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19:38:06",{"id":226,"title":126,"body":227,"categories":9695,"collapsed":9,"date":127,"description":9696,"draft":9,"extension":9697,"hideInArchive":177,"hideInList":177,"image":9698,"meta":9699,"navigation":177,"path":125,"permalink":9698,"published":9698,"readingTime":9701,"recommend":9698,"references":9698,"seo":9706,"sitemap":9707,"stem":124,"tags":9734,"type":9737,"updated":127,"__hash__":9738},"content\u002Fposts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F1.microelectronic-devices\u002FLecture2.md",{"type":228,"value":229,"toc":9651},"minimark",[230,235,262,272,284,289,297,301,307,590,594,611,615,620,662,666,671,685,689,694,855,1074,1078,1083,1086,1237,1241,1317,1322,1326,1389,1393,1398,1408,1413,1420,1429,1433,1438,1943,1947,1952,2169,2779,3357,3421,3425,3430,3437,3443,3449,3540,3544,3549,3553,3701,3846,4028,4143,4151,4295,4299,4334,4368,4374,4380,4386,4392,4510,4705,4950,4958,4962,4967,5030,5044,5048,5083,5365,5368,5373,5422,5427,5431,5434,6117,6120,6462,6467,6470,6474,6479,6655,6852,7268,7665,7669,7674,7678,8277,8485,8489,8494,8498,9091,9298,9302,9646],[231,232,234],"h2",{"id":233},"what-is-semiconductor-什么是半导体","What 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",[313,439,441,481],{"className":440},[316],[313,442,444],{"className":443},[320],[322,445,446],{"xmlns":324},[326,447,448,478],{},[329,449,450,453,456,464,466],{},[337,451,452],{},"5",[332,454,455],{},"×",[348,457,458,461],{},[337,459,460],{},"10",[337,462,463],{},"22",[341,465,343],{},[348,467,468,471],{},[341,469,470],{},"cm",[329,472,473,476],{},[332,474,475],{},"−",[337,477,355],{},[357,479,480],{"encoding":359},"5\\times10^{22}\\,\\text{cm}^{-3}",[313,482,484,505],{"className":483,"ariaHidden":365},[364],[313,485,487,491,494,498,502],{"className":486},[369],[313,488],{"className":489,"style":490},[373],"height:0.7278em;vertical-align:-0.0833em;",[313,492,452],{"className":493},[382],[313,495],{"className":496,"style":497},[386],"margin-right:0.2222em;",[313,499,455],{"className":500},[501],"mbin",[313,503],{"className":504,"style":497},[386],[313,506,508,511,515,548,551],{"className":507},[369],[313,509],{"className":510,"style":418},[373],[313,512,514],{"className":513},[382],"1",[313,516,518,522],{"className":517},[382],[313,519,521],{"className":520},[382],"0",[313,523,525],{"className":524},[405],[313,526,528],{"className":527},[409],[313,529,531],{"className":530},[413],[313,532,534],{"className":533,"style":418},[417],[313,535,536,539],{"style":421},[313,537],{"className":538,"style":426},[425],[313,540,542],{"className":541},[430,431,432,433],[313,543,545],{"className":544},[382,433],[313,546,463],{"className":547},[382,433],[313,549],{"className":550,"style":387},[386],[313,552,554,560],{"className":553},[382],[313,555,557],{"className":556},[382,391],[313,558,470],{"className":559},[382],[313,561,563],{"className":562},[405],[313,564,566],{"className":565},[409],[313,567,569],{"className":568},[413],[313,570,572],{"className":571,"style":418},[417],[313,573,574,577],{"style":421},[313,575],{"className":576,"style":426},[425],[313,578,580],{"className":579},[430,431,432,433],[313,581,583,586],{"className":582},[382,433],[313,584,475],{"className":585},[382,433],[313,587,355],{"className":588},[382,433],"。",[285,591,593],{"id":592},"compound-or-elemental-semiconductors-化合或元素半导体","Compound (or elemental) Semiconductors ｜ 化合（或元素）半导体",[276,595,596,604],{},[266,597,598,599,603],{},"A ",[600,601,602],"strong",{},"compound semiconductor"," is a semiconducting material formed from two or more different chemical elements, like GaN.",[266,605,606,607,610],{},"This is different from an ",[600,608,609],{},"elemental semiconductor",", like silicon (Si), which is made from only one element.",[231,612,614],{"id":613},"energy-band-theory-能带理论","Energy Band Theory ｜ 能带理论",[302,616,617],{},[253,618],{"alt":253,"src":619},"https:\u002F\u002Fphenthu-1321233386.cos.ap-nanjing.myqcloud.com\u002Fimg\u002F(null)-20260909193931967.(null)",[273,621,622,659],{},[302,623,624,625,658],{},"根据量子力学，在晶体中，随着相互作用原子数量 ",[313,626,628,643],{"className":627},[316],[313,629,631],{"className":630},[320],[322,632,633],{"xmlns":324},[326,634,635,641],{},[329,636,637],{},[638,639,640],"mi",{},"N",[357,642,640],{"encoding":359},[313,644,646],{"className":645,"ariaHidden":365},[364],[313,647,649,653],{"className":648},[369],[313,650],{"className":651,"style":652},[373],"height:0.6833em;",[313,654,640],{"className":655,"style":657},[382,656],"mathnormal","margin-right:0.109em;"," 的增加，会形成连续的能带。",[302,660,661],{},"Result from quantum mechanics: formation of continuous energy bands in a crystal with increasing number of interacting atoms.",[285,663,665],{"id":664},"conduction-or-valence-band-导价带","Conduction (or valence) band ｜ 导（价）带",[302,667,668],{},[253,669],{"alt":253,"src":670},"https:\u002F\u002Fphenthu-1321233386.cos.ap-nanjing.myqcloud.com\u002Fimg\u002F(null)-20260909193932254.(null)",[276,672,673,679],{},[266,674,675,678],{},[600,676,677],{},"价带","：The highest nearly-filled band is the valence band.",[266,680,681,684],{},[600,682,683],{},"导带","：The lowest nearly-empty band is the conduction band.",[285,686,688],{"id":687},"energy-band-diagram-能带图","Energy Band Diagram ｜ 能带图",[302,690,691],{},[253,692],{"alt":253,"src":693},"https:\u002F\u002Fphenthu-1321233386.cos.ap-nanjing.myqcloud.com\u002Fimg\u002F(null)-20260909193932538.(null)",[276,695,696,780],{},[266,697,698,779],{},[313,699,701,722],{"className":700},[316],[313,702,704],{"className":703},[320],[322,705,706],{"xmlns":324},[326,707,708,719],{},[329,709,710],{},[711,712,713,716],"msub",{},[638,714,715],{},"E",[638,717,718],{},"c",[357,720,721],{"encoding":359},"E_c",[313,723,725],{"className":724,"ariaHidden":365},[364],[313,726,728,732],{"className":727},[369],[313,729],{"className":730,"style":731},[373],"height:0.8333em;vertical-align:-0.15em;",[313,733,735,739],{"className":734},[382],[313,736,715],{"className":737,"style":738},[382,656],"margin-right:0.0576em;",[313,740,742],{"className":741},[405],[313,743,746,770],{"className":744},[409,745],"vlist-t2",[313,747,749,765],{"className":748},[413],[313,750,753],{"className":751,"style":752},[417],"height:0.1514em;",[313,754,756,759],{"style":755},"top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.0576em;margin-right:0.05em;",[313,757],{"className":758,"style":426},[425],[313,760,762],{"className":761},[430,431,432,433],[313,763,718],{"className":764},[382,656,433],[313,766,769],{"className":767},[768],"vlist-s","​",[313,771,773],{"className":772},[413],[313,774,777],{"className":775,"style":776},[417],"height:0.15em;",[313,778],{},": Bottom edge of the conduction band",[266,781,782,854],{},[313,783,785,804],{"className":784},[316],[313,786,788],{"className":787},[320],[322,789,790],{"xmlns":324},[326,791,792,801],{},[329,793,794],{},[711,795,796,798],{},[638,797,715],{},[638,799,800],{},"v",[357,802,803],{"encoding":359},"E_v",[313,805,807],{"className":806,"ariaHidden":365},[364],[313,808,810,813],{"className":809},[369],[313,811],{"className":812,"style":731},[373],[313,814,816,819],{"className":815},[382],[313,817,715],{"className":818,"style":738},[382,656],[313,820,822],{"className":821},[405],[313,823,825,846],{"className":824},[409,745],[313,826,828,843],{"className":827},[413],[313,829,831],{"className":830,"style":752},[417],[313,832,833,836],{"style":755},[313,834],{"className":835,"style":426},[425],[313,837,839],{"className":838},[430,431,432,433],[313,840,800],{"className":841,"style":842},[382,656,433],"margin-right:0.0359em;",[313,844,769],{"className":845},[768],[313,847,849],{"className":848},[413],[313,850,852],{"className":851,"style":776},[417],[313,853],{},": Top edge of the valence band",[302,856,857,926,927,996,997,1000,1001,1073],{},[313,858,860,877],{"className":859},[316],[313,861,863],{"className":862},[320],[322,864,865],{"xmlns":324},[326,866,867,875],{},[329,868,869],{},[711,870,871,873],{},[638,872,715],{},[638,874,718],{},[357,876,721],{"encoding":359},[313,878,880],{"className":879,"ariaHidden":365},[364],[313,881,883,886],{"className":882},[369],[313,884],{"className":885,"style":731},[373],[313,887,889,892],{"className":888},[382],[313,890,715],{"className":891,"style":738},[382,656],[313,893,895],{"className":894},[405],[313,896,898,918],{"className":897},[409,745],[313,899,901,915],{"className":900},[413],[313,902,904],{"className":903,"style":752},[417],[313,905,906,909],{"style":755},[313,907],{"className":908,"style":426},[425],[313,910,912],{"className":911},[430,431,432,433],[313,913,718],{"className":914},[382,656,433],[313,916,769],{"className":917},[768],[313,919,921],{"className":920},[413],[313,922,924],{"className":923,"style":776},[417],[313,925],{}," and ",[313,928,930,947],{"className":929},[316],[313,931,933],{"className":932},[320],[322,934,935],{"xmlns":324},[326,936,937,945],{},[329,938,939],{},[711,940,941,943],{},[638,942,715],{},[638,944,800],{},[357,946,803],{"encoding":359},[313,948,950],{"className":949,"ariaHidden":365},[364],[313,951,953,956],{"className":952},[369],[313,954],{"className":955,"style":731},[373],[313,957,959,962],{"className":958},[382],[313,960,715],{"className":961,"style":738},[382,656],[313,963,965],{"className":964},[405],[313,966,968,988],{"className":967},[409,745],[313,969,971,985],{"className":970},[413],[313,972,974],{"className":973,"style":752},[417],[313,975,976,979],{"style":755},[313,977],{"className":978,"style":426},[425],[313,980,982],{"className":981},[430,431,432,433],[313,983,800],{"className":984,"style":842},[382,656,433],[313,986,769],{"className":987},[768],[313,989,991],{"className":990},[413],[313,992,994],{"className":993,"style":776},[417],[313,995],{}," are separated by the ",[600,998,999],{},"band gap energy"," ",[313,1002,1004,1023],{"className":1003},[316],[313,1005,1007],{"className":1006},[320],[322,1008,1009],{"xmlns":324},[326,1010,1011,1020],{},[329,1012,1013],{},[711,1014,1015,1017],{},[638,1016,715],{},[638,1018,1019],{},"G",[357,1021,1022],{"encoding":359},"E_G",[313,1024,1026],{"className":1025,"ariaHidden":365},[364],[313,1027,1029,1032],{"className":1028},[369],[313,1030],{"className":1031,"style":731},[373],[313,1033,1035,1038],{"className":1034},[382],[313,1036,715],{"className":1037,"style":738},[382,656],[313,1039,1041],{"className":1040},[405],[313,1042,1044,1065],{"className":1043},[409,745],[313,1045,1047,1062],{"className":1046},[413],[313,1048,1051],{"className":1049,"style":1050},[417],"height:0.3283em;",[313,1052,1053,1056],{"style":755},[313,1054],{"className":1055,"style":426},[425],[313,1057,1059],{"className":1058},[430,431,432,433],[313,1060,1019],{"className":1061},[382,656,433],[313,1063,769],{"className":1064},[768],[313,1066,1068],{"className":1067},[413],[313,1069,1071],{"className":1070,"style":776},[417],[313,1072],{},".",[285,1075,1077],{"id":1076},"band-gap-and-material-classification-带隙与材料分类","Band Gap and Material Classification ｜ 带隙与材料分类",[302,1079,1080],{},[253,1081],{"alt":253,"src":1082},"https:\u002F\u002Fphenthu-1321233386.cos.ap-nanjing.myqcloud.com\u002Fimg\u002F(null)-20260909193932761.(null)",[302,1084,1085],{},"Filled bands and empty bands do not allow current flow.",[276,1087,1088,1161,1234],{},[266,1089,1090,1091,1160],{},"Insulators have large ",[313,1092,1094,1111],{"className":1093},[316],[313,1095,1097],{"className":1096},[320],[322,1098,1099],{"xmlns":324},[326,1100,1101,1109],{},[329,1102,1103],{},[711,1104,1105,1107],{},[638,1106,715],{},[638,1108,1019],{},[357,1110,1022],{"encoding":359},[313,1112,1114],{"className":1113,"ariaHidden":365},[364],[313,1115,1117,1120],{"className":1116},[369],[313,1118],{"className":1119,"style":731},[373],[313,1121,1123,1126],{"className":1122},[382],[313,1124,715],{"className":1125,"style":738},[382,656],[313,1127,1129],{"className":1128},[405],[313,1130,1132,1152],{"className":1131},[409,745],[313,1133,1135,1149],{"className":1134},[413],[313,1136,1138],{"className":1137,"style":1050},[417],[313,1139,1140,1143],{"style":755},[313,1141],{"className":1142,"style":426},[425],[313,1144,1146],{"className":1145},[430,431,432,433],[313,1147,1019],{"className":1148},[382,656,433],[313,1150,769],{"className":1151},[768],[313,1153,1155],{"className":1154},[413],[313,1156,1158],{"className":1157,"style":776},[417],[313,1159],{}," ｜ 绝缘体有很大的 band gap",[266,1162,1163,1164,1233],{},"Semiconductors have small ",[313,1165,1167,1184],{"className":1166},[316],[313,1168,1170],{"className":1169},[320],[322,1171,1172],{"xmlns":324},[326,1173,1174,1182],{},[329,1175,1176],{},[711,1177,1178,1180],{},[638,1179,715],{},[638,1181,1019],{},[357,1183,1022],{"encoding":359},[313,1185,1187],{"className":1186,"ariaHidden":365},[364],[313,1188,1190,1193],{"className":1189},[369],[313,1191],{"className":1192,"style":731},[373],[313,1194,1196,1199],{"className":1195},[382],[313,1197,715],{"className":1198,"style":738},[382,656],[313,1200,1202],{"className":1201},[405],[313,1203,1205,1225],{"className":1204},[409,745],[313,1206,1208,1222],{"className":1207},[413],[313,1209,1211],{"className":1210,"style":1050},[417],[313,1212,1213,1216],{"style":755},[313,1214],{"className":1215,"style":426},[425],[313,1217,1219],{"className":1218},[430,431,432,433],[313,1220,1019],{"className":1221},[382,656,433],[313,1223,769],{"className":1224},[768],[313,1226,1228],{"className":1227},[413],[313,1229,1231],{"className":1230,"style":776},[417],[313,1232],{}," ｜ 半导体有较小的 band gap",[266,1235,1236],{},"Metals have no band gap. Conduction band is partially filled ｜ 金属没有 band gap，导带是被部分填满的",[285,1238,1240],{"id":1239},"how-to-measure-bandgap-energy-带隙测量","How to Measure Bandgap Energy ｜ 带隙测量",[302,1242,1243,1312,1313,1316],{},[313,1244,1246,1263],{"className":1245},[316],[313,1247,1249],{"className":1248},[320],[322,1250,1251],{"xmlns":324},[326,1252,1253,1261],{},[329,1254,1255],{},[711,1256,1257,1259],{},[638,1258,715],{},[638,1260,1019],{},[357,1262,1022],{"encoding":359},[313,1264,1266],{"className":1265,"ariaHidden":365},[364],[313,1267,1269,1272],{"className":1268},[369],[313,1270],{"className":1271,"style":731},[373],[313,1273,1275,1278],{"className":1274},[382],[313,1276,715],{"className":1277,"style":738},[382,656],[313,1279,1281],{"className":1280},[405],[313,1282,1284,1304],{"className":1283},[409,745],[313,1285,1287,1301],{"className":1286},[413],[313,1288,1290],{"className":1289,"style":1050},[417],[313,1291,1292,1295],{"style":755},[313,1293],{"className":1294,"style":426},[425],[313,1296,1298],{"className":1297},[430,431,432,433],[313,1299,1019],{"className":1300},[382,656,433],[313,1302,769],{"className":1303},[768],[313,1305,1307],{"className":1306},[413],[313,1308,1310],{"className":1309,"style":776},[417],[313,1311],{}," can be determined from ",[600,1314,1315],{},"the minimum energy of photons (光子，注意区分声子 phonon) that are absorbed"," by the semiconductor.",[302,1318,1319],{},[253,1320],{"alt":253,"src":1321},"https:\u002F\u002Fphenthu-1321233386.cos.ap-nanjing.myqcloud.com\u002Fimg\u002F(null)-20260909193933003.