1698,4387,1781],{"className":4388},[1824,1825],[1698,4390,2079],{"className":4391,"style":2242},[1824,1825],[1698,4393],{"className":4394,"style":2183},[1851],[1698,4396,2054],{"className":4397},[2187],[1698,4399],{"className":4400,"style":2183},[1851],[1698,4402,4404,4407,4410,4413,4416],{"className":4403},[1815],[1698,4405],{"className":4406,"style":2142},[1819],[1698,4408,2010],{"className":4409,"style":2110},[1824,1825],[1698,4411],{"className":4412,"style":2183},[1851],[1698,4414,2054],{"className":4415},[2187],[1698,4417],{"className":4418,"style":2183},[1851],[1698,4420,4422,4426,4457,4460,4463],{"className":4421},[1815],[1698,4423],{"className":4424,"style":4425},[1819],"height:0.8974em;vertical-align:-0.0833em;",[1698,4427,4429,4432],{"className":4428},[1824],[1698,4430,4277],{"className":4431,"style":2183},[1824,1825],[1698,4433,4435],{"className":4434},[2749],[1698,4436,4438],{"className":4437},[1881],[1698,4439,4441],{"className":4440},[1886],[1698,4442,4445],{"className":4443,"style":4444},[1890],"height:0.8141em;",[1698,4446,4448,4451],{"style":4447},"top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;",[1698,4449],{"className":4450,"style":2766},[1898],[1698,4452,4454],{"className":4453},[2770,2771,2772,2773],[1698,4455,3970],{"className":4456},[1824,2773],[1698,4458],{"className":4459,"style":2183},[1851],[1698,4461,2054],{"className":4462},[2187],[1698,4464],{"className":4465,"style":2183},[1851],[1698,4467,4469,4472],{"className":4468},[1815],[1698,4470],{"className":4471,"style":1820},[1819],[1698,4473,1733],{"className":4474,"style":1835},[1824,1825],[981,4476,4477,4478],{},"依据执行时间公式是：",[1698,4479,4481,4591],{"className":4480},[1705],[1698,4482,4484],{"className":4483},[1709],[1711,4485,4486],{"xmlns":1713},[1716,4487,4488,4588],{},[1719,4489,4490,4492,4494,4496,4498,4500,4502,4504,4506,4508,4510,4512,4514,4516,4518,4520],{},[1722,4491,1768],{},[1722,4493,1771],{},[1722,4495,1727],{},[1722,4497,1750],{},[1722,4499,1778],{},[1722,4501,1781],{},[1722,4503,1784],{},[1722,4505,1736],{},[1722,4507,1747],{},[1790,4509,1792],{},[1722,4511,1795],{},[1722,4513,1784],{},[1722,4515,1741],{},[1722,4517,1727],{},[1754,4519,1756],{},[1758,4521,4522,4566],{},[1719,4523,4524,4526,4528,4530,4532,4534,4536,4538,4540,4542,4544,4546,4548,4550,4552,4554,4556,4558,4560,4562,4564],{},[1722,4525,2028],{},[1722,4527,1747],{},[1722,4529,2033],{},[1722,4531,1781],{},[1722,4533,1730],{},[1722,4535,1778],{},[1722,4537,1750],{},[1722,4539,1781],{},[1722,4541,1784],{},[1722,4543,1736],{},[1722,4545,1747],{},[1790,4547,1792],{},[1722,4549,2010],{},[1722,4551,1736],{},[1722,4553,1778],{},[1722,4555,1747],{},[1722,4557,1781],{},[1754,4559,2054],{},[1722,4561,2010],{},[1722,4563,1724],{},[1722,4565,2028],{},[1719,4567,4568,4570,4572,4574,4576,4578,4580,4582,4584,4586],{},[1722,4569,2010],{},[1722,4571,2067],{},[1722,4573,1736],{},[1722,4575,1750],{},[1722,4577,2074],{},[1790,4579,1792],{},[1722,4581,2349],{},[1722,4583,1744],{},[1722,4585,1781],{},[1722,4587,1727],{},[1803,4589,4590],{"encoding":1805},"Execution\\ Time = \\frac{Instruction\\ Count \\times CPI}{Clock\\ Rate}",[1698,4592,4594,4645],{"className":4593,"ariaHidden":1811},[1810],[1698,4595,4597,4600,4603,4606,4609,4612,4615,4618,4621,4624,4627,4630,4633,4636,4639,4642],{"className":4596},[1815],[1698,4598],{"className":4599,"style":2106},[1819],[1698,4601,1768],{"className":4602,"style":1906},[1824,1825],[1698,4604,1771],{"className":4605},[1824,1825],[1698,4607,1913],{"className":4608},[1824,1825],[1698,4610,1778],{"className":4611},[1824,1825],[1698,4613,1781],{"className":4614},[1824,1825],[1698,4616,1784],{"className":4617},[1824,1825],[1698,4619,1736],{"className":4620},[1824,1825],[1698,4622,1747],{"className":4623},[1824,1825],[1698,4625,1792],{"className":4626},[1851],[1698,4628,1795],{"className":4629,"style":1826},[1824,1825],[1698,4631,1938],{"className":4632},[1824,1825],[1698,4634,1727],{"className":4635},[1824,1825],[1698,4637],{"className":4638,"style":1852},[1851],[1698,4640,1756],{"className":4641},[1856],[1698,4643],{"className":4644,"style":1852},[1851],[1698,4646,4648,4652],{"className":4647},[1815],[1698,4649],{"className":4650,"style":4651},[1819],"height:1.2173em;vertical-align:-0.345em;",[1698,4653,4655,4658,4809],{"className":4654},[1824],[1698,4656],{"className":4657},[1873,1874],[1698,4659,4661],{"className":4660},[1758],[1698,4662,4664,4800],{"className":4663},[1881,1882],[1698,4665