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21:40:26",{"text":11,"minutes":144,"time":145,"words":146},2.385,143100,477,{"stem":148,"path":149,"title":150,"date":78,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":151},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F2.sophomore-autumn\u002Findex","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fsophomore-autumn","大二秋冬",{"text":80,"minutes":81,"time":81,"words":81},{"stem":153,"path":154,"title":155,"date":156,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":157},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F2.sophomore-autumn\u002Fsolid-state-physics","\u002F2024\u002F09\u002F11\u002Fsolid-state-physics","固体物理基础","2024-09-11 19:15:26",{"text":158,"minutes":159,"time":160,"words":161},"4 min read",3.21,192600,642,{"stem":163,"path":164,"title":165,"date":166,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":167},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F3.sophomore-spring\u002FAIFrontier","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fsophomore-spring\u002Faifrontier","人工智能前沿","2025-06-12 14:58:16",{"text":168,"minutes":169,"time":170,"words":171},"25 min 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19:39:00",{"text":60,"minutes":200,"time":201,"words":202},0.535,32100,107,{"stem":204,"path":205,"title":206,"date":207,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":208},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F1.microelectronic-devices\u002FLecture10","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Fmicroelectronic-devices\u002Flecture10","Lecture 10：从 MOS 电容到 MOSFET","2026-09-10 00:10:00",{"text":209,"minutes":210,"time":211,"words":212},"18 min read",17.615,1056900,3523,{"stem":214,"path":215,"title":216,"date":217,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":218},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F1.microelectronic-devices\u002FLecture11","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Fmicroelectronic-devices\u002Flecture11","Lecture 11：亚阈值效应与 MOSFET 尺寸缩放","2026-09-10 00:20:00",{"text":219,"minutes":220,"time":221,"words":222},"23 min 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00:50:00",{"text":21,"minutes":51,"time":52,"words":53},{"stem":340,"path":341,"title":342,"date":198,"collapsed":343,"readingTime":344},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F1.microelectronic-devices\u002Findex","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Fmicroelectronic-devices","微电子器件",true,{"text":158,"minutes":345,"time":346,"words":347},3.055,183300,611,{"stem":349,"path":350,"title":351,"date":352,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":353},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F2.ICCAD\u002F1.HistoryMetaCharacters","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Ficcad\u002Fhistorymetacharacters","History & Meta Characters","2026-09-10 20:25:44",{"text":269,"minutes":354,"time":355,"words":356},9.36,561600,1872,{"stem":358,"path":359,"title":360,"date":361,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":362},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F2.ICCAD\u002F10.PastExams\u002F1.ExamAutumn2223","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Ficcad\u002Fpastexams\u002Fexamautumn2223","22-23 秋冬历年卷","2026-09-10 20:26:49",{"text":319,"minutes":363,"time":364,"words":365},20.295,1217700,4059,{"stem":367,"path":368,"title":369,"date":370,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":371},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F2.ICCAD\u002F10.PastExams\u002F2.Exam2021","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Ficcad\u002Fpastexams\u002Fexam2021","20-21 历年卷","2026-09-10 20:26:50",{"text":289,"minutes":290,"time":291,"words":292},{"stem":373,"path":374,"title":375,"date":376,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":377},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F2.ICCAD\u002F10.PastExams\u002F3.ExamRecall1","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Ficcad\u002Fpastexams\u002Fexamrecall1","不知名回忆卷 1","2026-09-10 20:26:51",{"text":116,"minutes":378,"time":379,"words":380},4.215,252900,843,{"stem":382,"path":383,"title":384,"date":385,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":386},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F2.ICCAD\u002F10.PastExams\u002F4.ExamRecall23","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Ficcad\u002Fpastexams\u002Fexamrecall23","不知名回忆卷 2\u002F3","2026-09-10 20:26:52",{"text":387,"minutes":388,"time":389,"words":390},"12 