(null)",[231,1323,1325],{"id":1324},"electronic-properties-of-si-硅的电特性","Electronic Properties of Si ｜ 硅的电特性",[263,1327,1328,1343,1364],{},[266,1329,1330,1331,1334,1335,1338,1339,1342],{},"Silicon is a semiconductor material. ",[600,1332,1333],{},"Pure Si"," has ",[600,1336,1337],{},"high electrical resistivity"," at ",[600,1340,1341],{},"room temperature",". ｜ 纯净 Si 在室温有很高的电阻率",[266,1344,1345,1346,1349,1350],{},"There are ",[600,1347,1348],{},"2 types of mobile charge-carriers"," in Si:\n",[263,1351,1352,1358],{},[266,1353,1354,1357],{},[600,1355,1356],{},"电子","：Conduction electrons are negatively charged;",[266,1359,1360,1363],{},[600,1361,1362],{},"空穴","：Holes are positively charged.",[266,1365,1366,1367,1370,1371,1374,1375],{},"The concentration of conduction electrons & holes in a semiconductor can be ",[600,1368,1369],{},"modulated (调整)"," in several ways ｜ ",[600,1372,1373],{},"四种因素会影响载流子浓度","：\n",[263,1376,1377,1380,1383,1386],{},[266,1378,1379],{},"Adding impurity atoms (dopants) ｜ 掺杂",[266,1381,1382],{},"Applying an electric field ｜ 施加电场",[266,1384,1385],{},"Changing the temperature ｜ 改变温度",[266,1387,1388],{},"Irradiation ｜ 辐照",[285,1390,1392],{"id":1391},"bond-model-of-electrons-and-holes-电子与空穴的键模型","Bond Model of Electrons and Holes ｜ 电子与空穴的键模型",[302,1394,1395],{},[253,1396],{"alt":253,"src":1397},"https:\u002F\u002Fphenthu-1321233386.cos.ap-nanjing.myqcloud.com\u002Fimg\u002F(null)-20260909193933273.(null)",[273,1399,1400],{},[276,1401,1402,1405],{},[266,1403,1404],{},"When an electron breaks loose and becomes a conduction electron, a hole is also created.",[266,1406,1407],{},"In a pure Si crystal, conduction electrons and holes are formed in pairs.",[1409,1410,1412],"h4",{"id":1411},"hole-空穴","Hole ｜ 空穴",[302,1414,1415,1416,1419],{},"Mobile positive charge associated with a ",[600,1417,1418],{},"half-filled covalent bond",". （与半填充共价键相关的可移动正电荷）",[276,1421,1422],{},[266,1423,1424,1425,1428],{},"Treat as ",[600,1426,1427],{},"positively charged mobile particle (粒子)"," in the semiconductor.",[1409,1430,1432],{"id":1431},"definition-of-terms-术语定义","Definition of Terms ｜ 术语定义",[302,1434,1435],{},[253,1436],{"alt":253,"src":1437},"https:\u002F\u002Fphenthu-1321233386.cos.ap-nanjing.myqcloud.com\u002Fimg\u002F(null)-20260909193933603.(null)",[273,1439,1440,1535,1628,1705,1825],{},[302,1441,1442,1472,1473],{},[313,1443,1445,1459],{"className":1444},[316],[313,1446,1448],{"className":1447},[320],[322,1449,1450],{"xmlns":324},[326,1451,1452,1457],{},[329,1453,1454],{},[638,1455,1456],{},"n",[357,1458,1456],{"encoding":359},[313,1460,1462],{"className":1461,"ariaHidden":365},[364],[313,1463,1465,1469],{"className":1464},[369],[313,1466],{"className":1467,"style":1468},[373],"height:0.4306em;",[313,1470,1456],{"className":1471},[382,656]," = number of electrons per ",[313,1474,1476,1494],{"className":1475},[316],[313,1477,1479],{"className":1478},[320],[322,1480,1481],{"xmlns":324},[326,1482,1483,1491],{},[329,1484,1485],{},[348,1486,1487,1489],{},[341,1488,470],{},[337,1490,355],{},[357,1492,1493],{"encoding":359},"\\text{cm}^3",[313,1495,1497],{"className":1496,"ariaHidden":365},[364],[313,1498,1500,1503],{"className":1499},[369],[313,1501],{"className":1502,"style":418},[373],[313,1504,1506,1512],{"className":1505},[382],[313,1507,1509],{"className":1508},[382,391],[313,1510,470],{"className":1511},[382],[313,1513,1515],{"className":1514},[405],[313,1516,1518],{"className":1517},[409],[313,1519,1521],{"className":1520},[413],[313,1522,1524],{"className":1523,"style":418},[417],[313,1525,1526,1529],{"style":421},[313,1527],{"className":1528,"style":426},[425],[313,1530,1532],{"className":1531},[430,431,432,433],[313,1533,355],{"className":1534},[382,433],[302,1536,1537,1566,1567],{},[313,1538,1540,1553],{"className":1539},[316],[313,1541,1543],{"className":1542},[320],[322,1544,1545],{"xmlns":324},[326,1546,1547,1551],{},[329,1548,1549],{},[638,1550,302],{},[357,1552,302],{"encoding":359},[313,1554,1556],{"className":1555,"ariaHidden":365},[364],[313,1557,1559,1563],{"className":1558},[369],[313,1560],{"className":1561,"style":1562},[373],"height:0.625em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;",[313,1564,302],{"className":1565},[382,656]," = number of holes per ",[313,1568,1570,1587],{"className":1569},[316],[313,1571,1573],{"className":1572},[320],[322,1574,1575],{"xmlns":324},[326,1576,1577,1585],{},[329,1578,1579],{},[348,1580,1581,1583],{},[341,1582,470],{},[337,1584,355],{},[357,1586,1493],{"encoding":359},[313,1588,1590],{"className":1589,"ariaHidden":365},[364],[313,1591,1593,1596],{"className":1592},[369],[313,1594],{"className":1595,"style":418},[373],[313,1597,1599,1605],{"className":1598},[382],[313,1600,1602],{"className":1601},[382,391],[313,1603,470],{"className":1604},[382],[313,1606,1608],{"className":1607},[405],[313,1609,1611],{"className":1610},[409],[313,1612,1614],{"className":1613},[413],[313,1615,1617],{"className":1616,"style":418},[417],[313,1618,1619,1622],{"style":421},[313,1620],{"className":1621,"style":426},[425],[313,1623,1625],{"className":1624},[430,431,432,433],[313,1626,355],{"className":1627},[382,433],[302,1629,1630,1704],{},[313,1631,1633,1652],{"className":1632},[316],[313,1634,1636],{"className":1635},[320],[322,1637,1638],{"xmlns":324},[326,1639,1640,1649],{},[329,1641,1642],{},[711,1643,1644,1646],{},[638,1645,1456],{},[638,1647,1648],{},"i",[357,1650,1651],{"encoding":359},"n_i",[313,1653,1655],{"className":1654,"ariaHidden":365},[364],[313,1656,1658,1662],{"className":1657},[369],[313,1659],{"className":1660,"style":1661},[373],"height:0.5806em;vertical-align:-0.15em;",[313,1663,1665,1668],{"className":1664},[382],[313,1666,1456],{"className":1667},[382,656],[313,1669,1671],{"className":1670},[405],[313,1672,1674,1696],{"className":1673},[409,745],[313,1675,1677,1693],{"className":1676},[413],[313,1678,1681],{"className":1679,"style":1680},[417],"height:0.3117em;",[313,1682,1684,1687],{"style":1683},"top:-2.55em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;",[313,1685],{"className":1686,"style":426},[425],[313,1688,1690],{"className":1689},[430,431,432,433],[313,1691,1648],{"className":1692},[382,656,433],[313,1694,769],{"className":1695},[768],[313,1697,1699],{"className":1698},[413],[313,1700,1702],{"className":1701,"style":776},[417],[313,1703],{}," = intrinsic carrier concentration",[302,1706,1707,1708],{},"In a pure semiconductor, ",[313,1709,1711,1738],{"className":1710},[316],[313,1712,1714],{"className":1713},[320],[322,1715,1716],{"xmlns":324},[326,1717,1718,1735],{},[329,1719,1720,1722,1725,1727,1729],{},[638,1721,1456],{},[332,1723,1724],{},"=",[638,1726,302],{},[332,1728,1724],{},[711,1730,1731,1733],{},[638,1732,1456],{},[638,1734,1648],{},[357,1736,1737],{"encoding":359},"n = p = n_i",[313,1739,1741,1761,1779],{"className":1740,"ariaHidden":365},[364],[313,1742,1744,1747,1750,1754,1758],{"className":1743},[369],[313,1745],{"className":1746,"style":1468},[373],[313,1748,1456],{"className":1749},[382,656],[313,1751],{"className":1752,"style":1753},[386],"margin-right:0.2778em;",[313,1755,1724],{"className":1756},[1757],"mrel",[313,1759],{"className":1760,"style":1753},[386],[313,1762,1764,1767,1770,1773,1776],{"className":1763},[369],[313,1765],{"className":1766,"style":1562},[373],[313,1768,302],{"className":1769},[382,656],[313,1771],{"className":1772,"style":1753},[386],[313,1774,1724],{"className":1775},[1757],[313,1777],{"className":1778,"style":1753},[386],[313,1780,1782,1785],{"className":1781},[369],[313,1783],{"className":1784,"style":1661},[373],[313,1786,1788,1791],{"className":1787},[382],[313,1789,1456],{"className":1790},[382,656],[313,1792,1794],{"className":1793},[405],[313,1795,1797,1817],{"className":1796},[409,745],[313,1798,1800,1814],{"className":1799},[413],[313,1801,1803],{"className":1802,"style":1680},[417],[313,1804,1805,1808],{"style":1683},[313,1806],{"className":1807,"style":426},[425],[313,1809,1811],{"className":1810},[430,431,432,433],[313,1812,1648],{"className":1813},[382,656,433],[313,1815,769],{"className":1816},[768],[313,1818,1820],{"className":1819},[413],[313,1821,1823],{"className":1822,"style":776},[417],[313,1824],{},[302,1826,1827,1828],{},"In a doped semiconductor, ",[313,1829,1831,1859],{"className":1830},[316],[313,1832,1834],{"className":1833},[320],[322,1835,1836],{"xmlns":324},[326,1837,1838,1856],{},[329,1839,1840,1842,1844,1846],{},[638,1841,1456],{},[638,1843,302],{},[332,1845,1724],{},[1847,1848,1849,1851,1853],"msubsup",{},[638,1850,1456],{},[638,1852,1648],{},[337,1854,1855],{},"2",[357,1857,1858],{"encoding":359},"np = n_i^2",[313,1860,1862,1883],{"className":1861,"ariaHidden":365},[364],[313,1863,1865,1868,1871,1874,1877,1880],{"className":1864},[369],[313,1866],{"className":1867,"style":1562},[373],[313,1869,1456],{"className":1870},[382,656],[313,1872,302],{"className":1873},[382,656],[313,1875],{"className":1876,"style":1753},[386],[313,1878,1724],{"className":1879},[1757],[313,1881],{"className":1882,"style":1753},[386],[313,1884,1886,1890],{"className":1885},[369],[313,1887],{"className":1888,"style":1889},[373],"height:1.0728em;vertical-align:-0.2587em;",[313,1891,1893,1896],{"className":1892},[382],[313,1894,1456],{"className":1895},[382,656],[313,1897,1899],{"className":1898},[405],[313,1900,1902,1934],{"className":1901},[409,745],[313,1903,1905,1931],{"className":1904},[413],[313,1906,1908,1920],{"className":1907,"style":418},[417],[313,1909,1911,1914],{"style":1910},"top:-2.4413em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;",[313,1912],{"className":1913,"style":426},[425],[313,1915,1917],{"className":1916},[430,431,432,433],[313,1918,1648],{"className":1919},[382,656,433],[313,1921,1922,1925],{"style":421},[313,1923],{"className":1924,"style":426},[425],[313,1926,1928],{"className":1927},[430,431,432,433],[313,1929,1855],{"className":1930},[382,433],[313,1932,769],{"className":1933},[768],[313,1935,1937],{"className":1936},[413],[313,1938,1941],{"className":1939,"style":1940},[417],"height:0.2587em;",[313,1942],{},[231,1944,1946],{"id":1945},"band-theory-density-of-states-态密度","Band Theory: Density of States ｜ 态密度",[302,1948,1949],{},[253,1950],{"alt":253,"src":1951},"https:\u002F\u002Fphenthu-1321233386.cos.ap-nanjing.myqcloud.com\u002Fimg\u002F(null)-20260909193933890.(null)",[302,1953,1954,2016,2017,1000,2020,2081,2082,926,2110],{},[313,1955,1957,1985],{"className":1956},[316],[313,1958,1960],{"className":1959},[320],[322,1961,1962],{"xmlns":324},[326,1963,1964,1982],{},[329,1965,1966,1969,1971,1973,1975,1977,1980],{},[638,1967,1968],{},"g",[332,1970,335],{"stretchy":334},[638,1972,715],{},[332,1974,352],{"stretchy":334},[341,1976,343],{},[638,1978,1979],{},"d",[638,1981,715],{},[357,1983,1984],{"encoding":359},"g(E)\\,dE",[313,1986,1988],{"className":1987,"ariaHidden":365},[364],[313,1989,1991,1995,1998,2001,2004,2007,2010,2013],{"className":1990},[369],[313,1992],{"className":1993,"style":1994},[373],"height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;",[313,1996,1968],{"className":1997,"style":842},[382,656],[313,1999,335],{"className":2000},[378],[313,2002,715],{"className":2003,"style":738},[382,656],[313,2005,352],{"className":2006},[398],[313,2008],{"className":2009,"style":387},[386],[313,2011,1979],{"className":2012},[382,656],[313,2014,715],{"className":2015,"style":738},[382,656]," = ",[600,2018,2019],{},"number of states per",[313,2021,2023,2040],{"className":2022},[316],[313,2024,2026],{"className":2025},[320],[322,2027,2028],{"xmlns":324},[326,2029,2030,2038],{},[329,2031,2032],{},[348,2033,2034,2036],{},[341,2035,470],{},[337,2037,355],{},[357,2039,1493],{"encoding":359},[313,2041,2043],{"className":2042,"ariaHidden":365},[364],[313,2044,2046,2049],{"className":2045},[369],[313,2047],{"className":2048,"style":418},[373],[313,2050,2052,2058],{"className":2051},[382],[313,2053,2055],{"className":2054},[382,391],[313,2056,470],{"className":2057},[382],[313,2059,2061],{"className":2060},[405],[313,2062,2064],{"className":2063},[409],[313,2065,2067],{"className":2066},[413],[313,2068,2070],{"className":2069,"style":418},[417],[313,2071,2072,2075],{"style":421},[313,2073],{"className":2074,"style":426},[425],[313,2076,2078],{"className":2077},[430,431,432,433],[313,2079,355],{"className":2080},[382,433]," in the energy range between ",[313,2083,2085,2098],{"className":2084},[316],[313,2086,2088],{"className":2087},[320],[322,2089,2090],{"xmlns":324},[326,2091,2092,2096],{},[329,2093,2094],{},[638,2095,715],{},[357,2097,715],{"encoding":359},[313,2099,2101],{"className":2100,"ariaHidden":365},[364],[313,2102,2104,2107],{"className":2103},[369],[313,2105],{"className":2106,"style":652},[373],[313,2108,715],{"className":2109,"style":738},[382,656],[313,2111,2113,2134],{"className":2112},[316],[313,2114,2116],{"className":2115},[320],[322,2117,2118],{"xmlns":324},[326,2119,2120,2131],{},[329,2121,2122,2124,2127,2129],{},[638,2123,715],{},[332,2125,2126],{},"+",[638,2128,1979],{},[638,2130,715],{},[357,2132,2133],{"encoding":359},"E+dE",[313,2135,2137,2156],{"className":2136,"ariaHidden":365},[364],[313,2138,2140,2144,2147,2150,2153],{"className":2139},[369],[313,2141],{"className":2142,"style":2143},[373],"height:0.7667em;vertical-align:-0.0833em;",[313,2145,715],{"className":2146,"style":738},[382,656],[313,2148],{"className":2149,"style":497},[386],[313,2151,2126],{"className":2152},[501],[313,2154],{"className":2155,"style":497},[386],[313,2157,2159,2163,2166],{"className":2158},[369],[313,2160],{"className":2161,"style":2162},[373],"height:0.6944em;",[313,2164,1979],{"className":2165},[382,656],[313,2167,715],{"className":2168,"style":738},[382,656],[313,2170,2173],{"className":2171},[2172],"katex-display",[313,2174,2176,2281],{"className":2175},[316],[313,2177,2179],{"className":2178},[320],[322,2180,2182],{"xmlns":324,"display":2181},"block",[326,2183,2184,2278],{},[329,2185,2186,2192,2194,2196,2198,2200,2261,2264,2267,2269,2272],{},[711,2187,2188,2190],{},[638,2189,1968],{},[638,2191,718],{},[332,2193,335],{"stretchy":334},[638,2195,715],{},[332,2197,352],{"stretchy":334},[332,2199,1724],{},[2201,2202,2203,2244],"mfrac",{},[329,2204,2205,2215],{},[1847,2206,2207,2210,2212],{},[638,2208,2209],{},"m",[638,2211,1456],{},[332,2213,2214],{},"∗",[2216,2217,2218],"msqrt",{},[329,2219,2220,2222,2230,2232,2234,2236,2242],{},[337,2221,1855],{},[1847,2223,2224,2226,2228],{},[638,2225,2209],{},[638,2227,1456],{},[332,2229,2214],{},[332,2231,335],{"stretchy":334},[638,2233,715],{},[332,2235,475],{},[711,2237,2238,2240],{},[638,2239,715],{},[638,2241,718],{},[332,2243,352],{"stretchy":334},[329,2245,2246,2253],{},[348,2247,2248,2251],{},[638,2249,2250],{},"π",[337,2252,1855],{},[348,2254,2255,2259],{},[638,2256,2258],{"mathvariant":2257},"normal","ℏ",[337,2260,355],{},[332,2262,2263],{"separator":365},",",[386,2265],{"width":2266},"1em",[638,2268,715],{},[332,2270,2271],{},"≥",[711,2273,2274,2276],{},[638,2275,715],{},[638,2277,718],{},[357,2279,2280],{"encoding":359},"g_c(E) = \\frac{m_n^* \\sqrt{2m_n^*(E - E_c)}}{\\pi^2 \\hbar^3}, \\quad E \\ge