,4667,4797],{"className":4666},[1886],[1698,4668,4671,4712,4720],{"className":4669,"style":4670},[1890],"height:0.8723em;",[1698,4672,4673,4676],{"style":3794},[1698,4674],{"className":4675,"style":1899},[1898],[1698,4677,4679],{"className":4678},[2770,2771,2772,2773],[1698,4680,4682,4685,4688,4691,4694,4700,4703,4706,4709],{"className":4681},[1824,2773],[1698,4683,2010],{"className":4684,"style":2110},[1824,1825,2773],[1698,4686,2067],{"className":4687,"style":2227},[1824,1825,2773],[1698,4689,2231],{"className":4690},[1824,1825,2773],[1698,4692,2074],{"className":4693,"style":2235},[1824,1825,2773],[1698,4695,4697],{"className":4696},[1851,2773],[1698,4698,1792],{"className":4699},[2773],[1698,4701,2349],{"className":4702,"style":2450},[1824,1825,2773],[1698,4704,1744],{"className":4705},[1824,1825,2773],[1698,4707,1781],{"className":4708},[1824,1825,2773],[1698,4710,1727],{"className":4711},[1824,1825,2773],[1698,4713,4714,4717],{"style":1944},[1698,4715],{"className":4716,"style":1899},[1898],[1698,4718],{"className":4719,"style":1952},[1951],[1698,4721,4722,4725],{"style":3857},[1698,4723],{"className":4724,"style":1899},[1898],[1698,4726,4728],{"className":4727},[2770,2771,2772,2773],[1698,4729,4731,4734,4737,4740,4743,4746,4749,4752,4755,4758,4761,4764,4770,4773,4776,4779,4782,4785,4788,4791,4794],{"className":4730},[1824,2773],[1698,4732,2028],{"className":4733,"style":2146},[1824,1825,2773],[1698,4735,1747],{"className":4736},[1824,1825,2773],[1698,4738,2033],{"className":4739},[1824,1825,2773],[1698,4741,1781],{"className":4742},[1824,1825,2773],[1698,4744,1730],{"className":4745,"style":1830},[1824,1825,2773],[1698,4747,1778],{"className":4748},[1824,1825,2773],[1698,4750,1750],{"className":4751},[1824,1825,2773],[1698,4753,1781],{"className":4754},[1824,1825,2773],[1698,4756,1784],{"className":4757},[1824,1825,2773],[1698,4759,1736],{"className":4760},[1824,1825,2773],[1698,4762,1747],{"className":4763},[1824,1825,2773],[1698,4765,4767],{"className":4766},[1851,2773],[1698,4768,1792],{"className":4769},[2773],[1698,4771,2010],{"className":4772,"style":2110},[1824,1825,2773],[1698,4774,1736],{"className":4775},[1824,1825,2773],[1698,4777,1778],{"className":4778},[1824,1825,2773],[1698,4780,1747],{"className":4781},[1824,1825,2773],[1698,4783,1781],{"className":4784},[1824,1825,2773],[1698,4786,2054],{"className":4787},[2187,2773],[1698,4789,2010],{"className":4790,"style":2110},[1824,1825,2773],[1698,4792,1724],{"className":4793,"style":1826},[1824,1825,2773],[1698,4795,2028],{"className":4796,"style":2146},[1824,1825,2773],[1698,4798,1969],{"className":4799},[1968],[1698,4801,4803],{"className":4802},[1886],[1698,4804,4807],{"className":4805,"style":4806},[1890],"height:0.345em;",[1698,4808],{},[1698,4810],{"className":4811},[1982,1874],[981,4813,4814],{},"正常模式能量是：",[1698,4816,4818],{"className":4817},[1701],[1698,4819,4821,4853],{"className":4820},[1705],[1698,4822,4824],{"className":4823},[1709],[1711,4825,4826],{"xmlns":1713,"display":1714},[1716,4827,4828,4850],{},[1719,4829,4830,4833,4836,4838,4840,4842,4844,4847],{},[1761,4831,4832],{},"100",[1722,4834,4835],{},"W",[1754,4837,2054],{},[1761,4839,4832],{},[1722,4841,2033],{},[1754,4843,1756],{},[1761,4845,4846],{},"10000",[1722,4848,4849],{},"J",[1803,4851,4852],{"encoding":1805},"100W \\times 100s = 10000J",[1698,4854,4856,4877,4898],{"className":4855,"ariaHidden":1811},[1810],[1698,4857,4859,4862,4865,4868,4871,4874],{"className":4858},[1815],[1698,4860],{"className":4861,"style":2142},[1819],[1698,4863,4832],{"className":4864},[1824],[1698,4866,4835],{"className":4867,"style":1826},[1824,1825],[1698,4869],{"className":4870,"style":2183},[1851],[1698,4872,2054],{"className":4873},[2187],[1698,4875],{"className":4876,"style":2183},[1851],[1698,4878,4880,4883,4886,4889,4892,4895],{"className":4879},[1815],[1698,4881],{"className":4882,"style":3055},[1819],[1698,4884,4832],{"className":4885},[1824],[1698,4887,2033],{"className":4888},[1824,1825],[1698,4890],{"className":4891,"style":1852},[1851],[1698,4893,1756],{"className":4894},[1856],[1698,4896],{"className":4897,"style":1852},[1851],[1698,4899,4901,4904,4907],{"className":4900},[1815],[1698,4902],{"className":4903,"style":2106},[1819],[1698,4905,4846],{"className":4906},[1824],[1698,4908,4849],{"className":4909,"style":4910},[1824,1825],"margin-right:0.0962em;",[981,4912,4913],{},"Turbo 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