min read",11.235,674100,2247,{"stem":392,"path":393,"title":394,"date":395,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":396},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F2.ICCAD\u002F11.Detailed\u002F1.Chapter1-Introduction","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Ficcad\u002Fdetailed\u002Fchapter1-introduction","Chapter 1：Introduction","2026-09-10 20:27:26",{"text":397,"minutes":398,"time":399,"words":400},"19 min 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20:27:54",{"text":209,"minutes":454,"time":455,"words":456},17.85,1071000,3570,{"stem":458,"path":459,"title":460,"date":461,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":462},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F2.ICCAD\u002F11.Detailed\u002F8.Chapter8-CProgrammingInUnix","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Ficcad\u002Fdetailed\u002Fchapter8-cprogramminginunix","Chapter 8：C Programming in Unix","2026-09-10 20:27:57",{"text":463,"minutes":464,"time":465,"words":466},"17 min read",16.855,1011300,3371,{"stem":468,"path":469,"title":470,"date":471,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":472},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F2.ICCAD\u002F2.LinuxUnix","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Ficcad\u002Flinuxunix","Linux & Unix","2026-09-10 20:25:46",{"text":41,"minutes":473,"time":474,"words":475},29.33,1759800,5866,{"stem":477,"path":478,"title":479,"date":480,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":481},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F2.ICCAD\u002F3.Vi","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Ficcad\u002Fvi","Vi","2026-09-10 20:25:47",{"text":329,"minutes":482,"time":483,"words":484},7.95,477000,1590,{"stem":486,"path":487,"title":488,"date":489,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":490},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F2.ICCAD\u002F4.ViCopy","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Ficcad\u002Fvicopy","Vi（详细版）","2026-09-10 20:25:49",{"text":279,"minutes":491,"time":492,"words":493},13.785,827100,2757,{"stem":495,"path":496,"title":497,"date":498,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":499},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F2.ICCAD\u002F5.Shells","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Ficcad\u002Fshells","Shells","2026-09-10 20:25:51",{"text":500,"minutes":501,"time":502,"words":503},"22 min read",21.21,1272600,4242,{"stem":505,"path":506,"title":507,"date":508,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":509},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F2.ICCAD\u002F6.Network","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Ficcad\u002Fnetwork","Network","2026-09-10 20:25:54",{"text":319,"minutes":510,"time":511,"words":512},20.595,1235700,4119,{"stem":514,"path":515,"title":516,"date":517,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":518},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F2.ICCAD\u002F7.SystemAdministration","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Ficcad\u002Fsystemadministration","System Administration","2026-09-10 20:26:44",{"text":329,"minutes":519,"time":520,"words":521},7.12,427200,1424,{"stem":523,"path":524,"title":525,"date":526,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":527},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F2.ICCAD\u002F8.XWindow","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Ficcad\u002Fxwindow","XWindow","2026-09-10 20:26:45",{"text":97,"minutes":528,"time":529,"words":530},5.105,306300,1021,{"stem":532,"path":533,"title":534,"date":535,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":536},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F2.ICCAD\u002F9.SystemDevelopmentTools","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Ficcad\u002Fsystemdevelopmenttools","System Development Tools","2026-09-10 20:26:47",{"text":387,"minutes":537,"time":538,"words":539},11.35,681000,2270,{"stem":541,"path":542,"title":543,"date":544,"collapsed":343,"readingTime":545},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F2.ICCAD\u002Findex","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Ficcad","面向 ICCAD 的软件基础技术","2026-09-10 12:37:00",{"text":60,"minutes":546,"time":547,"words":548},0.185,11100,37,{"stem":550,"path":551,"title":552,"date":553,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":554},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F3.HDL\u002FFeiQilai1","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Fhdl\u002Ffeiqilai1","飞起来1.0","2026-09-10 