E_c",[313,2282,2284,2349,2733],{"className":2283,"ariaHidden":365},[364],[313,2285,2287,2290,2331,2334,2337,2340,2343,2346],{"className":2286},[369],[313,2288],{"className":2289,"style":1994},[373],[313,2291,2293,2296],{"className":2292},[382],[313,2294,1968],{"className":2295,"style":842},[382,656],[313,2297,2299],{"className":2298},[405],[313,2300,2302,2323],{"className":2301},[409,745],[313,2303,2305,2320],{"className":2304},[413],[313,2306,2308],{"className":2307,"style":752},[417],[313,2309,2311,2314],{"style":2310},"top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.0359em;margin-right:0.05em;",[313,2312],{"className":2313,"style":426},[425],[313,2315,2317],{"className":2316},[430,431,432,433],[313,2318,718],{"className":2319},[382,656,433],[313,2321,769],{"className":2322},[768],[313,2324,2326],{"className":2325},[413],[313,2327,2329],{"className":2328,"style":776},[417],[313,2330],{},[313,2332,335],{"className":2333},[378],[313,2335,715],{"className":2336,"style":738},[382,656],[313,2338,352],{"className":2339},[398],[313,2341],{"className":2342,"style":1753},[386],[313,2344,1724],{"className":2345},[1757],[313,2347],{"className":2348,"style":1753},[386],[313,2350,2352,2356,2710,2714,2718,2721,2724,2727,2730],{"className":2351},[369],[313,2353],{"className":2354,"style":2355},[373],"height:2.316em;vertical-align:-0.686em;",[313,2357,2359,2363,2707],{"className":2358},[382],[313,2360],{"className":2361},[378,2362],"nulldelimiter",[313,2364,2366],{"className":2365},[2201],[313,2367,2369,2698],{"className":2368},[409,745],[313,2370,2372,2695],{"className":2371},[413],[313,2373,2376,2446,2457],{"className":2374,"style":2375},[417],"height:1.63em;",[313,2377,2379,2383],{"style":2378},"top:-2.314em;",[313,2380],{"className":2381,"style":2382},[425],"height:3em;",[313,2384,2386,2417],{"className":2385},[382],[313,2387,2389,2392],{"className":2388},[382],[313,2390,2250],{"className":2391,"style":842},[382,656],[313,2393,2395],{"className":2394},[405],[313,2396,2398],{"className":2397},[409],[313,2399,2401],{"className":2400},[413],[313,2402,2405],{"className":2403,"style":2404},[417],"height:0.7401em;",[313,2406,2408,2411],{"style":2407},"top:-2.989em;margin-right:0.05em;",[313,2409],{"className":2410,"style":426},[425],[313,2412,2414],{"className":2413},[430,431,432,433],[313,2415,1855],{"className":2416},[382,433],[313,2418,2420,2423],{"className":2419},[382],[313,2421,2258],{"className":2422},[382],[313,2424,2426],{"className":2425},[405],[313,2427,2429],{"className":2428},[409],[313,2430,2432],{"className":2431},[413],[313,2433,2435],{"className":2434,"style":2404},[417],[313,2436,2437,2440],{"style":2407},[313,2438],{"className":2439,"style":426},[425],[313,2441,2443],{"className":2442},[430,431,432,433],[313,2444,355],{"className":2445},[382,433],[313,2447,2449,2452],{"style":2448},"top:-3.23em;",[313,2450],{"className":2451,"style":2382},[425],[313,2453],{"className":2454,"style":2456},[2455],"frac-line","border-bottom-width:0.04em;",[313,2458,2460,2463],{"style":2459},"top:-3.695em;",[313,2461],{"className":2462,"style":2382},[425],[313,2464,2466,2520],{"className":2465},[382],[313,2467,2469,2472],{"className":2468},[382],[313,2470,2209],{"className":2471},[382,656],[313,2473,2475],{"className":2474},[405],[313,2476,2478,2511],{"className":2477},[409,745],[313,2479,2481,2508],{"className":2480},[413],[313,2482,2485,2497],{"className":2483,"style":2484},[417],"height:0.6887em;",[313,2486,2488,2491],{"style":2487},"top:-2.453em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;",[313,2489],{"className":2490,"style":426},[425],[313,2492,2494],{"className":2493},[430,431,432,433],[313,2495,1456],{"className":2496},[382,656,433],[313,2498,2499,2502],{"style":421},[313,2500],{"className":2501,"style":426},[425],[313,2503,2505],{"className":2504},[430,431,432,433],[313,2506,2214],{"className":2507},[501,433],[313,2509,769],{"className":2510},[768],[313,2512,2514],{"className":2513},[413],[313,2515,2518],{"className":2516,"style":2517},[417],"height:0.247em;",[313,2519],{},[313,2521,2524],{"className":2522},[382,2523],"sqrt",[313,2525,2527,2686],{"className":2526},[409,745],[313,2528,2530,2683],{"className":2529},[413],[313,2531,2534,2660],{"className":2532,"style":2533},[417],"height:0.935em;",[313,2535,2539,2543],{"className":2536,"style":2538},[2537],"svg-align","top:-3.2em;",[313,2540],{"className":2541,"style":2542},[425],"height:3.2em;",[313,2544,2547,2550,2602,2605,2608,2611,2614,2617,2657],{"className":2545,"style":2546},[382],"padding-left:1em;",[313,2548,1855],{"className":2549},[382],[313,2551,2553,2556],{"className":2552},[382],[313,2554,2209],{"className":2555},[382,656],[313,2557,2559],{"className":2558},[405],[313,2560,2562,2594],{"className":2561},[409,745],[313,2563,2565,2591],{"className":2564},[413],[313,2566,2569,2580],{"className":2567,"style":2568},[417],"height:0.6147em;",[313,2570,2571,2574],{"style":2487},[313,2572],{"className":2573,"style":426},[425],[313,2575,2577],{"className":2576},[430,431,432,433],[313,2578,1456]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80h400000v40h-400000z",[313,3265,769],{"className":3266},[768],[313,3268,3270],{"className":3269},[413],[313,3271,3274],{"className":3272,"style":3273},[417],"height:0.6716em;",[313,3275],{},[313,3277,769],{"className":3278},[768],[313,3280,3282],{"className":3281},[413],[313,3283,3285],{"className":3284,"style":2704},[417],[313,3286],{},[313,3288],{"className":3289},[398,2362],[313,3291,2263],{"className":3292},[2713],[313,3294],{"className":3295,"style":2717},[386],[313,3297],{"className":3298,"style":387},[386],[313,3300,715],{"className":3301,"style":738},[382,656],[313,3303],{"className":3304,"style":1753},[386],[313,3306,2870],{"className":3307},[1757],[313,3309],{"className":3310,"style":1753},[386],[313,3312,3314,3317],{"className":3313},[369],[313,3315],{"className":3316,"style":731},[373],[313,3318,3320,3323],{"className":3319},[382],[313,3321,715],{"className":3322,"style":738},[382,656],[313,3324,3326],{"className":3325},[405],[313,3327,3329,3349],{"className":3328},[409,745],[313,3330,3332,3346],{"className":3331},[413],[313,3333,3335],{"className":3334,"style":752},[417],[313,3336,3337,3340],{"style":755},[313,3338],{"className":3339,"style":426},[425],[313,3341,3343],{"className":3342},[430,431,432,433],[313,3344,800],{"className":3345,"style":842},[382,656,433],[313,3347,769],{"className":3348},[768],[313,3350,3352],{"className":3351},[413],[313,3353,3355],{"className":3354,"style":776},[417],[313,3356],{},[302,3358,3359],{},[600,3360,3361,3420],{},[313,3362,3364,3382],{"className":3363},[316],[313,3365,3367],{"className":3366},[320],[322,3368,3369],{"xmlns":324},[326,3370,3371,3379],{},[329,3372,3373],{},[348,3374,3375,3377],{},[638,3376,2209],{},[332,3378,2214],{},[357,3380,3381],{"encoding":359},"m^*",[313,3383,3385],{"className":3384,"ariaHidden":365},[364],[313,3386,3388,3391],{"className":3387},[369],[313,3389],{"className":3390,"style":2484},[373],[313,3392,3394,3397],{"className":3393},[382],[313,3395,2209],{"className":3396},[382,656],[313,3398,3400],{"className":3399},[405],[313,3401,3403],{"className":3402},[409],[313,3404,3406],{"className":3405},[413],[313,3407,3409],{"className":3408,"style":2484},[417],[313,3410,3411,3414],{"style":421},[313,3412],{"className":3413,"style":426},[425],[313,3415,3417],{"className":3416},[430,431,432,433],[313,3418,2214],{"className":3419},[501,433]," (effective mass) depends on material (材料) and crystallographic orientation (晶向).",[231,3422,3424],{"id":3423},"doping-in-silicon-硅掺杂","Doping in Silicon ｜ 硅掺杂",[302,3426,3427],{},[253,3428],{"alt":253,"src":3429},"https:\u002F\u002Fphenthu-1321233386.cos.ap-nanjing.myqcloud.com\u002Fimg\u002F(null)-20260909193934134.(null)",[302,3431,3432,3433,3436],{},"By substituting (替代) a Si atom with a special impurity atom ",[600,3434,3435],{},"(Group V (Donors) or Group III (Acceptors) element)",", a conduction electron or hole is created.",[302,3438,3439,3442],{},[600,3440,3441],{},"Donors:"," P (Phosphorus), As (Arsenic), Sb (Antimony)",[302,3444,3445,3448],{},[600,3446,3447],{},"Acceptors:"," B (Boron), Al (Aluminum), Ga (Gallium), In (Indium)",[236,3450,3451,3466],{},[3452,3453,3454],"thead",{},[243,3455,3456,3460,3463],{},[3457,3458,3459],"th",{},"类型",[3457,3461,3462],{},"元素符号",[3457,3464,3465],{},"英文名称",[240,3467,3468,3479,3489,3499,3510,3520,3530],{},[243,3469,3470,3473,3476],{},[248,3471,3472],{},"施主 (Donors)",[248,3474,3475],{},"P",[248,3477,3478],{},"Phosphorus (磷)",[243,3480,3481,3483,3486],{},[248,3482,3472],{},[248,3484,3485],{},"As",[248,3487,3488],{},"Arsenic (砷)",[243,3490,3491,3493,3496],{},[248,3492,3472],{},[248,3494,3495],{},"Sb",[248,3497,3498],{},"Antimony (锑)",[243,3500,3501,3504,3507],{},[248,3502,3503],{},"受主 (Acceptors)",[248,3505,3506],{},"B",[248,3508,3509],{},"Boron (硼)",[243,3511,3512,3514,3517],{},[248,3513,3503],{},[248,3515,3516],{},"Al",[248,3518,3519],{},"Aluminum (铝)",[243,3521,3522,3524,3527],{},[248,3523,3503],{},[248,3525,3526],{},"Ga",[248,3528,3529],{},"Gallium (镓)",[243,3531,3532,3534,3537],{},[248,3533,3503],{},[248,3535,3536],{},"In",[248,3538,3539],{},"Indium (铟)",[285,3541,3543],{"id":3542},"donor-acceptor-levels-施主受主能级","Donor \u002F Acceptor Levels ｜ 施主\u002F受主能级",[302,3545,3546],{},[253,3547],{"alt":253,"src":3548},"https:\u002F\u002Fphenthu-1321233386.cos.ap-nanjing.myqcloud.com\u002Fimg\u002F(null)-20260909193934393.(null)",[285,3550,3552],{"id":3551},"charge-carrier-concentrations-载流子浓度","Charge-Carrier Concentrations ｜ 载流子浓度",[302,3554,3555,3628,3629,352],{},[313,3556,3558,3577],{"className":3557},[316],[313,3559,3561],{"className":3560},[320],[322,3562,3563],{"xmlns":324},[326,3564,3565,3574],{},[329,3566,3567],{},[711,3568,3569,3571],{},[638,3570,640],{},[638,3572,3573],{},"D",[357,3575,3576],{"encoding":359},"N_D",[313,3578,3580],{"className":3579,"ariaHidden":365},[364],[313,3581,3583,3586],{"className":3582},[369],[313,3584],{"className":3585,"style":731},[373],[313,3587,3589,3592],{"className":3588},[382],[313,3590,640],{"className":3591,"style":657},[382,656],[313,3593,3595],{"className":3594},[405],[313,3596,3598,3620],{"className":3597},[409,745],[313,3599,3601,3617],{"className":3600},[413],[313,3602,3604],{"className":3603,"style":1050},[417],[313,3605,3607,3610],{"style":3606},"top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.109em;margin-right:0.05em;",[313,3608],{"className":3609,"style":426},[425],[313,3611,3613],{"className":3612},[430,431,432,433],[313,3614,3573],{"className":3615,"style":3616},[382,656,433],"margin-right:0.0278em;",[313,3618,769],{"className":3619},[768],[313,3621,3623],{"className":3622},[413],[313,3624,3626],{"className":3625,"style":776},[417],[313,3627],{},": ionized donor concentration (",[313,3630,3632,3654],{"className":3631},[316],[313,3633,3635],{"className":3634},[320],[322,3636,3637],{"xmlns":324},[326,3638,3639,3651],{},[329,3640,3641],{},[348,3642,3643,3645],{},[341,3644,470],{},[329,3646,3647,3649],{},[332,3648,475],{},[337,3650,355],{},[357,3652,3653],{"encoding":359},"\\text{cm}^{-3}",[313,3655,3657],{"className":3656,"ariaHidden":365},[364],[313,3658,3660,3663],{"className":3659},[369],[313,3661],{"className":3662,"style":418},[373],[313,3664,3666,3672],{"className":3665},[382],[313,3667,3669],{"className":3668},[382,391],[313,3670,470],{"className":3671},[382],[313,3673,3675],{"className":3674},[405],[313,3676,3678],{"className":3677},[409],[313,3679,3681],{"className":3680},[413],[313,3682,3684],{"className":3683,"style":418},[417],[313,3685,3686,3689],{"style":421},[313,3687],{"className":3688,"style":426},[425],[313,3690,3692],{"className":3691},[430,431,432,433],[313,3693,3695,3698],{"className":3694},[382,433],[313,3696,475],{"className":3697},[382,433],[313,3699,355],{"className":3700},[382,433],[302,3702,3703,3774,3775,352],{},[313,3704,3706,3725],{"className":3705},[316],[313,3707,3709],{"className":3708},[320],[322,3710,3711],{"xmlns":324},[326,3712,3713,3722],{},[329,3714,3715],{},[711,3716,3717,3719],{},[638,3718,640],{},[638,3720,3721],{},"A",[357,3723,3724],{"encoding":359},"N_A",[313,3726,3728],{"className":3727,"ariaHidden":365},[364],[313,3729,3731,3734],{"className":3730},[369],[313,3732],{"className":3733,"style":731},[373],[313,3735,3737,3740],{"className":3736},[382],[313,3738,640],{"className":3739,"style":657},[382,656],[313,3741,3743],{"className":3742},[405],[313,3744,3746,3766],{"className":3745},[409,745],[313,3747,3749,3763],{"className":3748},[413],[313,3750,3752],{"className":3751,"style":1050},[417],[313,3753,3754,3757],{"style":3606},[313,3755],{"className":3756,"style":426},[425],[313,3758,3760],{"className":3759},[430,431,432,433],[313,3761,3721],{"className":3762},[382,656,433],[313,3764,769],{"className":3765},[768],[313,3767,3769],{"className":3768},[413],[313,3770,3772],{"className":3771,"style":776},[417],[313,3773],{},": ionized acceptor concentration (",[313,3776,3778,3799],{"className":3777},[316],[313,3779,3781],{"className":3780},[320],[322,3782,3783],{"xmlns":324},[326,3784,3785,3797],{},[329,3786,3787],{},[348,3788,3789,3791],{},[341,3790,470],{},[329,3792,3793,3795],{},[332,3794,475],{},[337,3796,355],{},[357,3798,3653],{"encoding":359},[313,3800,3802],{"className":3801,"ariaHidden":365},[364],[313,3803,3805,3808],{"className":3804},[369],[313,3806],{"className":3807,"style":418},[373],[313,3809,3811,3817],{"className":3810},[382],[313,3812,3814],{"className":3813},[382,391],[313,3815,470],{"className":3816},[382],[313,3818,3820],{"className":3819},[405],[313,3821,3823],{"className":3822},[409],[313,3824,3826],{"className":3825},[413],[313,3827,3829],{"className":3828,"style":418},[417],[313,3830,3831,3834],{"style":421},[313,3832],{"className":3833,"style":426},[425],[313,3835,3837],{"className":3836},[430,431,432,433],[313,3838,3840,3843],{"className":3839},[382,433],[313,3841,475],{"className":3842},[382,433],[313,3844,355],{"className":3845},[382,433],[302,3847,3848,1000,3851],{},[600,3849,3850],{},"Charge neutrality condition:",[313,3852,3854,3888],{"className":3853},[316],[313,3855,3857],{"className":3856},[320],[322,3858,3859],{"xmlns":324},[326,3860,3861,3885],{},[329,3862,3863,3869,3871,3873,3875,3881,3883],{},[711,3864,3865,3867],{},[638,3866,640],{},[638,3868,3573],{},[332,3870,2126],{},[638,3872,302],{},[332,3874,1724],{},[711,3876,3877,3879],{},[638,3878,640],{},[638,3880,3721],{},[332,3882,2126],{},[638,3884,1456],{},[357,3886,3887],{"encoding":359},"N_D + p = N_A + n",[313,3889,3891,3946,3964,4019],{"className":3890,"ariaHidden":365},[364],[313,3892,3894,3897,3937,3940,3943],{"className":3893},[369],[313,3895],{"className":3896,"style":731},[373],[313,3898,3900,3903],{"className":3899},[382],[313,3901,640],{"className":3902,"style":657},[382,656],[313,3904,3906],{"className":3905},[405],[313,3907,3909,3929],{"className":3908},[409,745],[313,3910,3912,3926],{"className":3911},[413],[313,3913,3915],{"className":3914,"style":1050},[417],[313,3916,3917,3920],{"style":3606},[313,3918],{"className":3919,"style":426},[425],[313,3921,3923],{"className":3922},[430,431,432,433],[313,3924,3573],{"className":3925,"style":3616},[382,656,433],[313,3927,769],{"className":3928},[768],[313,3930,3932],{"className":3931},[413],[313,3933,3935],{"className":3934,"style":776},[417],[313,3936],{},[313,3938],{"className":3939,"style":497},[386],[313,3941,2126],{"className":3942},[501],[313,3944],{"className":3945,"style":497},[386],[313,3947,3949,3952,3955,3958,3961],{"className":3948},[369],[313,3950],{"className":3951,"style":1562},[373],[313,3953,302],{"className":3954},[382,656],[313,3956],{"className":3957,"style":1753},[386],[313,3959,1724],{"className":3960},[1757],[313,3962],{"className":3963,"style":1753},[386],[313,3965,3967,3970,4010,4013,4016],{"className":3966},[369],[313,3968],{"className":3969,"style":731},[373],[313,3971,3973,3976],{"className":3972},[382],[313,3974,640],{"className":3975,"style":657},[382,656],[313,3977,3979],{"className":3978},[405],[313,3980,3982,4002],{"className":3981},[409,745],[313,3983,3985,3999],{"className":3984},[413],[313,3986,3988],{"className":3987,"style":1050},[417],[313,3989,3990,3993],{"style":3606},[313,3991],{"className":3992,"style":426},[425],[313,3994,3996],{"className":3995},[430,431,432,433],[313,3997,3721],{"className":3998},[382,656,433],[313,4000,769],{"className":4001},[768],[313,4003,4005],{"className":4004},[413],[313,4006,4008],{"className":4007,"style":776},[417],[313,4009],{},[313,4011],{"className":4012,"style":497},[386],[313,4014,2126],{"className":4015},[501],[313,4017],{"className":4018,"style":497},[386],[313,4020,4022,4025],{"className":4021},[369],[313,4023],{"className":4024,"style":1468},[373],[313,4026,1456],{"className":4027},[382,656],[302,4029,4030,1000,4033,4142],{},[600,4031,4032],{},"At thermal equilibrium:",[313,4034,4036,4061],{"className":4035},[316],[313,4037,4039],{"className":4038},[320],[322,4040,4041],{"xmlns":324},[326,4042,4043,4059],{},[329,4044,4045,4047,4049,4051],{},[638,4046,1456],{},[638,4048,302],{},[332,4050,1724],{},[1847,4052,4053,4055,4057],{},[638,4054,1456],{},[638,4056,1648],{},[337,4058,1855],{},[357,4060,1858],{"encoding":359},[313,4062,4064,4085],{"className":4063,"ariaHidden":365},[364],[313,4065,4067,4070,4073,4076,4079,4082],{"className":4066},[369],[313,4068],{"className":4069,"style":1562},[373],[313,4071,1456],{"className":4072},[382,656],[313,4074,302],{"className":4075},[382,656],[313,4077],{"className":4078,"style":1753},[386],[313,4080,1724],{"className":4081},[1757],[313,4083],{"className":4084,"style":1753},[386],[313,4086,4088,4091],{"className":4087},[369],[313,4089],{"className":4090,"style":1889},[373],[313,4092,4094,4097],{"className":4093},[382],[313,4095,1456],{"className":4096},[382,656],[313,4098,4100],{"className":4099},[405],[313,4101,4103,4134],{"className":4102},[409,745],[313,4104,4106,4131],{"className":4105},[413],[313,4107,4109,4120],{"className":4108,"style":418},[417],[313,4110,4111,4114],{"style":1910},[313,4112],{"className":4113,"style":426},[425],[313,4115,4117],{"className":4116},[430,431,432,433],[313,4118,1648],{"className":4119},[382,656,433],[313,4121,4122,4125],{"style":421},[313,4123],{"className":4124,"style":426},[425],[313,4126,4128],{"className":4127},[430,431,432,433],[313,4129,1855],{"className":4130},[382,433],[313,4132,769],{"className":4133},[768],[313,4135,4137],{"className":4136},[413],[313,4138,4140],{"className":4139,"style":1940},[417],[313,4141],{}," (Law of Mass Action)",[302,4144,4145,4148],{},[253,4146],{"alt":253,"src":4147},"https:\u002F\u002Fphenthu-1321233386.cos.ap-nanjing.myqcloud.com\u002Fimg\u002F(null)-20260909193934632.(null)",[253,4149],{"alt":253,"src":4150},"https:\u002F\u002Fphenthu-1321233386.cos.ap-nanjing.myqcloud.com\u002Fimg\u002F(null)-20260909193934872.(null)",[302,4152,4153,4156,4157,4160,4161,4294],{},[600,4154,4155],{},"Note",": Carrier concentrations depend on ",[600,4158,4159],{},"net dopant concentration"," (",[313,4162,4164,4190],{"className":4163},[316],[313,4165,4167],{"className":4166},[320],[322,4168,4169],{"xmlns":324},[326,4170,4171,4187],{},[329,4172,4173,4179,4181],{},[711,4174,4175,4177],{},[638,4176,640],{},[638,4178,3573],{},[332,4180,475],{},[711,4182,4183,4185],{},[638,4184,640],{},[638,4186,3721],{},[357,4188,4189],{"encoding":359},"N_D - N_A",[313,4191,4193,4248],{"className":4192,"ariaHidden":365},[364],[313,4194,4196,4199,4239,4242,4245],{"className":4195},[369],[313,4197],{"className":4198,"style":731},[373],[313,4200,4202,4205],{"className":4201},[382],[313,4203,640],{"className":4204,"style":657},[382,656],[313,4206,4208],{"className":4207},[405],[313,4209,4211,4231],{"className":4210},[409,745],[313,4212,4214,4228],{"className":4213},[413],[313,4215,4217],{"className":4216,"style":1050},[417],[313,4218,4219,4222],{"style":3606},[313,4220],{"className":4221,"style":426},[425],[313,4223,4225],{"className":4224},[430,431,432,433],[313,4226,3573],{"className":4227,"style":3616},[382,656,433],[313,4229,769],{"className":4230},[768],[313,4232,4234],{"className":4233},[413],[313,4235,4237],{"className":4236,"style":776},[417],[313,4238],{},[313,4240],{"className":4241,"style":497},[386],[313,4243,475],{"className":4244},[501],[313,4246],{"className":4247,"style":497},[386],[313,4249,4251,4254],{"className":4250},[369],[313,4252],{"className":4253,"style":731},[373],[313,4255,4257,4260],{"className":4256},[382],[313,4258,640],{"className":4259,"style":657},[382,656],[313,4261,4263],{"className":4262},[405],[313,4264,4266,4286],{"className":4265},[409,745],[313,4267,4269,4283],{"className":4268},[413],[313,4270,4272],{"className":4271,"style":1050},[417],[313,4273,4274,4277],{"style":3606},[313,4275],{"className":4276,"style":426},[425],[313,4278,4280],{"className":4279},[430,431,432,433],[313,4281,3721],{"className":4282},[382,656,433],[313,4284,769],{"className":4285},[768],[313,4287,4289],{"className":4288},[413],[313,4290,4292],{"className":4291,"style":776},[417],[313,4293],{},")!",[285,4296,4298],{"id":4297},"summary-小结","Summary ｜ 小结",[302,4300,4301,4304,4305,4333],{},[600,4302,4303],{},"donor:"," impurity atom that increases ",[313,4306,4308,4321],{"className":4307},[316],[313,4309,4311],{"className":4310},[320],[322,4312,4313],{"xmlns":324},[326,4314,4315,4319],{},[329,4316,4317],{},[638,4318,1456],{},[357,4320,1456],{"encoding":359},[313,4322,4324],{"className":4323,"ariaHidden":365},[364],[313,4325,4327,4330],{"className":4326},[369],[313,4328],{"className":4329,"style":1468},[373],[313,4331,1456],{"className":4332},[382,656],", for example Group-V elements",[302,4335,4336,4304,4339,4367],{},[600,4337,4338],{},"acceptor:",[313,4340,4342,4355],{"className":4341},[316],[313,4343,4345],{"className":4344},[320],[322,4346,4347],{"xmlns":324},[326,4348,4349,4353],{},[329,4350,4351],{},[638,4352,302],{},[357,4354,302],{"encoding":359},[313,4356,4358],{"className":4357,"ariaHidden":365},[364],[313,4359,4361,4364],{"className":4360},[369],[313,4362],{"className":4363,"style":1562},[373],[313,4365,302],{"className":4366},[382,656],", for example Group-III elements",[302,4369,4370,4373],{},[600,4371,4372],{},"n-type material:"," contains more electrons than holes",[302,4375,4376,4379],{},[600,4377,4378],{},"p-type material:"," contains more holes than electrons",[302,4381,4382,4385],{},[600,4383,4384],{},"majority carrier:"," the most abundant carrier",[302,4387,4388,4391],{},[600,4389,4390],{},"minority carrier:"," the least abundant carrier",[302,4393,4394,1000,4397],{},[600,4395,4396],{},"intrinsic semiconductor:",[313,4398,4400,4425],{"className":4399},[316],[313,4401,4403],{"className":4402},[320],[322,4404,4405],{"xmlns":324},[326,4406,4407,4423],{},[329,4408,4409,4411,4413,4415,4417],{},[638,4410,1456],{},[332,4412,1724],{},[638,4414,302],{},[332,4416,1724],{},[711,4418,4419,4421],{},[638,4420,1456],{},[638,4422,1648],{},[357,4424,1737],{"encoding":359},[313,4426,4428,4446,4464],{"className":4427,"ariaHidden":365},[364],[313,4429,4431,4434,4437,4440,4443],{"className":4430},[369],[313,4432],{"className":4433,"style":1468},[373],[313,4435,1456],{"className":4436},[382,656],[313,4438],{"className":4439,"style":1753},[386],[313,4441,1724],{"className":4442},[1757],[313,4444],{"className":4445,"style":1753},[386],[313,4447,4449,4452,4455,4458,4461],{"className":4448},[369],[313,4450],{"className":4451,"style":1562},[373],[313,4453,302],{"className":4454},[382,656],[313,4456],{"className":4457,"style":1753},[386],[313,4459,1724],{"className":4460},[1757],[313,4462],{"className":4463,"style":1753},[386],[313,4465,4467,4470],{"className":4466},[369],[313,4468],{"className":4469,"style":1661},[373],[313,4471,4473,4476],{"className":4472},[382],[313,4474,1456],{"className":4475},[382,656],[313,4477,4479],{"className":4478},[405],[313,4480,4482,4502],{"className":4481},[409,745],[313,4483,4485,4499],{"className":4484},[413],[313,4486,4488],{"className":4487,"style":1680},[417],[313,4489,4490,4493],{"style":1683},[313,4491],{"className":4492,"style":426},[425],[313,4494,4496],{"className":4495},[430,431,432,433],[313,4497,1648],{"className":4498},[382,656,433],[313,4500,769],{"className":4501},[768],[313,4503,4505],{"className":4504},[413],[313,4506,4508],{"className":4507,"style":776},[417],[313,4509],{},[302,4511,4512,4515,4516],{},[600,4513,4514],{},"extrinsic semiconductor:"," doped semiconductor, ",[313,4517,4519,4546],{"className":4518},[316],[313,4520,4522],{"className":4521},[320],[322,4523,4524],{"xmlns":324},[326,4525,4526,4543],{},[329,4527,4528,4530,4533,4535,4537],{},[638,4529,1456],{},[332,4531,4532],{"mathvariant":2257},"≠",[638,4534,302],{},[332,4536,4532],{"mathvariant":2257},[711,4538,4539,4541],{},[638,4540,1456],{},[638,4542,1648],{},[357,4544,4545],{"encoding":359},"n \\ne p \\ne n_i",[313,4547,4549,4608,4659],{"className":4548,"ariaHidden":365},[364],[313,4550,4552,4556,4559,4562,4605],{"className":4551},[369],[313,4553],{"className":4554,"style":4555},[373],"height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;",[313,4557,1456],{"className":4558},[382,656],[313,4560],{"className":4561,"style":1753},[386],[313,4563,4565,4598,4602],{"className":4564},[1757],[313,4566,4568],{"className":4567},[1757],[313,4569,4572],{"className":4570},[382,4571],"vbox",[313,4573,4576],{"className":4574},[4575],"thinbox",[313,4577,4580,4583,4594],{"className":4578},[4579],"rlap",[313,4581],{"className":4582,"style":4555},[373],[313,4584,4587],{"className":4585},[4586],"inner",[313,4588,4590],{"className":4589},[382],[313,4591,4593],{"className":4592},[1757],"",[313,4595],{"className":4596},[4597],"fix",[313,4599],{"className":4600},[386,4601],"nobreak",[313,4603,1724],{"className":4604},[1757],[313,4606],{"className":4607,"style":1753},[386],[313,4609,4611,4614,4617,4620,4656],{"className":4610},[369],[313,4612],{"className":4613,"style":4555},[373],[313,4615,302],{"className":4616},[382,656],[313,4618],{"className":4619,"style":1753},[386],[313,4621,4623,4650,4653],{"className":4622},[1757],[313,4624,4626],{"className":4625},[1757],[313,4627,4629],{"className":4628},[382,4571],[313,4630,4632],{"className":4631},[4575],[313,4633,4635,4638,4647],{"className":4634},[4579],[313,4636],{"className":4637,"style":4555},[373],[313,4639,4641],{"className":4640},[4586],[313,4642,4644],{"className":4643},[382],[313,4645,4593],{"className":4646},[1757],[313,4648],{"className":4649},[4597],[313,4651],{"className":4652},[386,4601],[313,4654,1724],{"className":4655},[1757],[313,4657],{"className":4658,"style":1753},[386],[313,4660,4662,4665],{"className":4661},[369],[313,4663],{"className":4664,"style":1661},[373],[313,4666,4668,4671],{"className":4667},[382],[313,4669,1456],{"className":4670},[382,656],[313,4672,4674],{"className":4673},[405],[313,4675,4677,4697],{"className":4676},[409,745],[313,4678,4680,4694],{"className":4679},[413],[313,4681,4683],{"className":4682,"style":1680},[417],[313,4684,4685,4688],{"style":1683},[313,4686],{"className":4687,"style":426},[425],[313,4689,4691],{"className":4690},[430,431,432,433],[313,4692,1648],{"className":4693},[382,656,433],[313,4695,769],{"className":4696},[768],[313,4698,4700],{"className":4699},[413],[313,4701,4703],{"className":4702,"style":776},[417],[313,4704],{},[302,4706,4707,4710,4711,4830,4831],{},[600,4708,4709],{},"Dopant concentrations"," typically range from ",[313,4712,4714,4745],{"className":4713},[316],[313,4715,4717],{"className":4716},[320],[322,4718,4719],{"xmlns":324},[326,4720,4721,4742],{},[329,4722,4723,4730,4732],{},[348,4724,4725,4727],{},[337,4726,460],{},[337,4728,4729],{},"14",[341,4731,343],{},[348,4733,4734,4736],{},[341,4735,470],{},[329,4737,4738,4740],{},[332,4739,475],{},[337,4741,355],{},[357,4743,4744],{"encoding":359},"10^{14}\\,\\text{cm}^{-3}",[313,4746,4748],{"className":4747,"ariaHidden":365},[364],[313,4749,4751,4754,4757,4789,4792],{"className":4750},[369],[313,4752],{"className":4753,"style":418},[373],[313,4755,514],{"className":4756},[382],[313,4758,4760,4763],{"className":4759},[382],[313,4761,521],{"className":4762},[382],[313,4764,4766],{"className":4765},[405],[313,4767,4769],{"className":4768},[409],[313,4770,4772],{"className":4771},[413],[313,4773,4775],{"className":4774,"style":418},[417],[313,4776,4777,4780],{"style":421},[313,4778],{"className":4779,"style":426},[425],[313,4781,4783],{"className":4782},[430,431,432,433],[313,4784,4786],{"className":4785},[382,433],[313,4787,4729],{"className":4788},[382,433],[313,4790],{"className":4791,"style":387},[386],[313,4793,4795,4801],{"className":4794},[382],[313,4796,4798],{"className":4797},[382,391],[313,4799,470],{"className":4800},[382],[313,4802,4804],{"className":4803},[405],[313,4805,4807],{"className":4806},[409],[313,4808,4810],{"className":4809},[413],[313,4811,4813],{"className":4812,"style":418},[417],[313,4814,4815,4818],{"style":421},[313,4816],{"className":4817,"style":426},[425],[313,4819,4821],{"className":4820},[430,431,432,433],[313,4822,4824,4827],{"className":4823},[382,433],[313,4825,475],{"className":4826},[382,433],[313,4828,355],{"className":4829},[382,433]," to ",[313,4832,4834,4865],{"className":4833},[316],[313,4835,4837],{"className":4836},[320],[322,4838,4839],{"xmlns":324},[326,4840,4841,4862],{},[329,4842,4843,4850,4852],{},[348,4844,4845,4847],{},[337,4846,460],{},[337,4848,4849],{},"19",[341,4851,343],{},[348,4853,4854,4856],{},[341,4855,470],{},[329,4857,4858,4860],{},[332,4859,475],{},[337,4861,355],{},[357,4863,4864],{"encoding":359},"10^{19}\\,\\text{cm}^{-3}",[313,4866,4868],{"className":4867,"ariaHidden":365},[364],[313,4869,4871,4874,4877,4909,4912],{"className":4870},[369],[313,4872],{"className":4873,"style":418},[373],[313,4875,514],{"className":4876},[382],[313,4878,4880,4883],{"className":4879},[382],[313,4881,521],{"className":4882},[382],[313,4884,4886],{"className":4885},[405],[313,4887,4889],{"className":4888},[409],[313,4890,4892],{"className":4891},[413],[313,4893,4895],{"className":4894,"style":418},[417],[313,4896,4897,4900],{"style":421},[313,4898],{"className":4899,"style":426},[425],[313,4901,4903],{"className":4902},[430,431,432,433],[313,4904,4906],{"className":4905},[382,433],[313,4907,4849],{"className":4908},[382,433],[313,4910],{"className":4911,"style":387},[386],[313,4913,4915,4921],{"className":4914},[382],[313,4916,4918],{"className":4917},[382,391],[313,4919,470],{"className":4920},[382],[313,4922,4924],{"className":4923},[405],[313,4925,4927],{"className":4926},[409],[313,4928,4930],{"className":4929},[413],[313,4931,4933],{"className":4932,"style":418},[417],[313,4934,4935,4938],{"style":421},[313,4936],{"className":4937,"style":426},[425],[313,4939,4941],{"className":4940},[430,431,432,433],[313,4942,4944,4947],{"className":4943},[382,433],[313,4945,475],{"className":4946},[382,433],[313,4948,355],{"className":4949},[382,433],[302,4951,4952,4955],{},[253,4953],{"alt":253,"src":4954},"https:\u002F\u002Fphenthu-1321233386.cos.ap-nanjing.myqcloud.com\u002Fimg\u002F(null)-20260909193935130.(null)",[253,4956],{"alt":253,"src":4957},"https:\u002F\u002Fphenthu-1321233386.cos.ap-nanjing.myqcloud.com\u002Fimg\u002F(null)-20260909193935442.(null)",[231,4959,4961],{"id":4960},"thermal-equilibrium-热平衡","Thermal Equilibrium ｜ 热平衡",[302,4963,4964],{},[253,4965],{"alt":253,"src":4966},"https:\u002F\u002Fphenthu-1321233386.cos.ap-nanjing.myqcloud.com\u002Fimg\u002F(null)-20260909193935673.