12:51:49",{"text":555,"minutes":556,"time":557,"words":558},"105 min read",104.655,6279300,20931,{"stem":560,"path":561,"title":562,"date":563,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":564},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F3.HDL\u002FFeiQilai2","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Fhdl\u002Ffeiqilai2","飞起来2.0","2026-09-10 12:52:06",{"text":565,"minutes":566,"time":567,"words":568},"29 min read",28.755,1725300,5751,{"stem":570,"path":571,"title":572,"date":573,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":574},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F3.HDL\u002FFeiQilai3","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Fhdl\u002Ffeiqilai3","飞起来3.0","2026-09-10 12:52:12",{"text":116,"minutes":575,"time":576,"words":577},4.49,269400,898,{"stem":579,"path":580,"title":581,"date":582,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":583},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F3.HDL\u002FLecture13","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Fhdl\u002Flecture13","Lecture 13：浮点数标准","2026-09-10 12:51:27",{"text":11,"minutes":584,"time":585,"words":586},2.575,154500,515,{"stem":588,"path":589,"title":590,"date":591,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":592},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F3.HDL\u002FLecture6","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Fhdl\u002Flecture6","Lecture 6：Behavioral Modeling，非阻塞赋值","2026-09-10 12:51:12",{"text":97,"minutes":593,"time":594,"words":595},5.34,320400,1068,{"stem":597,"path":598,"title":599,"date":600,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":601},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F3.HDL\u002FPPTCorrespondence","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Fhdl\u002Fpptcorrespondence","与PPT的对应","2026-09-10 12:52:18",{"text":269,"minutes":602,"time":603,"words":604},9.275,556500,1855,{"stem":606,"path":607,"title":608,"date":544,"collapsed":343,"readingTime":609},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F3.HDL\u002Findex","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Fhdl","硬件描述语言原理与应用",{"text":60,"minutes":61,"time":62,"words":63},{"stem":611,"path":612,"title":613,"date":614,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":615},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F4.analogICDesign\u002F1.BeforeMidterm","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Fanalogicdesign\u002Fbeforemidterm","期中前","2026-09-10 20:28:52",{"text":616,"minutes":617,"time":618,"words":619},"11 min read",10.835,650100,2167,{"stem":621,"path":622,"title":623,"date":624,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":625},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F4.analogICDesign\u002F2.MidtermExam2425","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Fanalogicdesign\u002Fmidtermexam2425","24-25 期中","2026-09-10 20:29:00",{"text":21,"minutes":626,"time":627,"words":628},1.22,73200,244,{"stem":630,"path":631,"title":632,"date":633,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":634},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F4.analogICDesign\u002F3.FinalExamReview","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Fanalogicdesign\u002Ffinalexamreview","期末考试整理","2026-09-10 20:29:09",{"text":387,"minutes":635,"time":636,"words":637},11.36,681600,2272,{"stem":639,"path":640,"title":641,"date":642,"collapsed":343,"readingTime":643},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F4.analogICDesign\u002Findex","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Fanalogicdesign","模拟集成电路设计","2026-09-10 20:00:00",{"text":80,"minutes":81,"time":81,"words":81},{"stem":645,"path":646,"title":647,"date":78,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":648},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002Findex","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn","大三秋冬",{"text":80,"minutes":81,"time":81,"words":81},{"stem":650,"path":651,"title":652,"date":653,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":654},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F5.junior-spring\u002F1.digitalICDesign\u002F1.Chapter3-Device","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-spring\u002Fdigitalicdesign\u002Fchapter3-device","Chapter 3：器件 Device","2026-09-10 