(null)",[263,4968,4969,4992],{},[266,4970,4971,4972],{},"Condition ｜ 条件：\n",[263,4973,4974,4980,4983,4986,4989],{},[266,4975,4976,4979],{},[600,4977,4978],{},"No external forces are applied",":",[266,4981,4982],{},"Electric field = 0",[266,4984,4985],{},"Magnetic (磁) field = 0",[266,4987,4988],{},"Mechanical stress (机械应力) = 0",[266,4990,4991],{},"Absolutely no light",[266,4993,4994,4995],{},"Characteristic ｜ 特点\n",[263,4996,4997,5015],{},[266,4998,4999,5002,5003],{},[600,5000,5001],{},"Dynamic situation (动态平衡)"," in which every process is balanced by its inverse process.\n",[263,5004,5005],{},[266,5006,5007,5008,5011,5012],{},"Electron-hole pair (EHP) ",[600,5009,5010],{},"generation rate"," = EHP ",[600,5013,5014],{},"recombination rate",[266,5016,5017,5020,5021,5024,5025],{},[600,5018,5019],{},"Thermal agitation (热运动):"," electrons and holes exchange energy ",[600,5022,5023],{},"with the crystal lattice and each other",".\n",[263,5026,5027],{},[266,5028,5029],{},"Every energy state in the conduction band and valence band has a certain probability of being occupied by an electron.",[273,5031,5032,5035,5038,5041],{},[302,5033,5034],{},"动态平衡状态，每个过程都与其逆过程相互平衡。",[302,5036,5037],{},"电子-空穴对（EHP）的生成速率等于其复合速率。",[302,5039,5040],{},"热运动：电子与空穴在晶体晶格中相互交换能量。",[302,5042,5043],{},"导带和价带中的每个能级都有被电子占据的概率。",[231,5045,5047],{"id":5046},"fermi-dirac-statistics-费米狄拉克统计","Fermi-Dirac Statistics ｜ 费米狄拉克统计",[302,5049,5050,5051,5079,5080,4979],{},"Probability that an available state at energy ",[313,5052,5054,5067],{"className":5053},[316],[313,5055,5057],{"className":5056},[320],[322,5058,5059],{"xmlns":324},[326,5060,5061,5065],{},[329,5062,5063],{},[638,5064,715],{},[357,5066,715],{"encoding":359},[313,5068,5070],{"className":5069,"ariaHidden":365},[364],[313,5071,5073,5076],{"className":5072},[369],[313,5074],{"className":5075,"style":652},[373],[313,5077,715],{"className":5078,"style":738},[382,656]," is occupied is given by the ",[600,5081,5082],{},"Fermi-Dirac distribution function",[313,5084,5086],{"className":5085},[2172],[313,5087,5089,5153],{"className":5088},[316],[313,5090,5092],{"className":5091},[320],[322,5093,5094],{"xmlns":324,"display":2181},[326,5095,5096,5150],{},[329,5097,5098,5101,5103,5105,5107,5109],{},[638,5099,5100],{},"f",[332,5102,335],{"stretchy":334},[638,5104,715],{},[332,5106,352],{"stretchy":334},[332,5108,1724],{},[2201,5110,5111,5113],{},[337,5112,514],{},[329,5114,5115,5117,5119],{},[337,5116,514],{},[332,5118,2126],{},[348,5120,5121,5124],{},[638,5122,5123],{},"e",[329,5125,5126,5128,5130,5132,5139,5141,5144,5147],{},[332,5127,335],{"stretchy":334},[638,5129,715],{},[332,5131,475],{},[711,5133,5134,5136],{},[638,5135,715],{},[638,5137,5138],{},"F",[332,5140,352],{"stretchy":334},[638,5142,5143],{"mathvariant":2257},"\u002F",[638,5145,5146],{},"k",[638,5148,5149],{},"T",[357,5151,5152],{"encoding":359},"f(E) = \\frac{1}{1 + e^{(E - E_F) \u002F kT}}",[313,5154,5156,5184],{"className":5155,"ariaHidden":365},[364],[313,5157,5159,5162,5166,5169,5172,5175,5178,5181],{"className":5158},[369],[313,5160],{"className":5161,"style":1994},[373],[313,5163,5100],{"className":5164,"style":5165},[382,656],"margin-right:0.1076em;",[313,5167,335],{"className":5168},[378],[313,5170,715],{"className":5171,"style":738},[382,656],[313,5173,352],{"className":5174},[398],[313,5176],{"className":5177,"style":1753},[386],[313,5179,1724],{"className":5180},[1757],[313,5182],{"className":5183,"style":1753},[386],[313,5185,5187,5191],{"className":5186},[369],[313,5188],{"className":5189,"style":5190},[373],"height:2.1088em;vertical-align:-0.7873em;",[313,5192,5194,5197,5362],{"className":5193},[382],[313,5195],{"className":5196},[378,2362],[313,5198,5200],{"className":5199},[2201],[313,5201,5203,5353],{"className":5202},[409,745],[313,5204,5206,5350],{"className":5205},[413],[313,5207,5210,5330,5338],{"className":5208,"style":5209},[417],"height:1.3214em;",[313,5211,5213,5216],{"style":5212},"top:-2.296em;",[313,5214],{"className":5215,"style":2382},[425],[313,5217,5219,5222,5225,5228,5231],{"className":5218},[382],[313,5220,514],{"className":5221},[382],[313,5223],{"className":5224,"style":497},[386],[313,5226,2126],{"className":5227},[501],[313,5229],{"className":5230,"style":497},[386],[313,5232,5234,5237],{"className":5233},[382],[313,5235,5123],{"className":5236},[382,656],[313,5238,5240],{"className":5239},[405],[313,5241,5243],{"className":5242},[409],[313,5244,5246],{"className":5245},[413],[313,5247,5250],{"className":5248,"style":5249},[417],"height:0.814em;",[313,5251,5252,5255],{"style":2407},[313,5253],{"className":5254,"style":426},[425],[313,5256,5258],{"className":5257},[430,431,432,433],[313,5259,5261,5264,5267,5270,5317,5320,5323,5327],{"className":5260},[382,433],[313,5262,335],{"className":5263},[378,433],[313,5265,715],{"className":5266,"style":738},[382,656,433],[313,5268,475],{"className":5269},[501,433],[313,5271,5273,5276],{"className":5272},[382,433],[313,5274,715],{"className":5275,"style":738},[382,656,433],[313,5277,5279],{"className":5278},[405],[313,5280,5282,5308],{"className":5281},[409,745],[313,5283,5285,5305],{"className":5284},[413],[313,5286,5289],{"className":5287,"style":5288},[417],"height:0.3448em;",[313,5290,5292,5296],{"style":5291},"top:-2.3567em;margin-left:-0.0576em;margin-right:0.0714em;",[313,5293],{"className":5294,"style":5295},[425],"height:2.5em;",[313,5297,5301],{"className":5298},[430,5299,5300,433],"reset-size3","size1",[313,5302,5138],{"className":5303,"style":5304},[382,656,433],"margin-right:0.1389em;",[313,5306,769],{"className":5307},[768],[313,5309,5311],{"className":5310},[413],[313,5312,5315],{"className":5313,"style":5314},[417],"height:0.1433em;",[313,5316],{},[313,5318,352],{"className":5319},[398,433],[313,5321,5143],{"className":5322},[382,433],[313,5324,5146],{"className":5325,"style":5326},[382,656,433],"margin-right:0.0315em;",[313,5328,5149],{"className":5329,"style":5304},[382,656,433],[313,5331,5332,5335],{"style":2448},[313,5333],{"className":5334,"style":2382},[425],[313,5336],{"className":5337,"style":2456},[2455],[313,5339,5341,5344],{"style":5340},"top:-3.677em;",[313,5342],{"className":5343,"style":2382},[425],[313,5345,5347],{"className":5346},[382],[313,5348,514],{"className":5349},[382],[313,5351,769],{"className":5352},[768],[313,5354,5356],{"className":5355},[413],[313,5357,5360],{"className":5358,"style":5359},[417],"height:0.7873em;",[313,5361],{},[313,5363],{"className":5364},[398,2362],[302,5366,5367],{},"There is only one Fermi level in a system at equilibrium.",[302,5369,5370],{},[253,5371],{"alt":253,"src":5372},"https:\u002F\u002Fphenthu-1321233386.cos.ap-nanjing.myqcloud.com\u002Fimg\u002F(null)-20260909193935928.(null)",[285,5374,5376,5377,5421],{"id":5375},"effect-of-temperature-on-fefefe-温度的影响","Effect of Temperature on ",[313,5378,5380,5400],{"className":5379},[316],[313,5381,5383],{"className":5382},[320],[322,5384,5385],{"xmlns":324},[326,5386,5387,5397],{},[329,5388,5389,5391,5393,5395],{},[638,5390,5100],{},[332,5392,335],{"stretchy":334},[638,5394,715],{},[332,5396,352],{"stretchy":334},[357,5398,5399],{"encoding":359},"f(E)",[313,5401,5403],{"className":5402,"ariaHidden":365},[364],[313,5404,5406,5409,5412,5415,5418],{"className":5405},[369],[313,5407],{"className":5408,"style":1994},[373],[313,5410,5100],{"className":5411,"style":5165},[382,656],[313,5413,335],{"className":5414},[378],[313,5416,715],{"className":5417,"style":738},[382,656],[313,5419,352],{"className":5420},[398]," ｜ 温度的影响",[302,5423,5424],{},[253,5425],{"alt":253,"src":5426},"https:\u002F\u002Fphenthu-1321233386.cos.ap-nanjing.myqcloud.com\u002Fimg\u002F(null)-20260909193936198.(null)",[285,5428,5430],{"id":5429},"boltzmann-approximation-玻尔兹曼近似","Boltzmann Approximation ｜ 玻尔兹曼近似",[302,5432,5433],{},"Probability that a state is filled (occupied by an electron):",[313,5435,5437],{"className":5436},[2172],[313,5438,5440,5611],{"className":5439},[316],[313,5441,5443],{"className":5442},[320],[322,5444,5445],{"xmlns":324,"display":2181},[326,5446,5447,5608],{},[329,5448,5449,5452],{},[332,5450,5451],{"fence":365},"{",[5453,5454,5457,5534],"mtable",{"rowspacing":5455,"columnalign":5456,"columnspacing":2266},"0.36em","left left",[5458,5459,5460,5509],"mtr",{},[5461,5462,5463],"mtd",{},[5464,5465,5466],"mstyle",{"scriptlevel":521,"displaystyle":334},[329,5467,5468,5470,5472,5474,5476,5479,5507],{},[638,5469,5100],{},[332,5471,335],{"stretchy":334},[638,5473,715],{},[332,5475,352],{"stretchy":334},[332,5477,5478],{},"≈",[348,5480,5481,5483],{},[638,5482,5123],{},[329,5484,5485,5487,5489,5491,5493,5499,5501,5503,5505],{},[332,5486,475],{},[332,5488,335],{"stretchy":334},[638,5490,715],{},[332,5492,475],{},[711,5494,5495,5497],{},[638,5496,715],{},[638,5498,5138],{},[332,5500,352],{"stretchy":334},[638,5502,5143],{"mathvariant":2257},[638,5504,5146],{},[638,5506,5149],{},[332,5508,2263],{"separator":365},[5461,5510,5511],{},[5464,5512,5513],{"scriptlevel":521,"displaystyle":334},[329,5514,5515,5517,5519,5525,5528,5530,5532],{},[638,5516,715],{},[332,5518,475],{},[711,5520,5521,5523],{},[638,5522,715],{},[638,5524,5138],{},[332,5526,5527],{},">",[337,5529,355],{},[638,5531,5146],{},[638,5533,5149],{},[5458,5535,5536,5584],{},[5461,5537,5538],{},[5464,5539,5540],{"scriptlevel":521,"displaystyle":334},[329,5541,5542,5544,5546,5548,5550,5552,5554,5556,5582],{},[638,5543,5100],{},[332,5545,335],{"stretchy":334},[638,5547,715],{},[332,5549,352],{"stretchy":334},[332,5551,5478],{},[337,5553,514],{},[332,5555,475],{},[348,5557,5558,5560],{},[638,5559,5123],{},[329,5561,5562,5564,5566,5568,5574,5576,5578,5580],{},[332,5563,335],{"stretchy":334},[638,5565,715],{},[332,5567,475],{},[711,5569,5570,5572],{},[638,5571,715],{},[638,5573,5138],{},[332,5575,352],{"stretchy":334},[638,5577,5143],{"mathvariant":2257},[638,5579,5146],{},[638,5581,5149],{},[332,5583,2263],{"separator":365},[5461,5585,5586],{},[5464,5587,5588],{"scriptlevel":521,"displaystyle":334},[329,5589,5590,5596,5598,5600,5602,5604,5606],{},[711,5591,5592,5594],{},[638,5593,715],{},[638,5595,5138],{},[332,5597,475],{},[638,5599,715],{},[332,5601,5527],{},[337,5603,355],{},[638,5605,5146],{},[638,5607,5149],{},[357,5609,5610],{"encoding":359},"\\begin{cases}\nf(E) \\approx e^{-(E - E_F) \u002F kT}, & E - E_F > 3kT \\\\\nf(E) \\approx 1 - e^{(E - E_F) \u002F kT}, & E_F - E > 3kT\n\\end{cases}",[313,5612,5614],{"className":5613,"ariaHidden":365},[364],[313,5615,5617,5621],{"className":5616},[369],[313,5618],{"className":5619,"style":5620},[373],"height:3em;vertical-align:-1.25em;",[313,5622,5625,5635,6114],{"className":5623},[5624],"minner",[313,5626,5630],{"className":5627,"style":5629},[378,5628],"delimcenter","top:0em;",[313,5631,5451],{"className":5632},[5633,5634],"delimsizing","size4",[313,5636,5638],{"className":5637},[382],[313,5639,5641,5930,5935],{"className":5640},[5453],[313,5642,5645],{"className":5643},[5644],"col-align-l",[313,5646,5648,5921],{"className":5647},[409,745],[313,5649,5651,5918],{"className":5650},[413],[313,5652,5655,5783],{"className":5653,"style":5654},[417],"height:1.69em;",[313,5656,5658,5662],{"style":5657},"top:-3.69em;",[313,5659],{"className":5660,"style":5661},[425],"height:3.008em;",[313,5663,5665,5668,5671,5674,5677,5680,5683,5686,5780],{"className":5664},[382],[313,5666,5100],{"className":5667,"style":5165},[382,656],[313,5669,335],{"className":5670},[378],[313,5672,715],{"className":5673,"style":738},[382,656],[313,5675,352],{"className":5676},[398],[313,5678],{"className":5679,"style":1753},[386],[313,5681,5478],{"className":5682},[1757],[313,5684],{"className":5685,"style":1753},[386],[313,5687,5689,5692],{"className":5688},[382],[313,5690,5123],{"className":5691},[382,656],[313,5693,5695],{"className":5694},[405],[313,5696,5698],{"className":5697},[409],[313,5699,5701],{"className":5700},[413],[313,5702,5705],{"className":5703,"style":5704},[417],"height:0.888em;",[313,5706,5707,5710],{"style":421},[313,5708],{"className":5709,"style":426},[425],[313,5711,5713],{"className":5712},[430,431,432,433],[313,5714,5716,5719,5722,5725,5728,5768,5771,5774,5777],{"className":5715},[382,433],[313,5717,475],{"className":5718},[382,433],[313,5720,335],{"className":5721},[378,433],[313,5723,715],{"className":5724,"style":738},[382,656,433],[313,5726,475],{"className":5727},[501,433],[313,5729,5731,5734],{"className":5730},[382,433],[313,5732,715],{"className":5733,"style":738},[382,656,433],[313,5735,5737],{"className":5736},[405],[313,5738,5740,5760],{"className":5739},[409,745],[313,5741,5743,5757],{"className":5742},[413],[313,5744,5746],{"className":5745,"style":5288},[417],[313,5747,5748,5751],{"style":5291},[313,5749],{"className":5750,"style":5295},[425],[313,5752,5754],{"className":5753},[430,5299,5300,433],[313,5755,5138],{"className":5756,"style":5304},[382,656,433],[313,5758,769],{"className":5759},[768],[313,5761,5763],{"className":5762},[413],[313,5764,5766],{"className":5765,"style":5314},[417],[313,5767],{},[313,5769,352],{"className":5770},[398,433],[313,5772,5143],{"className":5773},[382,433],[313,5775,5146],{"className":5776,"style":5326},[382,656,433],[313,5778,5149],{"className":5779,"style":5304},[382,656,433],[313,5781,2263],{"className":5782},[2713],[313,5784,5786,5789],{"style":5785},"top:-2.25em;",[313,5787],{"className":5788,"style":5661},[425],[313,5790,5792,5795,5798,5801,5804,5807,5810,5813,5816,5819,5822,5825,5915],{"className":5791},[382],[313,5793,5100],{"className":5794,"style":5165},[382,656],[313,5796,335],{"className":5797},[378],[313,5799,715],{"className":5800,"style":738},[382,656],[313,5802,352],{"className":5803},[398],[313,5805],{"className":5806,"style":1753},[386],[313,5808,5478],{"className":5809},[1757],[313,5811],{"className":5812,"style":1753},[386],[313,5814,514],{"className":5815},[382],[313,5817],{"className":5818,"style":497},[386],[313,5820,475],{"className":5821},[501],[313,5823],{"className":5824,"style":497},[386],[313,5826,5828,5831],{"className":5827},[382],[313,5829,5123],{"className":5830},[382,656],[313,5832,5834],{"className":5833},[405],[313,5835,5837],{"className":5836},[409],[313,5838,5840],{"className":5839},[413],[313,5841,5843],{"className":5842,"style":5704},[417],[313,5844,5845,5848],{"style":421},[313,5846],{"className":5847,"style":426},[425],[313,5849,5851],{"className":5850},[430,431,432,433],[313,5852,5854,5857,5860,5863,5903,5906,5909,5912],{"className":5853},[382,433],[313,5855,335],{"className":5856},[378,433],[313,5858,715],{"className":5859,"style":738},[382,656,433],[313,5861,475],{"className":5862},[501,433],[313,5864,5866,5869],{"className":5865},[382,433],[313,5867,715],{"className":5868,"style":738},[382,656,433],[313,5870,5872],{"className":5871},[405],[313,5873,5875,5895],{"className":5874},[409,745],[313,5876,5878,5892],{"className":5877},[413],[313,5879,5881],{"className":5880,"style":5288},[417],[313,5882,5883,5886],{"style":5291},[313,5884],{"className":5885,"style":5295},[425],[313,5887,5889],{"className":5888},[430,5299,5300,433],[313,5890,5138],{"className":5891,"style":5304},[382,656,433],[313,5893,769],{"className":5894},[768],[313,5896,5898],{"className":5897},[413],[313,5899,5901],{"className":5900,"style":5314},[417],[313,5902],{},[313,5904,352],{"className":5905},[398,433],[313,5907,5143],{"className":5908},[382,433],[313,5910,5146],{"className":5911,"style":5326},[382,656,433],[313,5913,5149],{"className":5914,"style":5304},[382,656,433],[313,5916,2263],{"className":5917},[2713],[313,5919,769],{"className":5920},[768],[313,5922,5924],{"className":5923},[413],[313,5925,5928],{"className":5926,"style":5927},[417],"height:1.19em;",[313,5929],{},[313,5931],{"className":5932,"style":5934},[5933],"arraycolsep","width:1em;",[313,5936,5938],{"className":5937},[5644],[313,5939,5941,6106],{"className":5940},[409,745],[313,5942,5944,6103],{"className":5943},[413],[313,5945,5947,6025],{"className":5946,"style":5654},[417],[313,5948,5949,5952],{"style":5657},[313,5950],{"className":5951,"style":5661},[425],[313,5953,5955,5958,5961,5964,5967,6007,6010,6013,6016,6019,6022],{"className":5954},[382],[313,5956,715],{"className":5957,"style":738},[382,656],[313,5959],{"className":5960,"style":497},[386],[313,5962,475],{"className":5963},[501],[313,5965],{"className":5966,"style":497},[386],[313,5968,5970,5973],{"className":5969},[382],[313,5971,715],{"className":5972,"style":738},[382,656],[313,5974,5976],{"className":5975},[405],[313,5977,5979,5999],{"className":5978},[409,745],[313,5980,5982,5996],{"className":5981},[413],[313,5983,5985],{"className":5984,"style":1050},[417],[313,5986,5987,5990],{"style":755},[313,5988],{"className":5989,"style":426},[425],[313,5991,5993],{"className":5992},[430,431,432,433],[313,5994,5138],{"className":5995,"style":5304},[382,656,433],[313,5997,769],{"className":5998},[768],[313,6000,6002],{"className":6001},[413],[313,6003,6005],{"className":6004,"style":776},[417],[313,6006],{},[313,6008],{"className":6009,"style":1753},[386],[313,6011,5527],{"className":6012},[1757],[313,6014],{"className":6015,"style":1753},[386],[313,6017,355],{"className":6018},[382],[313,6020,5146],{"className":6021,"style":5326},[382,656],[313,6023,5149],{"className":6024,"style":5304},[382,656],[313,6026,6027,6030],{"style":5785},[313,6028],{"className":6029,"style":5661},[425],[313,6031,6033,6073,6076,6079,6082,6085,6088,6091,6094,6097,6100],{"className":6032},[382],[313,6034,6036,6039],{"className":6035},[382],[313,6037,715],{"className":6038,"style":738},[382,656],[313,6040,6042],{"className":6041},[405],[313,6043,6045,6065],{"className":6044},[409,745],[313,6046,6048,6062],{"className":6047},[413],[313,6049,6051],{"className":6050,"style":1050},[417],[313,6052,6053,6056],{"style":755},[313,6054],{"className":6055,"style":426},[425],[313,6057,6059],{"className":6058},[430,431,432,433],[313,6060,5138],{"className":6061,"style":5304},[382,656,433],[313,6063,769],{"className":6064},[768],[313,6066,6068],{"className":6067},[413],[313,6069,6071],{"className":6070,"style":776},[417],[313,6072],{},[313,6074],{"className":6075,"style":497},[386],[313,6077,475],{"className":6078},[501],[313,6080],{"className":6081,"style":497},[386],[313,6083,715],{"className":6084,"style":738},[382,656],[313,6086],{"className":6087,"style":1753},[386],[313,6089,5527],{"className":6090},[1757],[313,6092],{"className":6093,"style":1753},[386],[313,6095,355],{"className":6096},[382],[313,6098,5146],{"className":6099,"style":5326},[382,656],[313,6101,5149],{"className":6102,"style":5304},[382,656],[313,6104,769],{"className":6105},[768],[313,6107,6109],{"className":6108},[413],[313,6110,6112],{"className":6111,"style":5927},[417],[313,6113],{},[313,6115],{"className":6116},[398,2362],[302,6118,6119],{},"Probability that a state is empty (occupied by a hole):",[313,6121,6123],{"className":6122},[2172],[313,6124,6126,6208],{"className":6125},[316],[313,6127,6129],{"className":6128},[320],[322,6130,6131],{"xmlns":324,"display":2181},[326,6132,6133,6205],{},[329,6134,6135,6137,6139,6141,6143,6145,6147,6149,6175,6177],{},[337,6136,514],{},[332,6138,475],{},[638,6140,5100],{},[332,6142,335],{"stretchy":334},[638,6144,715],{},[332,6146,352],{"stretchy":334},[332,6148,5478],{},[348,6150,6151,6153],{},[638,6152,5123],{},[329,6154,6155,6157,6159,6161,6167,6169,6171,6173],{},[332,6156,335],{"stretchy":334},[638,6158,715],{},[332,6160,475],{},[711,6162,6163,6165],{},[638,6164,715],{},[638,6166,5138],{},[332,6168,352],{"stretchy":334},[638,6170,5143],{"mathvariant":2257},[638,6172,5146],{},[638,6174,5149],{},[332,6176,1724],{},[348,6178,6179,6181],{},[638,6180,5123],{},[329,6182,6183,6185,6187,6193,6195,6197,6199,6201,6203],{},[332,6184,475],{},[332,6186,335],{"stretchy":334},[711,6188,6189,6191],{},[638,6190,715],{},[638,6192,5138],{},[332,6194,475],{},[638,6196,715],{},[332,6198,352],{"stretchy":334},[638,6200,5143],{"mathvariant":2257},[638,6202,5146],{},[638,6204,5149],{},[357,6206,6207],{"encoding":359},"1 - f(E) \\approx e^{(E - E_F) \u002F kT} = e^{-(E_F - E) \u002F kT}",[313,6209,6211,6229,6256,6363],{"className":6210,"ariaHidden":365},[364],[313,6212,6214,6217,6220,6223,6226],{"className":6213},[369],[313,6215],{"className":6216,"style":490},[373],[313,6218,514],{"className":6219},[382],[313,6221],{"className":6222,"style":497},[386],[313,6224,475],{"className":6225},[501],[313,6227],{"className":6228,"style":497},[386],[313,6230,6232,6235,6238,6241,6244,6247,6250,6253],{"className":6231},[369],[313,6233],{"className":6234,"style":1994},[373],[313,6236,5100],{"className":6237,"style":5165},[382,656],[313,6239,335],{"className":6240},[378],[313,6242,715],{"className":6243,"style":738},[382,656],[313,6245,352],{"className":6246},[398],[313,6248],{"className":6249,"style":1753},[386],[313,6251,5478],{"className":6252},[1757],[313,6254],{"className":6255,"style":1753},[386],[313,6257,6259,6263,6354,6357,6360],{"className":6258},[369],[313,6260],{"className":6261,"style":6262},[373],"height:0.938em;",[313,6264,6266,6269],{"className":6265},[382],[313,6267,5123],{"className":6268},[382,656],[313,6270,6272],{"className":6271},[405],[313,6273,6275],{"className":6274},[409],[313,6276,6278],{"className":6277},[413],[313,6279,6281],{"className":6280,"style":6262},[417],[313,6282,6284,6287],{"style":6283},"top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;",[313,6285],{"className":6286,"style":426},[425],[313,6288,6290],{"className":6289},[430,431,432,433],[313,6291,6293,6296,6299,6302,6342,6345,6348,6351],{"className":6292},[382,433],[313,6294,335],{"className":6295},[378,433],[313,6297,715],{"className":6298,"style":738},[382,656,433],[313,6300,475],{"className":6301},[501,433],[313,6303,6305,6308],{"className":6304},[382,433],[313,6306,715],{"className":6307,"style":738},[382,656,433],[313,6309,6311],{"className":6310},[405],[313,6312,6314,6334],{"className":6313},[409,745],[313,6315,6317,6331],{"className":6316},[413],[313,6318,6320],{"className":6319,"style":5288},[417],[313,6321,6322,6325],{"style":5291},[313,6323],{"className":6324,"style":5295},[425],[313,6326,6328],{"className":6327},[430,5299,5300,433],[313,6329,5138],{"className":6330,"style":5304},[382,656,433],[313,6332,769],{"className":6333},[768],[313,6335,6337],{"className":6336},[413],[313,6338,6340],{"className":6339,"style":5314},[417],[313,6341],{},[313,6343,352],{"className":6344},[398,433],[313,6346,5143],{"className":6347},[382,433],[313,6349,5146],{"className":6350,"style":5326},[382,656,433],[313,6352,5149],{"className":6353,"style":5304},[382,656,433],[313,6355],{"className":6356,"style":1753},[386],[313,6358,1724],{"className":6359},[1757],[313,6361],{"className":6362,"style":1753},[386],[313,6364,6366,6369],{"className":6365},[369],[313,6367],{"className":6368,"style":6262},[373],[313,6370,6372,6375],{"className":6371},[382],[313,6373,5123],{"className":6374},[382,656],[313,6376,6378],{"className":6377},[405],[313,6379,6381],{"className":6380},[409],[313,6382,6384],{"className":6383},[413],[313,6385,6387],{"className":6386,"style":6262},[417],[313,6388,6389,6392],{"style":6283},[313,6390],{"className":6391,"style":426},[425],[313,6393,6395],{"className":6394},[430,431,432,433],[313,6396,6398,6401,6404,6444,6447,6450,6453,6456,6459],{"className":6397},[382,433],[313,6399,475],{"className":6400},[382,433],[313,6402,335],{"className":6403},[378,433],[313,6405,6407,6410],{"className":6406},[382,433],[313,6408,715],{"className":6409,"style":738},[382,656,433],[313,6411,6413],{"className":6412},[405],[313,6414,6416,6436],{"className":6415},[409,745],[313,6417,6419,6433],{"className":6418},[413],[313,6420,6422],{"className":6421,"style":5288},[417],[313,6423,6424,6427],{"style":5291},[313,6425],{"className":6426,"style":5295},[425],[313,6428,6430],{"className":6429},[430,5299,5300,433],[313,6431,5138],{"className":6432,"style":5304},[382,656,433],[313,6434,769],{"className":6435},[768],[313,6437,6439],{"className":6438},[413],[313,6440,6442],{"className":6441,"style":5314},[417],[313,6443],{},[313,6445,475],{"className":6446},[501,433],[313,6448,715],{"className":6449,"style":738},[382,656,433],[313,6451,352],{"className":6452},[398,433],[313,6454,5143],{"className":6455},[382,433],[313,6457,5146],{"className":6458,"style":5326},[382,656,433],[313,6460,5149],{"className":6461,"style":5304},[382,656,433],[302,6463,6464],{},[253,6465],{"alt":253,"src":6466},"https:\u002F\u002Fphenthu-1321233386.cos.ap-nanjing.myqcloud.com\u002Fimg\u002F(null)-20260909193936443.(null)",[302,6468,6469],{},"Remember: there is only one Fermi level in a system at equilibrium.",[231,6471,6473],{"id":6472},"distribution-of-carriers-载流子分布","Distribution of Carriers ｜ 载流子分布",[302,6475,6476],{},[253,6477],{"alt":253,"src":6478},"https:\u002F\u002Fphenthu-1321233386.cos.ap-nanjing.myqcloud.com\u002Fimg\u002F(null)-20260909193936660.(null)",[302,6480,6481,6482,6526,6527,926,6612,1073],{},"Obtain ",[313,6483,6485,6505],{"className":6484},[316],[313,6486,6488],{"className":6487},[320],[322,6489,6490],{"xmlns":324},[326,6491,6492,6502],{},[329,6493,6494,6496,6498,6500],{},[638,6495,1456],{},[332,6497,335],{"stretchy":334},[638,6499,715],{},[332,6501,352],{"stretchy":334},[357,6503,6504],{"encoding":359},"n(E)",[313,6506,6508],{"className":6507,"ariaHidden":365},[364],[313,6509,6511,6514,6517,6520,6523],{"className":6510},[369],[313,6512],{"className":6513,"style":1994},[373],[313,6515,1456],{"className":6516},[382,656],[313,6518,335],{"className":6519},[378],[313,6521,715],{"className":6522,"style":738},[382,656],[313,6524,352],{"className":6525},[398]," by multiplying ",[313,6528,6530,6554],{"className":6529},[316],[313,6531,6533],{"className":6532},[320],[322,6534,6535],{"xmlns":324},[326,6536,6537,6551],{},[329,6538,6539,6545,6547,6549],{},[711,6540,6541,6543],{},[638,6542,1968],{},[638,6544,718],{},[332,6546,335],{"stretchy":334},[638,6548,715],{},[332,6550,352],{"stretchy":334},[357,6552,6553],{"encoding":359},"g_c(E)",[313,6555,6557],{"className":6556,"ariaHidden":365},[364],[313,6558,6560,6563,6603,6606,6609],{"className":6559},[369],[313,6561],{"className":6562,"style":1994},[373],[313,6564,6566,6569],{"className":6565},[382],[313,6567,1968],{"className":6568,"style":842},[382,656],[313,6570,6572],{"className":6571},[405],[313,6573,6575,6595],{"className":6574},[409,745],[313,6576,6578,6592],{"className":6577},[413],[313,6579,6581],{"className":6580,"style":752},[417],[313,6582,6583,6586],{"style":2310},[313,6584],{"className":6585,"style":426},[425],[313,6587,6589],{"className":6588},[430,431,432,433],[313,6590,718],{"className":6591},[382,656,433],[313,6593,769],{"className":6594},[768],[313,6596,6598],{"className":6597},[413],[313,6599,6601],{"className":6600,"style":776},[417],[313,6602],{},[313,6604,335],{"className":6605},[378],[313,6607,715],{"className":6608,"style":738},[382,656],[313,6610,352],{"className":6611},[398],[313,6613,6615,6634],{"className":6614},[316],[313,6616,6618],{"className":6617},[320],[322,6619,6620],{"xmlns":324},[326,6621,6622,6632],{},[329,6623,6624,6626,6628,6630],{},[638,6625,5100],{},[332,6627,335],{"stretchy":334},[638,6629,715],{},[332,6631,352],{"stretchy":334},[357,6633,5399],{"encoding":359},[313,6635,6637],{"className":6636,"ariaHidden":365},[364],[313,6638,6640,6643,6646,6649,6652],{"className":6639},[369],[313,6641],{"className":6642,"style":1994},[373],[313,6644,5100],{"className":6645,"style":5165},[382,656],[313,6647,335],{"className":6648},[378],[313,6650,715],{"className":6651,"style":738},[382,656],[313,6653,352],{"className":6654},[398],[302,6656,6481,6657,6526,6701,926,6786,1073],{},[313,6658,6660,6680],{"className":6659},[316],[313,6661,6663],{"className":6662},[320],[322,6664,6665],{"xmlns":324},[326,6666,6667,6677],{},[329,6668,6669,6671,6673,6675],{},[638,6670,302],{},[332,6672,335],{"stretchy":334},[638,6674,715],{},[332,6676,352],{"stretchy":334},[357,6678,6679],{"encoding":359},"p(E)",[313,6681,6683],{"className":6682,"ariaHidden":365},[364],[313,6684,6686,6689,6692,6695,6698],{"className":6685},[369],[313,6687],{"className":6688,"style":1994},[373],[313,6690,302],{"className":6691},[382,656],[313,6693,335],{"className":6694},[378],[313,6696,715],{"className":6697,"style":738},[382,656],[313,6699,352],{"className":6700},[398],[313,6702,6704,6728],{"className":6703},[316],[313,6705,6707],{"className":6706},[320],[322,6708,6709],{"xmlns":324},[326,6710,6711,6725],{},[329,6712,6713,6719,6721,6723],{},[711,6714,6715,6717],{},[638,6716,1968],{},[638,6718,800],{},[332,6720,335],{"stretchy":334},[638,6722,715],{},[332,6724,352],{"stretchy":334},[357,6726,6727],{"encoding":359},"g_v(E)",[313,6729,6731],{"className":6730,"ariaHidden":365},[364],[313,6732,6734,6737,6777,6780,6783],{"className":6733},[369],[313,6735],{"className":6736,"style":1994},[373],[313,6738,6740,6743],{"className":6739},[382],[313,6741,1968],{"className":6742,"style":842},[382,656],[313,6744,6746],{"className":6745},[405],[313,6747,6749,6769],{"className":6748},[409,745],[313,6750,6752,6766],{"className":6751},[413],[313,6753,6755],{"className":6754,"style":752},[417],[313,6756,6757,6760],{"style":2310},[313,6758],{"className":6759,"style":426},[425],[313,6761,6763],{"className":6762},[430,431,432,433],[313,6764,800],{"className":6765,"style":842},[382,656,433],[313,6767,769],{"className":6768},[768],[313,6770,6772],{"className":6771},[413],[313,6773,6775],{"className":6774,"style":776},[417],[313,6776],{},[313,6778,335],{"className":6779},[378],[313,6781,715],{"className":6782,"style":738},[382,656],[313,6784,352],{"className":6785},[398],[313,6787,6789,6813],{"className":6788},[316],[313,6790,6792],{"className":6791},[320],[322,6793,6794],{"xmlns":324},[326,6795,6796,6810],{},[329,6797,6798,6800,6802,6804,6806,6808],{},[337,6799,514],{},[332,6801,475],{},[638,6803,5100],{},[332,6805,335],{"stretchy":334},[638,6807,715],{},[332,6809,352],{"stretchy":334},[357,6811,6812],{"encoding":359},"1-f(E)",[313,6814,6816,6834],{"className":6815,"ariaHidden":365},[364],[313,6817,6819,6822,6825,6828,6831],{"className":6818},[369],[313,6820],{"className":6821,"style":490},[373],[313,6823,514],{"className":6824},[382],[313,6826],{"className":6827,"style":497},[386],[313,6829,475],{"className":6830},[501],[313,6832],{"className":6833,"style":497},[386],[313,6835,6837,6840,6843,6846,6849],{"className":6836},[369],[313,6838],{"className":6839,"style":1994},[373],[313,6841,5100],{"className":6842,"style":5165},[382,656],[313,6844,335],{"className":6845},[378],[313,6847,715],{"className":6848,"style":738},[382,656],[313,6850,352],{"className":6851},[398],[273,6853,6854],{},[302,6855,6856,7003,7004,7097,7098,7167,7168,7238,7239,7267],{},[313,6857,6859,6903],{"className":6858},[316],[313,6860,6862],{"className":6861},[320],[322,6863,