21:14:41",{"text":249,"minutes":655,"time":656,"words":657},6.055,363300,1211,{"stem":659,"path":660,"title":661,"date":653,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":662},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F5.junior-spring\u002F1.digitalICDesign\u002F10.Chapter12-Arithmetic","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-spring\u002Fdigitalicdesign\u002Fchapter12-arithmetic","Chapter 12：算术运算电路 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期中试题",{"text":80,"minutes":81,"time":81,"words":81},{"stem":693,"path":694,"title":695,"date":653,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":696},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F5.junior-spring\u002F1.digitalICDesign\u002F13.PastExams\u002F3.FinalPolished","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-spring\u002Fdigitalicdesign\u002Fpastexams\u002Ffinalpolished","期末历年卷（AI 润色版）",{"text":21,"minutes":697,"time":698,"words":699},1.575,94500,315,{"stem":701,"path":702,"title":703,"date":653,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":704},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F5.junior-spring\u002F1.digitalICDesign\u002F14.ExamRecall2026","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-spring\u002Fdigitalicdesign\u002Fexamrecall2026","数字集成电路回忆 2026",{"text":60,"minutes":705,"time":706,"words":707},0.49,29400,98,{"stem":709,"path":710,"title":711,"date":653,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":712},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F5.junior-spring\u002F1.digitalICDesign\u002F2.Chapter4-Wire","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-spring\u002Fdigitalicdesign\u002Fchapter4-wire","Chapter 4：导线 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Gate",{"text":31,"minutes":729,"time":730,"words":731},8.635,518100,1727,{"stem":733,"path":734,"title":735,"date":653,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":736},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F5.junior-spring\u002F1.digitalICDesign\u002F5.Chapter7-SequentialLogic","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-spring\u002Fdigitalicdesign\u002Fchapter7-sequentiallogic","Chapter 7：时序逻辑 Sequential Logic",{"text":463,"minutes":737,"time":738,"words":739},16.645,998700,3329,{"stem":741,"path":742,"title":743,"date":653,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":744},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F5.junior-spring\u002F1.digitalICDesign\u002F6.Chapter8-Speed","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-spring\u002Fdigitalicdesign\u002Fchapter8-speed","Chapter 8：延迟与速度 Speed",{"text":745,"minutes":746,"time":747,"words":748},"33 min read",32.885,1973100,6577,{"stem":750,"path":751,"title":752,"date":653,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":753},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F5.junior-spring\u002F1.digitalICDesign\u002F7.Chapter9-Power","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-spring\u002Fdigitalicdesign\u002Fchapter9-power","Chapter 9：功耗 Power",{"text":754,"minutes":755,"time":756,"words":757},"31 min read",31.005,1860300,6201,{"stem":759,"path":760,"title":761,"date":653,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":762},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F5.junior-spring\u002F1.digitalICDesign\u002F8.Chapter10-Interconnect","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-spring\u002Fdigitalicdesign\u002Fchapter10-interconnect","Chapter 10：互连 Interconnect",{"text":463,"minutes":763,"time":764,"words":765},16.32,979200,3264,{"stem":767,"path":768,"title":769,"date":653,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":770},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F5.junior-spring\u002F1.digitalICDesign\u002F9.Chapter11-Timing","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-spring\u002Fdigitalicdesign\u002Fchapter11-timing","Chapter 11：时序 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read",43.985,2639100,8797,{"stem":824,"path":825,"title":826,"date":653,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":827},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F5.junior-spring\u002F2.computerOrganization\u002F14.L15","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-spring\u002Fcomputerorganization\u002Fl15","L15：期末复习问答",{"text":269,"minutes":828,"time":829,"words":830},9.105,546300,1821,{"stem":832,"path":833,"title":834,"date":653,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":835},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F5.junior-spring\u002F2.computerOrganization\u002F2.L2-Binary","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-spring\u002Fcomputerorganization\u002Fl2-binary","L2：二进制数制",{"text":80,"minutes":81,"time":81,"words":81},{"stem":837,"path":838,"title":839,"date":653,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":840},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F5.junior-spring\u002F2.computerOrganization\u002F3.L3-CMemory","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-spring\u002Fcomputerorganization\u002Fl3-cmemory","L3：C 