6864],{"xmlns":324},[326,6865,6866,6900],{},[329,6867,6868,6870,6872,6874,6876,6878,6884,6886,6888,6890,6892,6894,6896,6898],{},[638,6869,1456],{},[332,6871,335],{"stretchy":334},[638,6873,715],{},[332,6875,352],{"stretchy":334},[332,6877,1724],{},[711,6879,6880,6882],{},[638,6881,1968],{},[638,6883,718],{},[332,6885,335],{"stretchy":334},[638,6887,715],{},[332,6889,352],{"stretchy":334},[341,6891,343],{},[638,6893,5100],{},[332,6895,335],{"stretchy":334},[638,6897,715],{},[332,6899,352],{"stretchy":334},[357,6901,6902],{"encoding":359},"n(E) = g_c(E)\\,f(E)",[313,6904,6906,6933],{"className":6905,"ariaHidden":365},[364],[313,6907,6909,6912,6915,6918,6921,6924,6927,6930],{"className":6908},[369],[313,6910],{"className":6911,"style":1994},[373],[313,6913,1456],{"className":6914},[382,656],[313,6916,335],{"className":6917},[378],[313,6919,715],{"className":6920,"style":738},[382,656],[313,6922,352],{"className":6923},[398],[313,6925],{"className":6926,"style":1753},[386],[313,6928,1724],{"className":6929},[1757],[313,6931],{"className":6932,"style":1753},[386],[313,6934,6936,6939,6979,6982,6985,6988,6991,6994,6997,7000],{"className":6935},[369],[313,6937],{"className":6938,"style":1994},[373],[313,6940,6942,6945],{"className":6941},[382],[313,6943,1968],{"className":6944,"style":842},[382,656],[313,6946,6948],{"className":6947},[405],[313,6949,6951,6971],{"className":6950},[409,745],[313,6952,6954,6968],{"className":6953},[413],[313,6955,6957],{"className":6956,"style":752},[417],[313,6958,6959,6962],{"style":2310},[313,6960],{"className":6961,"style":426},[425],[313,6963,6965],{"className":6964},[430,431,432,433],[313,6966,718],{"className":6967},[382,656,433],[313,6969,769],{"className":6970},[768],[313,6972,6974],{"className":6973},[413],[313,6975,6977],{"className":6976,"style":776},[417],[313,6978],{},[313,6980,335],{"className":6981},[378],[313,6983,715],{"className":6984,"style":738},[382,656],[313,6986,352],{"className":6987},[398],[313,6989],{"className":6990,"style":387},[386],[313,6992,5100],{"className":6993,"style":5165},[382,656],[313,6995,335],{"className":6996},[378],[313,6998,715],{"className":6999,"style":738},[382,656],[313,7001,352],{"className":7002},[398],"，",[313,7005,7007,7029],{"className":7006},[316],[313,7008,7010],{"className":7009},[320],[322,7011,7012],{"xmlns":324},[326,7013,7014,7026],{},[329,7015,7016,7018,7020],{},[638,7017,715],{},[332,7019,2271],{},[711,7021,7022,7024],{},[638,7023,715],{},[638,7025,718],{},[357,7027,7028],{"encoding":359},"E \\ge E_c",[313,7030,7032,7051],{"className":7031,"ariaHidden":365},[364],[313,7033,7035,7039,7042,7045,7048],{"className":7034},[369],[313,7036],{"className":7037,"style":7038},[373],"height:0.8193em;vertical-align:-0.136em;",[313,7040,715],{"className":7041,"style":738},[382,656],[313,7043],{"className":7044,"style":1753},[386],[313,7046,2271],{"className":7047},[1757],[313,7049],{"className":7050,"style":1753},[386],[313,7052,7054,7057],{"className":7053},[369],[313,7055],{"className":7056,"style":731},[373],[313,7058,7060,7063],{"className":7059},[382],[313,7061,715],{"className":7062,"style":738},[382,656],[313,7064,7066],{"className":7065},[405],[313,7067,7069,7089],{"className":7068},[409,745],[313,7070,7072,7086],{"className":7071},[413],[313,7073,7075],{"className":7074,"style":752},[417],[313,7076,7077,7080],{"style":755},[313,7078],{"className":7079,"style":426},[425],[313,7081,7083],{"className":7082},[430,431,432,433],[313,7084,718],{"className":7085},[382,656,433],[313,7087,769],{"className":7088},[768],[313,7090,7092],{"className":7091},[413],[313,7093,7095],{"className":7094,"style":776},[417],[313,7096],{},"。靠近 ",[313,7099,7101,7118],{"className":7100},[316],[313,7102,7104],{"className":7103},[320],[322,7105,7106],{"xmlns":324},[326,7107,7108,7116],{},[329,7109,7110],{},[711,7111,7112,7114],{},[638,7113,715],{},[638,7115,718],{},[357,7117,721],{"encoding":359},[313,7119,7121],{"className":7120,"ariaHidden":365},[364],[313,7122,7124,7127],{"className":7123},[369],[313,7125],{"className":7126,"style":731},[373],[313,7128,7130,7133],{"className":7129},[382],[313,7131,715],{"className":7132,"style":738},[382,656],[313,7134,7136],{"className":7135},[405],[313,7137,7139,7159],{"className":7138},[409,745],[313,7140,7142,7156],{"className":7141},[413],[313,7143,7145],{"className":7144,"style":752},[417],[313,7146,7147,7150],{"style":755},[313,7148],{"className":7149,"style":426},[425],[313,7151,7153],{"className":7152},[430,431,432,433],[313,7154,718],{"className":7155},[382,656,433],[313,7157,769],{"className":7158},[768],[313,7160,7162],{"className":7161},[413],[313,7163,7165],{"className":7164,"style":776},[417],[313,7166],{}," 处既有可用态 ",[313,7169,7171,7189],{"className":7170},[316],[313,7172,7174],{"className":7173},[320],[322,7175,7176],{"xmlns":324},[326,7177,7178,7186],{},[329,7179,7180],{},[711,7181,7182,7184],{},[638,7183,1968],{},[638,7185,718],{},[357,7187,7188],{"encoding":359},"g_c",[313,7190,7192],{"className":7191,"ariaHidden":365},[364],[313,7193,7195,7198],{"className":7194},[369],[313,7196],{"className":7197,"style":1562},[373],[313,7199,7201,7204],{"className":7200},[382],[313,7202,1968],{"className":7203,"style":842},[382,656],[313,7205,7207],{"className":7206},[405],[313,7208,7210,7230],{"className":7209},[409,745],[313,7211,7213,7227],{"className":7212},[413],[313,7214,7216],{"className":7215,"style":752},[417],[313,7217,7218,7221],{"style":2310},[313,7219],{"className":7220,"style":426},[425],[313,7222,7224],{"className":7223},[430,431,432,433],[313,7225,718],{"className":7226},[382,656,433],[313,7228,769],{"className":7229},[768],[313,7231,7233],{"className":7232},[413],[313,7234,7236],{"className":7235,"style":776},[417],[313,7237],{},"，又有一定占据几率 ",[313,7240,7242,7255],{"className":7241},[316],[313,7243,7245],{"className":7244},[320],[322,7246,7247],{"xmlns":324},[326,7248,7249,7253],{},[329,7250,7251],{},[638,7252,5100],{},[357,7254,5100],{"encoding":359},[313,7256,7258],{"className":7257,"ariaHidden":365},[364],[313,7259,7261,7264],{"className":7260},[369],[313,7262],{"className":7263,"style":4555},[373],[313,7265,5100],{"className":7266,"style":5165},[382,656],"，因此电子主要分布在导带底附近。",[273,7269,7270],{},[302,7271,7272,7003,7451,7097,7543,7612,7613,7664],{},[313,7273,7275,7329],{"className":7274},[316],[313,7276,7278],{"className":7277},[320],[322,7279,7280],{"xmlns":324},[326,7281,7282,7326],{},[329,7283,7284,7286,7288,7290,7292,7294,7300,7302,7304,7306,7308,7311,7313,7315,7317,7319,7321,7323],{},[638,7285,302],{},[332,7287,335],{"stretchy":334},[638,7289,715],{},[332,7291,352],{"stretchy":334},[332,7293,1724],{},[711,7295,7296,7298],{},[638,7297,1968],{},[638,7299,800],{},[332,7301,335],{"stretchy":334},[638,7303,715],{},[332,7305,352],{"stretchy":334},[341,7307,343],{},[332,7309,7310],{"stretchy":334},"[",[337,7312,514],{},[332,7314,475],{},[638,7316,5100],{},[332,7318,335],{"stretchy":334},[638,7320,715],{},[332,7322,352],{"stretchy":334},[332,7324,7325],{"stretchy":334},"]",[357,7327,7328],{"encoding":359},"p(E) = g_v(E)\\,[1-f(E)]",[313,7330,7332,7359,7432],{"className":7331,"ariaHidden":365},[364],[313,7333,7335,7338,7341,7344,7347,7350,7353,7356],{"className":7334},[369],[313,7336],{"className":7337,"style":1994},[373],[313,7339,302],{"className":7340},[382,656],[313,7342,335],{"className":7343},[378],[313,7345,715],{"className":7346,"style":738},[382,656],[313,7348,352],{"className":7349},[398],[313,7351],{"className":7352,"style":1753},[386],[313,7354,1724],{"className":7355},[1757],[313,7357],{"className":7358,"style":1753},[386],[313,7360,7362,7365,7405,7408,7411,7414,7417,7420,7423,7426,7429],{"className":7361},[369],[313,7363],{"className":7364,"style":1994},[373],[313,7366,7368,7371],{"className":7367},[382],[313,7369,1968],{"className":7370,"style":842},[382,656],[313,7372,7374],{"className":7373},[405],[313,7375,7377,7397],{"className":7376},[409,745],[313,7378,7380,7394],{"className":7379},[413],[313,7381,7383],{"className":7382,"style":752},[417],[313,7384,7385,7388],{"style":2310},[313,7386],{"className":7387,"style":426},[425],[313,7389,7391],{"className":7390},[430,431,432,433],[313,7392,800],{"className":7393,"style":842},[382,656,433],[313,7395,769],{"className":7396},[768],[313,7398,7400],{"className":7399},[413],[313,7401,7403],{"className":7402,"style":776},[417],[313,7404],{},[313,7406,335],{"className":7407},[378],[313,7409,715],{"className":7410,"style":738},[382,656],[313,7412,352],{"className":7413},[398],[313,7415],{"className":7416,"style":387},[386],[313,7418,7310],{"className":7419},[378],[313,7421,514],{"className":7422},[382],[313,7424],{"className":7425,"style":497},[386],[313,7427,475],{"className":7428},[501],[313,7430],{"className":7431,"style":497},[386],[313,7433,7435,7438,7441,7444,7447],{"className":7434},[369],[313,7436],{"className":7437,"style":1994},[373],[313,7439,5100],{"className":7440,"style":5165},[382,656],[313,7442,335],{"className":7443},[378],[313,7445,715],{"className":7446,"style":738},[382,656],[313,7448,7450],{"className":7449},[398],")]",[313,7452,7454,7476],{"className":7453},[316],[313,7455,7457],{"className":7456},[320],[322,7458,7459],{"xmlns":324},[326,7460,7461,7473],{},[329,7462,7463,7465,7467],{},[638,7464,715],{},[332,7466,2870],{},[711,7468,7469,7471],{},[638,7470,715],{},[638,7472,800],{},[357,7474,7475],{"encoding":359},"E \\le E_v",[313,7477,7479,7497],{"className":7478,"ariaHidden":365},[364],[313,7480,7482,7485,7488,7491,7494],{"className":7481},[369],[313,7483],{"className":7484,"style":7038},[373],[313,7486,715],{"className":7487,"style":738},[382,656],[313,7489],{"className":7490,"style":1753},[386],[313,7492,2870],{"className":7493},[1757],[313,7495],{"className":7496,"style":1753},[386],[313,7498,7500,7503],{"className":7499},[369],[313,7501],{"className":7502,"style":731},[373],[313,7504,7506,7509],{"className":7505},[382],[313,7507,715],{"className":7508,"style":738},[382,656],[313,7510,7512],{"className":7511},[405],[313,7513,7515,7535],{"className":7514},[409,745],[313,7516,7518,7532],{"className":7517},[413],[313,7519,7521],{"className":7520,"style":752},[417],[313,7522,7523,7526],{"style":755},[313,7524],{"className":7525,"style":426},[425],[313,7527,7529],{"className":7528},[430,431,432,433],[313,7530,800],{"className":7531,"style":842},[382,656,433],[313,7533,769],{"className":7534},[768],[313,7536,7538],{"className":7537},[413],[313,7539,7541],{"className":7540,"style":776},[417],[313,7542],{},[313,7544,7546,7563],{"className":7545},[316],[313,7547,7549],{"className":7548},[320],[322,7550,7551],{"xmlns":324},[326,7552,7553,7561],{},[329,7554,7555],{},[711,7556,7557,7559],{},[638,7558,715],{},[638,7560,800],{},[357,7562,803],{"encoding":359},[313,7564,7566],{"className":7565,"ariaHidden":365},[364],[313,7567,7569,7572],{"className":7568},[369],[313,7570],{"className":7571,"style":731},[373],[313,7573,7575,7578],{"className":7574},[382],[313,7576,715],{"className":7577,"style":738},[382,656],[313,7579,7581],{"className":7580},[405],[313,7582,7584,7604],{"className":7583},[409,745],[313,7585,7587,7601],{"className":7586},[413],[313,7588,7590],{"className":7589,"style":752},[417],[313,7591,7592,7595],{"style":755},[313,7593],{"className":7594,"style":426},[425],[313,7596,7598],{"className":7597},[430,431,432,433],[313,7599,800],{"className":7600,"style":842},[382,656,433],[313,7602,769],{"className":7603},[768],[313,7605,7607],{"className":7606},[413],[313,7608,7610],{"className":7609,"style":776},[417],[313,7611],{}," 处 ",[313,7614,7616,7634],{"className":7615},[316],[313,7617,7619],{"className":7618},[320],[322,7620,7621],{"xmlns":324},[326,7622,7623,7631],{},[329,7624,7625,7627,7629],{},[337,7626,514],{},[332,7628,475],{},[638,7630,5100],{},[357,7632,7633],{"encoding":359},"1-f",[313,7635,7637,7655],{"className":7636,"ariaHidden":365},[364],[313,7638,7640,7643,7646,7649,7652],{"className":7639},[369],[313,7641],{"className":7642,"style":490},[373],[313,7644,514],{"className":7645},[382],[313,7647],{"className":7648,"style":497},[386],[313,7650,475],{"className":7651},[501],[313,7653],{"className":7654,"style":497},[386],[313,7656,7658,7661],{"className":7657},[369],[313,7659],{"className":7660,"style":4555},[373],[313,7662,5100],{"className":7663,"style":5165},[382,656]," 较大，因而空穴主要分布在价带顶附近。",[285,7666,7668],{"id":7667},"n-type-semiconductor-distribution-n-型载流子分布","N-type Semiconductor Distribution ｜ N 型载流子分布",[302,7670,7671],{},[253,7672],{"alt":253,"src":7673},"https:\u002F\u002Fphenthu-1321233386.cos.ap-nanjing.myqcloud.com\u002Fimg\u002F(null)-20260909193936910.(null)",[1409,7675,7677],{"id":7676},"equilibrium-electron-concentration-平衡电子浓度","Equilibrium Electron Concentration ｜ 平衡电子浓度",[313,7679,7681],{"className":7680},[2172],[313,7682,7684,7800],{"className":7683},[316],[313,7685,7687],{"className":7686},[320],[322,7688,7689],{"xmlns":324,"display":2181},[326,7690,7691,7797],{},[329,7692,7693,7695,7697,7703,7705,7737,7739,7741,7744,7750,7752,7754],{},[638,7694,1456],{},[332,7696,1724],{},[711,7698,7699,7701],{},[638,7700,640],{},[638,7702,718],{},[341,7704,343],{},[348,7706,7707,7709],{},[638,7708,5123],{},[329,7710,7711,7713,7715,7721,7723,7729,7731,7733,7735],{},[332,7712,475],{},[332,7714,335],{"stretchy":334},[711,7716,7717,7719],{},[638,7718,715],{},[638,7720,718],{},[332,7722,475],{},[711,7724,7725,7727],{},[638,7726,715],{},[638,7728,5138],{},[332,7730,352],{"stretchy":334},[638,7732,5143],{"mathvariant":2257},[638,7734,5146],{},[638,7736,5149],{},[332,7738,2263],{"separator":365},[386,7740],{"width":2266},[341,7742,7743],{},"where ",[711,7745,7746,7748],{},[638,7747,640],{},[638,7749,718],{},[332,7751,1724],{},[337,7753,1855],{},[348,7755,7756,7789],{},[329,7757,7758,7760,7787],{},[332,7759,335],{"fence":365},[2201,7761,7762,7780],{},[329,7763,7764,7766,7768,7776,7778],{},[337,7765,1855],{},[638,7767,2250],{},[1847,7769,7770,7772,7774],{},[638,7771,2209],{},[638,7773,1456],{},[332,7775,2214],{},[638,7777,5146],{},[638,7779,5149],{},[348,7781,7782,7785],{},[638,7783,7784],{},"h",[337,7786,1855],{},[332,7788,352],{"fence":365},[329,7790,7791,7793,7795],{},[337,7792,355],{},[638,7794,5143],{"mathvariant":2257},[337,7796,1855],{},[357,7798,7799],{"encoding":359},"n = N_c\\, e^{-(E_c - E_F) \u002F kT}, \\quad \\text{where } N_c = 2 \\left( \\frac{2\\pi m_n^* kT}{h^2} \\right)^{3\u002F2}",[313,7801,7803,7821,8068],{"className":7802,"ariaHidden":365},[364],[313,7804,7806,7809,7812,7815,7818],{"className":7805},[369],[313,7807],{"className":7808,"style":1468},[373],[313,7810,1456],{"className":7811},[382,656],[313,7813],{"className":7814,"style":1753},[386],[313,7816,1724],{"className":7817},[1757],[313,7819],{"className":7820,"style":1753},[386],[313,7822,7824,7828,7868,7871,8004,8007,8010,8013,8019,8059,8062,8065],{"className":7823},[369],[313,7825],{"className":7826,"style":7827},[373],"height:1.1324em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;",[313,7829,7831,7834],{"className":7830},[382],[313,7832,640],{"className":7833,"style":657},[382,656],[313,7835,7837],{"className":7836},[405],[313,7838,7840,7860],{"className":7839},[409,745],[313,7841,7843,7857],{"className":7842},[413],[313,7844,7846],{"className":7845,"style":752},[417],[313,7847,7848,7851],{"style":3606},[313,7849],{"className":7850,"style":426},[425],[313,7852,7854],{"className":7853},[430,431,432,433],[313,7855,718],{"className":7856},[382,656,433],[313,7858,769],{"className":7859},[768],[313,7861,7863],{"className":7862},[413],[313,7864,7866],{"className":7865,"style":776},[417],[313,7867],{},[313,7869],{"className":7870,"style":387},[386],[313,7872,7874,7877],{"className":7873},[382],[313,7875,5123],{"className":7876},[382,656],[313,7878,7880],{"className":7879},[405],[313,7881,7883],{"className":7882},[409],[313,7884,7886],{"className":7885},[413],[313,7887,7889],{"className":7888,"style":6262},[417],[313,7890,7891,7894],{"style":6283},[313,7892],{"className":7893,"style":426},[425],[313,7895,7897],{"className":7896},[430,431,432,433],[313,7898,7900,7903,7906,7949,7952,7992,7995,7998,8001],{"className":7899},[382,433],[313,7901,475],{"className":7902},[382,433],[313,7904,335],{"className":7905},[378,433],[313,7907,7909,7912],{"className":7908},[382,433],[313,7910,715],{"className":7911,"style":738},[382,656,433],[313,7913,7915],{"className":7914},[405],[313,7916,7918,7940],{"className":7917},[409,745],[313,7919,7921,7937],{"className":7920},[413],[313,7922,7925],{"className":7923,"style":7924},[417],"height:0.1645em;",[313,7926,7928,7931],{"style":7927},"top:-2.357em;margin-left:-0.0576em;margin-right:0.0714em;",[313,7929],{"className":7930,"style":5295},[425],[313,7932,7934],{"className":7933},[430,5299,5300,433],[313,7935,718],{"className":7936},[382,656,433],[313,7938,769],{"className":7939},[768],[313,7941,7943],{"className":7942},[413],[313,7944,7947],{"className":7945,"style":7946},[417],"height:0.143em;",[313,7948],{},[313,7950,475],{"className":7951},[501,433],[313,7953,7955,7958],{"className":7954},[382,433],[313,7956,715],{"className":7957,"style":738},[382,656,433],[313,7959,7961],{"className":7960},[405],[313,7962,7964,7984],{"className":7963},[409,745],[313,7965,7967,7981],{"className":7966},[413],[313,7968,7970],{"className":7969,"style":5288},[417],[313,7971,7972,7975],{"style":5291},[313,7973],{"className":7974,"style":5295},[425],[313,7976,7978],{"className":7977},[430,5299,5300,433],[313,7979,5138],{"className":7980,"style":5304},[382,656,433],[313,7982,769],{"className":7983},[768],[313,7985,7987],{"className":7986},[413],[313,7988,7990],{"className":7989,"style":5314},[417],[313,7991],{},[313,7993,352],{"className":7994},[398,433],[313,7996,5143],{"className":7997},[382,433],[313,7999,5146],{"className":8000,"style":5326},[382,656,433],[313,8002,5149],{"className":8003,"style":5304},[382,656,433],[313,8005,2263],{"className":8006},[2713],[313,8008],{"className":8009,"style":2717},[386],[313,8011],{"className":8012,"style":387},[386],[313,8014,8016],{"className":8015},[382,391],[313,8017,7743],{"className":8018},[382],[313,8020,8022,8025],{"className":8021},[382],[313,8023,640],{"className":8024,"style":657},[382,656],[313,8026,8028],{"className":8027},[405],[313,8029,8031,8051],{"className":8030},[409,745],[313,8032,8034,8048],{"className":8033},[413],[313,8035,8037],{"className":8036,"style":752},[417],[313,8038,8039,8042],{"style":3606},[313,8040],{"className":8041,"style":426},[425],[313,8043,8045],{"className":8044},[430,431,432,433],[313,8046,718],{"className":8047},[382,656,433],[313,8049,769],{"className":8050},[768],[313,8052,8054],{"className":8053},[413],[313,8055,8057],{"className":8056,"style":776},[417],[313,8058],{},[313,8060],{"className":8061,"style":1753},[386],[313,8063,1724],{"className":8064},[1757],[313,8066],{"className":8067,"style":1753},[386],[313,8069,8071,8075,8078,8081],{"className":8070},[369],[313,8072],{"className":8073,"style":8074},[373],"height:2.6779em;vertical-align:-0.95em;",[313,8076,1855],{"className":8077},[382],[313,8079],{"className":8080,"style":387},[386],[313,8082,8084,8248],{"className":8083},[5624],[313,8085,8087,8093,8242],{"className":8086},[5624],[313,8088,8090],{"className":8089,"style":5629},[378,5628],[313,8091,335],{"className":8092},[5633,432],[313,8094,8096,8099,8239],{"className":8095},[382],[313,8097],{"className":8098},[378,2362],[313,8100,8102],{"className":8101},[2201],[313,8103,8105,8231],{"className":8104},[409,745],[313,8106,8108,8228],{"className":8107},[413],[313,8109,8112,8149,8157],{"className":8110,"style":8111},[417],"height:1.3714em;",[313,8113,8114,8117],{"style":2378},[313,8115],{"className":8116,"style":2382},[425],[313,8118,8120],{"className":8119},[382],[313,8121,8123,8126],{"className":8122},[382],[313,8124,7784],{"className":8125},[382,656],[313,8127,8129],{"className":8128},[405],[313,8130,8132],{"className":8131},[409],[313,8133,8135],{"className":8134},[413],[313,8136,8138],{"className":8137,"style":2404},[417],[313,8139,8140,8143],{"style":2407},[313,8141],{"className":8142,"style":426},[425],[313,8144,8146],{"className":8145},[430,431,432,433],[313,8147,1855],{"className":8148},[382,433],[313,8150,8151,8154],{"style":2448},[313,8152],{"className":8153,"style":2382},[425],[313,8155],{"className":8156,"style":2456},[2455],[313,8158,8159,8162],{"style":5340},[313,8160],{"className":8161,"style":2382},[425],[313,8163,8165,8168,8171,8222,8225],{"className":8164},[382],[313,8166,1855],{"className":8167},[382],[313,8169,2250],{"className":8170,"style":842},[382,656],[313,8172,8174,8177],{"className":8173},[382],[313,8175,2209],{"className":8176},[382,656],[313,8178,8180],{"className":8179},[405],[313,8181,8183,8214],{"className":8182},[409,745],[313,8184,8186,8211],{"className":8185},[413],[313,8187,8189,8200],{"className":8188,"style":2484},[417],[313,8190,8191,8194],{"style":2487},[313,8192],{"className":8193,"style":426},[425],[313,8195,8197],{"className":8196},[430,431,432,433],[313,8198,1456],{"className":8199},[382,656,433],[313,8201,8202,8205],{"style":421},[313,8203],{"className":8204,"style":426},[425],[313,8206,8208],{"className":8207},[430,431,432,433],[313,8209,2214],{"className":8210},[501,433],[313,8212,769],{"className":8213},[768],[313,8215,8217],{"className":8216},[413],[313,8218,8220],{"className":8219,"style":2517},[417],[313,8221],{},[313,8223,5146],{"className":8224,"style":5326},[382,656],[313,8226,5149],{"className":8227,"style":5304},[382,656],[313,8229,769],{"className":8230},[768],[313,8232,8234],{"className":8233},[413],[313,8235,8237],{"className":8236,"style":2704},[417],[313,8238],{},[313,8240],{"className":8241},[398,2362],[313,8243,8245],{"className":8244,"style":5629},[398,5628],[313,8246,352],{"className":8247},[5633,432],[313,8249,8251],{"className":8250},[405],[313,8252,8254],{"className":8253},[409],[313,8255,8257],{"className":8256},[413],[313,8258,8261],{"className":8259,"style":8260},[417],"height:1.7279em;",[313,8262,8264,8267],{"style":8263},"top:-3.9029em;margin-right:0.05em;",[313,8265],{"className":8266,"style":426},[425],[313,8268,8270],{"className":8269},[430,431,432,433],[313,8271,8273],{"className":8272},[382,433],[313,8274,8276],{"className":8275},[382,433],"3\u002F2",[302,8278,8279,8280,8484],{},"其中，Si 的 ",[313,8281,8283,8326],{"className":8282},[316],[313,8284,8286],{"className":8285},[320],[322,8287,8288],{"xmlns":324},[326,8289,8290,8323],{},[329,8291,8292,8298,8300,8303,8305,8311,8313],{},[711,8293,8294,8296],{},[638,8295,640],{},[638,8297,718],{},[332,8299,1724],{},[337,8301,8302],{},"2.8",[332,8304,455],{},[348,8306,8307,8309],{},[337,8308,460],{},[337,8310,4849],{},[341,8312,343],{},[348,8314,8315,8317],{},[341,8316,470],{},[329,8318,8319,8321],{},[332,8320,475],{},[337,8322,355],{},[357,8324,8325],{"encoding":359},"N_c = 2.8 \\times 10^{19}\\,\\text{cm}^{-3}",[313,8327,8329,8384,8402],{"className":8328,"ariaHidden":365},[364],[313,8330,8332,8335,8375,8378,8381],{"className":8331},[369],[313,8333],{"className":8334,"style":731},[373],[313,8336,8338,8341],{"className":8337},[382],[313,8339,640],{"className":8340,"style":657},[382,656],[313,8342,8344],{"className":8343},[405],[313,8345,8347,8367],{"className":8346},[409,745],[313,8348,8350,8364],{"className":8349},[413],[313,8351,8353],{"className":8352,"style":752},[417],[313,8354,8355,8358],{"style":3606},[313,8356],{"className":8357,"style":426},[425],[313,8359,8361],{"className":8360},[430,431,432,433],[313,8362,718],{"className":8363},[382,656,433],[313,8365,769],{"className":8366},[768],[313,8368,8370],{"className":8369},[413],[313,8371,8373],{"className":8372,"style":776},[417],[313,8374],{},[313,8376],{"className":8377,"style":1753},[386],[313,8379,1724],{"className":8380},[1757],[313,8382],{"className":8383,"style":1753},[386],[313,8385,8387,8390,8393,8396,8399],{"className":8386},[369],[313,8388],{"className":8389,"style":490},[373],[313,8391,8302],{"className":8392},[382],[313,8394],{"className":8395,"style":497},[386],[313,8397,455],{"className":8398},[501],[313,8400],{"className":8401,"style":497},[386],[313,8403,8405,8408,8411,8443,8446],{"className":8404},[369],[313,8406],{"className":8407,"style":418},[373],[313,8409,514],{"className":8410},[382],[313,8412,8414,8417],{"className":8413},[382],[313,8415,521],{"className":8416},[382],[313,8418,8420],{"className":8419},[405],[313,8421,8423],{"className":8422},[409],[313,8424,8426],{"className":8425},[413],[313,8427,8429],{"className":8428,"style":418},[417],[313,8430,8431,8434],{"style":421},[313,8432],{"className":8433,"style":426},[425],[313,8435,8437],{"className":8436},[430,431,432,433],[313,8438,8440],{"className":8439},[382,433],[313,8441,4849],{"className":8442},[382,433],[313,8444],{"className":8445,"style":387},[386],[313,8447,8449,8455],{"className":8448},[382],[313,8450,8452],{"className":8451},[382,391],[313,8453,470],{"className":8454},[382],[313,8456,8458],{"className":8457},[405],[313,8459,8461],{"className":8460},[409],[313,8462,8464],{"className":8463},[413],[313,8465,8467],{"className":8466,"style":418},[417],[313,8468,8469,8472],{"style":421},[313,8470],{"className":8471,"style":426},[425],[313,8473,8475],{"className":8474},[430,431,432,433],[313,8476,8478,8481],{"className":8477},[382,433],[313,8479,475],{"className":8480},[382,433],[313,8482,355],{"className":8483},[382,433]," (Effective DOS of conduction band, 导带有效态密度)",[285,8486,8488],{"id":8487},"p-type-semiconductor-distribution-p-型载流子分布","P-type Semiconductor Distribution ｜ P 型载流子分布",[302,8490,8491],{},[253,8492],{"alt":253,"src":8493},"https:\u002F\u002Fphenthu-1321233386.cos.ap-nanjing.myqcloud.com\u002Fimg\u002F(null)-20260909193937180.(null)",[1409,8495,8497],{"id":8496},"equilibrium-hole-concentration-平衡空穴浓度","Equilibrium Hole Concentration ｜ 平衡空穴浓度",[313,8499,8501],{"className":8500},[2172],[313,8502,8504,8618],{"className":8503},[316],[313,8505,8507],{"className":8506},[320],[322,8508,8509],{"xmlns":324,"display":2181},[326,8510,8511,8615],{},[329,8512,8513,8515,8517,8523,8525,8557,8559,8561,8563,8569,8571,8573],{},[638,8514,302],{},[332,8516,1724],{},[711,8518,8519,8521],{},[638,8520,640],{},[638,8522,800],{},[341,8524,343],{},[348,8526,8527,8529],{},[638,8528,5123],{},[329,8530,8531,8533,8535,8541,8543,8549,8551,8553,8555],{},[332,8532,475],{},[332,8534,335],{"stretchy":334},[711,8536,8537,8539],{},[638,8538,715],{},[638,8540,5138],{},[332,8542,475],{},[711,8544,8545,8547],{},[638,8546,715],{},[638,8548,800],{},[332,8550,352],{"stretchy":334},[638,8552,5143],{"mathvariant":2257},[638,8554,5146],{},[638,8556,5149],{},[332,8558,2263],{"separator":365},[386,8560],{"width":2266},[341,8562,7743],{},[711,8564,8565,8567],{},[638,8566,640],{},[638,8568,800],{},[332,8570,1724],{},[337,8572,1855],{},[348,8574,8575,8607],{},[329,8576,8577,8579,8605],{},[332,8578,335],{"fence":365},[2201,8580,8581,8599],{},[329,8582,8583,8585,8587,8595,8597],{},[337,8584,1855],{},[638,8586,2250],{},[1847,8588,8589,8591,8593],{},[638,8590,2209],{},[638,8592,302],{},[332,8594,2214],{},[638,8596,5146],{},[638,8598,5149],{},[348,8600,8601,8603],{},[638,8602,7784],{},[337,8604,1855],{},[332,8606,352],{"fence":365},[329,8608,8609,8611,8613],{},[337,8610,355],{},[638,8612,5143],{"mathvariant":2257},[337,8614,1855],{},[357,8616,8617],{"encoding":359},"p = N_v\\, e^{-(E_F - E_v) \u002F kT}, \\quad \\text{where } N_v = 2 \\left( \\frac{2\\pi m_p^* kT}{h^2} 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assName":8921},[413],[313,8923,8926,8963,8971],{"className":8924,"style":8925},[417],"height:1.4675em;",[313,8927,8928,8931],{"style":2378},[313,8929],{"className":8930,"style":2382},[425],[313,8932,8934],{"className":8933},[382],[313,8935,8937,8940],{"className":8936},[382],[313,8938,7784],{"className":8939},[382,656],[313,8941,8943],{"className":8942},[405],[313,8944,8946],{"className":8945},[409],[313,8947,8949],{"className":8948},[413],[313,8950,8952],{"className":8951,"style":2404},[417],[313,8953,8954,8957],{"style":2407},[313,8955],{"className":8956,"style":426},[425],[313,8958,8960],{"className":8959},[430,431,432,433],[313,8961,1855],{"className":8962},[382,433],[313,8964,8965,8968],{"style":2448},[313,8966],{"className":8967,"style":2382},[425],[313,8969],{"className":8970,"style":2456},[2455],[313,8972,8974,8977],{"style":8973},"top:-3.7731em;",[313,8975],{"className":8976,"style":2382},[425],[313,8978,8980,8983,8986,9037,9040],{"className":8979},[382],[313,8981,1855],{"className":8982},[382],[313,8984,2250],{"className":8985,"style":842},[382,656],[313,8987,8989,8992],{"className":8988},[382],[313,8990,2209],{"className":8991},[382,656],[313,8993,8995],{"className":8994},[405],[313,8996,8998,9029],{"className":8997},[409,745],[313,8999,9001,9026],{"className":9000},[413],[313,9002,9004,9015],{"className":9003,"style":2484},[417],[313,9005,9006,9009],{"style":2487},[313,9007],{"className":9008,"style":426},[425],[313,9010,9012],{"className":9011},[430,431,432,433],[313,9013,302],{"className":9014},[382,656,433],[313,9016,9017,9020],{"style":421},[313,9018],{"className":9019,"style":426},[425],[313,9021,9023],{"className":9022},[430,431,432,433],[313,9024,2214],{"className":9025},[501,433],[313,9027,769],{"className":9028},[768],[313,9030,9032],{"className":9031},[413],[313,9033,9035],{"className":9034,"style":3108},[417],[313,9036],{},[313,9038,5146],{"className":9039,"style":5326},[382,656],[313,9041,5149],{"className":9042,"style":5304},[382,656],[313,9044,769],{"className":9045},[768],[313,9047,9049],{"className":9048},[413],[313,9050,9052],{"className":9051,"style":2704},[417],[313,9053],{},[313,9055],{"className":9056},[398,2362],[313,9058,9060],{"className":9059,"style":5629},[398,5628],[313,9061,352],{"className":9062},[5633,432],[313,9064,9066],{"className":9065},[405],[313,9067,9069],{"className":9068},[409],[313,9070,9072],{"className":9071},[413],[313,9073,9076],{"className":9074,"style":9075},[417],"height:1.7454em;",[313,9077,9079,9082],{"style":9078},"top:-3.9204em;margin-right:0.05em;",[313,9080],{"className":9081,"style":426},[425],[313,9083,9085],{"className":9084},[430,431,432,433],[313,9086,9088],{"className":9087},[382,433],[313,9089,8276],{"className":9090},[382,433],[302,9092,8279,9093,9297],{},[313,9094,9096,9139],{"className":9095},[316],[313,9097,9099],{"className":9098},[320],[322,9100,9101],{"xmlns":324},[326,9102,9103,9136],{},[329,9104,9105,9111,9113,9116,9118,9124,9126],{},[711,9106,9107,9109],{},[638,9108,640],{},[638,9110,800],{},[332,9112,1724],{},[337,9114,9115],{},"1.04",[332,9117,455],{},[348,9119,9120,9122],{},[337,9121,460],{},[337,9123,4849],{},[341,9125,343],{},[348,9127,9128,9130],{},[341,9129,470],{},[329,9131,9132,9134],{},[332,9133,475],{},[337,9135,355],{},[357,9137,9138],{"encoding":359},"N_v = 1.04 \\times 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