语言与内存模型",{"text":841,"minutes":842,"time":843,"words":844},"98 min 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Design",{"text":269,"minutes":860,"time":861,"words":862},9.955,597300,1991,{"stem":864,"path":865,"title":866,"date":653,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":867},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F5.junior-spring\u002F2.computerOrganization\u002F7.L6a-SingleCycle","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-spring\u002Fcomputerorganization\u002Fl6a-singlecycle","L6a：单周期处理器设计",{"text":219,"minutes":868,"time":869,"words":870},22.125,1327500,4425,{"stem":872,"path":873,"title":874,"date":653,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":875},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F5.junior-spring\u002F2.computerOrganization\u002F8.L6b-Microcode","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-spring\u002Fcomputerorganization\u002Fl6b-microcode","L6b：微码处理器架构",{"text":387,"minutes":876,"time":877,"words":878},11.86,711600,2372,{"stem":880,"path":881,"title":882,"date":653,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":883},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F5.junior-spring\u002F2.computerOrganization\u002F9.L7-Pipeline","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-spring\u002Fcomputerorganization\u002Fl7-pipeline","L7：流水线处理器",{"text":177,"minutes":884,"time":885,"words":886},44.505,2670300,8901,{"stem":888,"path":889,"title":890,"date":653,"collapsed":343,"readingTime":891},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F5.junior-spring\u002F2.computerOrganization\u002Findex","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-spring\u002Fcomputerorganization","计算机组成与系统结构",{"text":60,"minutes":892,"time":893,"words":894},0.12,7200,24,{"stem":896,"path":897,"title":898,"date":78,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":899},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F5.junior-spring\u002Findex","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-spring","大三春夏",{"text":80,"minutes":81,"time":81,"words":81},{"stem":901,"path":902,"title":903,"date":78,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":904},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002Findex","\u002Fugcourses","本科课程",{"text":80,"minutes":81,"time":81,"words":81},{"stem":906,"path":907,"title":908,"date":909,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":910},"posts\u002Fubuntu\u002F1.config","\u002Fubuntu\u002Fconfig","ubuntu 系统配置","2025-08-26 19:38:06",{"text":158,"minutes":911,"time":912,"words":913},3.815,228900,763,{"stem":915,"path":916,"title":917,"date":918,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":919},"posts\u002Fubuntu\u002F2.cadence\u002F1.mmsim","\u002Fubuntu\u002Fcadence\u002Fmmsim","在 Ubuntu 24.04 上安装 Cadence MMSIM 15.1 的兼容性问题","2026-09-09 14:06:40",{"text":158,"minutes":920,"time":921,"words":922},3.5,210000,700,{"stem":924,"path":925,"title":926,"date":918,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":927},"posts\u002Fubuntu\u002F2.cadence\u002F2.innovus","\u002Fubuntu\u002Fcadence\u002Finnovus","Innovus安装",{"text":11,"minutes":928,"time":929,"words":930},2.08,124800,416,{"stem":932,"path":933,"title":934,"date":918,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":935},"posts\u002Fubuntu\u002F2.cadence\u002Findex","\u002Fubuntu\u002Fcadence","Ubuntu24.04安装Cadence 系列软件",{"text":269,"minutes":936,"time":937,"words":938},9.98,598800,1996,{"stem":940,"path":941,"title":942,"date":918,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":943},"posts\u002Fubuntu\u002F3.synopsys","\u002Fubuntu\u002Fsynopsys","Ubuntu 24.04 安装 Synopsys",{"text":269,"minutes":944,"time":945,"words":946},9.555,573300,1911,{"stem":948,"path":949,"title":950,"date":918,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":951},"posts\u002Fubuntu\u002F4.vivado","\u002Fubuntu\u002Fvivado","Ubuntu 24.04 安装 Vivado 2020.1",{"text":60,"minutes":952,"time":953,"words":954},0.62,37200,124,{"stem":956,"path":957,"title":958,"date":918,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":959},"posts\u002Fubuntu\u002F5.migrate","\u002Fubuntu\u002Fmigrate","硬盘迁移系统",{"text":60,"minutes":960,"time":961,"words":962},0.64,38400,128,{"stem":964,"path":965,"title":966,"date":967,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":968},"posts\u002Fubuntu\u002Findex","\u002Fubuntu","Ubuntu装进移动硬盘","2025-08-25 19:38:06",{"text":269,"minutes":969,"time":970,"words":971},9.26,555600,1852,{"id":973,"title":470,"body":974,"categories":4975,"collapsed":9,"date":471,"description":4976,"draft":9,"extension":4977,"hideInArchive":343,"hideInList":343,"image":4978,"meta":4979,"navigation":343,"path":469,"permalink":4978,"published":4978,"readingTime":4981,"recommend":4978,"references":4978,"seo":4982,"sitemap":4983,"stem":468,"tags":4984,"type":4987,"updated":471,"__hash__":4988},"content\u002Fposts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F2.ICCAD\u002F2.LinuxUnix.md",{"type":975,"value":976,"toc":4880},"minimark",[977,982,987,1023,1027,1089,1093,1145,1169,1173,1194,1199,1212,1216,1238,1247,1251,1259,1263,1267,1287,1291,1349,1397,1409,1413,1431,1434,1446,1448,1452,1463,1467,1475,1478,1482,1529,1538,1549,1553,1606,1610,1663,1666,1669,1735,1739,1742,1820,1823,1827,1831,1938,1942,1950,1953,1969,2019,2023,2027,2055,2059,2062,2088,2092,2095,2112,2115,2168,2171,2215,2218,2257,2260,2271,2273,2358,2362,2425,2428,2432,2435,2516,2520,2528,2588,2596,2602,2618,2625,2630,2656,2662,2666,2669,2802,2805,2858,2876,2879,2885,2888,2908,2911,2928,2932,2941,2944,2956,2958,2993,2996,3018,3021,3039,3042,3082,3085,3136,3140,3143,3223,3226,3255,3258,3312,3315,3352,3355,3417,3500,3503,3526,3529,3723,3726,3809,3812,3837,3841,3886,3889,3929,3932,3944,3949,4117,4119,4127,4131,4149,4153,4257,4318,4325,4388,4393,4592,4597,4621,4626,4645,4650,4664,4669,4691,4701,4724,4729,4873,4877],[978,979,981],"h2",{"id":980},"unix-overview","Unix Overview",[983,984,986],"h3",{"id":985},"is-linux-a-kind-of-unix","Is Linux a kind of Unix?",[988,989,990,1020],"blockquote",{},[991,992,993,997,998,997,1004,1007,1008,1011,1012,1015,1016,1019],"p",{},[994,995,996],"mark",{},"No. Linux is an operating system"," ",[994,999,1000],{},[1001,1002,1003],"strong",{},"similar",[994,1005,1006],{},"to UNIX."," Its original intention is to ",[1001,1009,1010],{},"replace Unix",". It is an ",[1001,1013,1014],{},"imitation(模仿) and optimization of Unix",". The difference between them is that Unix is commercial software, but Linux is ",[1001,1017,1018],{},"open source",".",[991,1021,1022],{},"Linux只是一个为了取代Unix而模仿与优化Unix的操作系统，Unix是商业的，Linux是开源的",[983,1024,1026],{"id":1025},"why-say-gnulinux","Why say GNU\u002FLinux?",[988,1028,1029,1053],{},[991,1030,1031,1032,997,1035,997,1040,997,1043,1048,1049,1052],{},"GNU\u002FLinux means that the ",[1001,1033,1034],{},"upper program of the operating",[994,1036,1037],{},[1001,1038,1039],{},"system is GNU",[994,1041,1042],{},"and the",[994,1044,1045],{},[1001,1046,1047],{},"kernel is Linux",". Only when combined can a complete operating system be formed. It can be said that ",[1001,1050,1051],{},"Linux is a component(组件) used in GNU project",". The reason why they don't use a single name is that they have different ideas. The former advocates free software and the latter advocates open source software.",[991,1054,1055,1056,1059,1060,1063,1064,1068,1069,1068,1072,1075,1076,997,1079,1084,1085,1088],{},"操作系统可以粗分为两层：",[1001,1057,1058],{},"内核（kernel）","：负责管理硬件、进程等核心功能以及",[1001,1061,1062],{},"用户空间工具","：命令、库、桌面环境等，GNU 项目做了很多上层工具：",[1065,1066,1067],"code",{"code":1067},"gcc","、",[1065,1070,1071],{"code":1071},"bash",[1065,1073,1074],{"code":1074},"ls"," 等，Linus 写了 Linux 内核。",[994,1077,1078],{},"把",[994,1080,1081],{},[1001,1082,1083],{},"GNU 工具 + Linux 内核"," 组合在一起，就变成我们日常说的“Linux 系统”。出于尊重 GNU 的贡献，有人坚持叫 ",[1001,1086,1087],{},"GNU\u002FLinux","。",[983,1090,1092],{"id":1091},"gnu-gpl-gui","GNU? GPL? GUI?",[988,1094,1095,1105,1108,1115,1124,1127,1133,1142],{},[1096,1097,1098],"ol",{},[1099,1100,1101,1104],"li",{},[1001,1102,1103],{},"GNU","：GNU’s Not Unix!(递归的缩写，GNU)",[991,1106,1107],{},"GNU is a free operating system.",[991,1109,1110,1111,1114],{},"GNU 是一个",[1001,1112,1113],{},"自由操作系统","（Free Operating System）项目",[1096,1116,1118],{"start":1117},2,[1099,1119,1120,1123],{},[1001,1121,1122],{},"GPL","：GNU General Public License",[991,1125,1126],{},"GPL is an agreement certificate for computer software issued by the free software foundation. The software using this certificate is called free software.",[991,1128,1129,1130,1088],{},"GPL是由 Free Software Foundation 颁布的一种许可证，使用 GPL 的软件被称为 ",[1001,1131,1132],{},"自由软件",[1096,1134,1136],{"start":1135},3,[1099,1137,1138,1141],{},[1001,1139,1140],{},"GUI","： Graphical User Interface",[991,1143,1144],{},"GUI is a computer operation user interface displayed graphically.",[1146,1147,1149,1154],"alert",{"type":1148},"tip",[1150,1151,1153],"h4",{"id":1152},"free-software-vs-open-source","Free Software VS Open Source",[1155,1156,1157,1163],"ul",{},[1099,1158,1159,1162],{},[1001,1160,1161],{},"GPL(Free Software 风格):"," 你修改了 Linux 内核 → 必须开源你的修改",[1099,1164,1165,1168],{},[1001,1166,1167],{},"MIT(Open Source 风格):","  你修改了 Node.js → 可以闭源，可以商用",[983,1170,1172],{"id":1171},"ubuntu-what-is-it","Ubuntu, what is it?",[1155,1174,1175,1183],{},[1099,1176,1177,1180],{},[994,1178,1179],{},"Ubuntu is a Linux operating system based on desktop applications",[994,1181,1182],{},"Ubuntu是一个基于桌面应用的Linux操作系统",[1099,1184,1185,1186,1189,1190,1193],{},"Ubuntu is named after the Nguni philosophy of ubuntu, which Canonical indicates means \"",[1001,1187,1188],{},"humanity to others","\" with a connotation of \"",[1001,1191,1192],{},"I am what I am because of who we all are","\".\nUbuntu名字的哲学含义",[1195,1196,1198],"h5",{"id":1197},"what-application-greatly-motivated-companies-to-use-linux-instead-of-windows","What application greatly motivated companies to use Linux instead of Windows?",[1155,1200,1201],{},[1099,1202,1203,1204,1207,1208,1211],{},"Apache\nApache 指 ",[1001,1205,1206],{},"Apache HTTP Server","，一个非常流行的 ",[1001,1209,1210],{},"Web 服务器"," 软件。由于它在 Linux 上稳定、性能好、免费开放，很多公司为了跑网站，就倾向用 Linux + Apache，而不是 Windows + IIS。",[983,1213,1215],{"id":1214},"unix-command-options-arguments","Unix command -options arguments",[1155,1217,1218,1225,1232],{},[1099,1219,1220,1221,1224],{},"'",[1001,1222,1223],{},"Whitespace","' separates parts of the command line",[1099,1226,1227,1228,1231],{},"An ",[1001,1229,1230],{},"argument"," indicates on what the command is to perform its action",[1099,1233,1227,1234,1237],{},[1001,1235,1236],{},"option"," modifies the command, usually starts with '-'",[1239,1240,1245],"pre",{"className":1241,"code":1243,"language":1071,"meta":1244},[1242],"language-bash","command [options] [arguments]\n# 命令   选项        参数\n# command + options(以 - 开头) + arguments(通常是文件\u002F目录名)，用空格分开\n","",[1065,1246,1243],{"__ignoreMap":1244},[983,1248,1250],{"id":1249},"case-sensitive","case sensitive",[1155,1252,1253],{},[1099,1254,1255,1256],{},"Use lower case\n",[994,1257,1258],{},"Unix \u002F Linux 命令对大小写敏感",[978,1260,1262],{"id":1261},"getting-started","Getting Started",[983,1264,1266],{"id":1265},"loginlogout-commands","Login\u002FLogout Commands",[1155,1268,1269,1275,1281],{},[1099,1270,1271,1274],{},[1065,1272,1273],{"code":1273},"login"," #登录",[1099,1276,1277,1280],{},[1065,1278,1279],{"code":1279},"logout"," #登出",[1099,1282,1283,1286],{},[1065,1284,1285],{"code":1285},"exit"," #退出",[983,1288,1290],{"id":1289},"control-keys-perform-special-functions","Control keys perform special functions",[1155,1292,1293,1307,1317,1327,1333,1339],{},[1099,1294,1295,1298,1299,1302,1303,1306],{},[1065,1296,1297],{"code":1297},"^H"," or ",[1065,1300,1301],{"code":1301},"Backspace"," #擦除一个字符 erase a character\nH=",[1001,1304,1305],{},"H","ide",[1099,1308,1309,1312,1313,1316],{},[1065,1310,1311],{"code":1311},"^U"," #擦除一行 cancel line\nU=",[1001,1314,1315],{},"U","ndo line",[1099,1318,1319,1322,1323,1326],{},[1065,1320,1321],{"code":1321},"^S"," #暂停显示 pause display\nS = ",[1001,1324,1325],{},"S","top",[1099,1328,1329,1332],{},[1065,1330,1331],{"code":1331},"^Q"," #重新启动显示 restart display\n这个我也没想好咋记，硬记",[1099,1334,1335,1338],{},[1065,1336,1337],{"code":1337},"^C"," #取消操作 cancel operation",[1099,1340,1341,1344,1345,1348],{},[1065,1342,1343],{"code":1343},"^D"," #注销用户，通常禁用 signal end of file\nD=",[1001,1346,1347],{},"D","one",[988,1350,1351,1359,1366],{},[991,1352,1353,1354],{},"本质就是",[994,1355,1356],{},[1001,1357,1358],{},"发送一个signal，就是EOF",[1195,1360,1362,1365],{"id":1361},"ctrld-的三种用法",[1065,1363,1364],{"code":1364},"Ctrl+D"," 的三种用法",[1096,1367,1368,1382,1391],{},[1099,1369,1370,1373,1374,1377,1378,1381],{},[1001,1371,1372],{},"程序输入中"," - 结束输入，告诉程序\"输入完了\"（如 ",[1065,1375,1376],{"code":1376},"wc",", ",[1065,1379,1380],{"code":1380},"cat"," 等待输入时）",[1099,1383,1384,1387,1388,1390],{},[1001,1385,1386],{},"Shell 提示符下"," - 退出当前 shell \u002F 登出（空行时按 ",[1065,1389,1364],{"code":1364},"）",[1099,1392,1393,1396],{},[1001,1394,1395],{},"行中编辑"," - 删除光标后的一个字符（光标不在行首时）",[1155,1398,1399],{},[1099,1400,1401,1404,1405,1408],{},[1065,1402,1403],{"code":1403},"^V"," #对待下一个控制字符为普通字符 treat following control character as normal character\nV = ",[1001,1406,1407],{},"V","erbatim（逐字的）",[983,1410,1412],{"id":1411},"find-version-of-unix","Find Version of Unix",[1155,1414,1415,1421],{},[1099,1416,1417,1420],{},[1065,1418,1419],{"code":1419},"uname [options]"," #显示 Unix 版本, print system information",[1099,1422,1423,1426,1427,1430],{},[1065,1424,1425],{"code":1425},"uname -a"," #显示所有系统信息, ",[1001,1428,1429],{},"a","ll, print all information",[991,1432,1433],{},"Linux host 5.4... x86_64 GNU\u002FLinux",[1155,1435,1436],{},[1099,1437,1438,1441,1442,1445],{},[1065,1439,1440],{"code":1440},"uname -o"," #仅显示操作系统名称 ",[1001,1443,1444],{},"o","perating-system",[991,1447,1087],{},[983,1449,1451],{"id":1450},"change-password","Change Password",[1155,1453,1454],{},[1099,1455,1456,1459,1460],{},[1065,1457,1458],{"code":1458},"passwd"," #更改密码，注意是",[1001,1461,1462],{},"wd",[983,1464,1466],{"id":1465},"system-date-and-time","System Date and Time",[1155,1468,1469],{},[1099,1470,1471,1474],{},[1065,1472,1473],{"code":1473},"date"," #显示或设定日期和时间, print or set the system date and time，注意不是time，time是用来统计耗时的",[991,1476,1477],{},"Sat Jan  3 10:11:57 PM CST 2026",[983,1479,1481],{"id":1480},"commands-for-useful-info","Commands for Useful Info",[1155,1483,1484,1510,1523],{},[1099,1485,1486,1489,1490,1504],{},[1065,1487,1488],{"code":1488},"who"," #显示当前登录在系统上的登录用户的信息，show who is logged in",[1155,1491,1492,1498],{},[1099,1493,1494,1497],{},[1065,1495,1496],{"code":1496},"who am i"," #显示执行该命令的登录用户的信息",[1099,1499,1500,1503],{},[1065,1501,1502],{"code":1502},"whoami"," #显示当前有效用户的名字，即终端的操作用户，print effective userid\nscy or root",[1239,1505,1508],{"className":1506,"code":1507,"language":1071,"meta":1244},[1242],"# 先用用户 bixing 登录：\n$ whoami\nbixing\n$ who am i\nbixing  pts\u002F0  2025-12-10 21:00 (192.168.0.100)\n# 然后在这个终端里 su 变成 root\n$ su -\nPassword:\n$ whoami\nroot          # 现在你是 root 了\n$ who am i\nbixing  pts\u002F0  2025-12-10 21:00 (192.168.0.100)\n              # 这里还是显示最初登录的人：bixing\nwho am i   # 等价于 who -m, 它查的是：当前这个终端最早登录进来的那条记录\n",[1065,1509,1507],{"__ignoreMap":1244},[1099,1511,1512,1515,1516,1518,1519,1522],{},[1065,1513,1514],{"code":1514},"ps"," #报告进程状态\n",[1001,1517,991],{},"rocess ",[1001,1520,1521],{},"s","tatus → 报告进程状态",[1099,1524,1525,1528],{},[1065,1526,1527],{"code":1527},"stty"," #打印和改变终端设置，change and print terminal line settings",[991,1530,1531,1533,1534,1537],{},[1001,1532,1521],{},"et ",[1001,1535,1536],{},"tty"," → 设置 \u002F 查看 终端(line) 参数",[1155,1539,1540],{},[1099,1541,1542,1545,1546,1548],{},[1065,1543,1544],{"code":1544},"env"," #显示当前环境变量值，show current EV values\n",[1001,1547,1544],{},"ironment → 显示当前环境变量值",[983,1550,1552],{"id":1551},"check-command-aliases","Check Command Aliases",[1155,1554,1555],{},[1099,1556,1557,1560,1561],{},[1065,1558,1559],{"code":1559},"alias"," #检查命令别名\n",[1155,1562,1563,1568],{},[1099,1564,1565,1567],{},[1065,1566,1559],{"code":1559},"：列出当前所有别名",[1099,1569,1570,1573,1574],{},[1065,1571,1572],{"code":1572},"alias aname='pname'","：给命令起别名\n",[1155,1575,1576,1589,1600],{},[1099,1577,1578,1581,1582,1584,1585,1588],{},[1065,1579,1580],{"code":1580},"aname","：",[1001,1583,1429],{},"lias ",[1001,1586,1587],{},"name","（别名）",[1099,1590,1591,1581,1594,1596,1597,1599],{},[1065,1592,1593],{"code":1593},"pname",[1001,1595,991],{},"rogram ",[1001,1598,1587],{},"（原命令）",[1099,1601,1602,1603],{},"e.g. ",[1065,1604,1605],{"code":1605},"alias rm='rm -i'",[983,1607,1609],{"id":1608},"online-manual","Online Manual",[1155,1611,1612,1643,1653],{},[1099,1613,1614,1617,1618],{},[1065,1615,1616],{"code":1616},"man"," #手册查询，find and display reference manual pages\n",[1155,1619,1620,1629,1638],{},[1099,1621,1622,997,1625,1628],{},[1065,1623,1624],{"code":1624},"Space",[1065,1626,1627],{"code":1627},"bar"," #显示下一页",[1099,1630,1631,1634,1635],{},[1065,1632,1633],{"code":1633},"b"," #显示上一页 ",[1065,1636,1637],{"code":1637},"b=back",[1099,1639,1640,1286],{},[1065,1641,1642],{"code":1642},"q",[1099,1644,1645,1648,1649,1652],{},[1065,1646,1647],{"code":1647},"xman"," #",[1001,1650,1651],{},"有 GUI"," 的手册查询，the man has X Window GUI",[1099,1654,1655,1658,1659,1662],{},[1065,1656,1657],{"code":1657},"info"," #用",[1001,1660,1661],{},"超文本","的形式显示更多更新的命令信息，read info document，usually shows more and newer information of a command, in hyper text format",[1150,1664,1665],{"id":1665},"手册页的内部结构",[991,1667,1668],{},"一份标准的 Man page 通常包含以下固定板块：",[1096,1670,1671,1677,1695,1701,1707,1713,1718,1724,1730],{},[1099,1672,1673,1676],{},[1001,1674,1675],{},"NAME",": 命令名称及简短描述。",[1099,1678,1679,1682,1683,1686,1687,1690,1691,1694],{},[1001,1680,1681],{},"SYNOPSIS",": ",[1001,1684,1685],{},"语法大纲","（使用方括号 ",[1065,1688,1689],{"code":1689},"[]"," 表示可选，省略号 ",[1065,1692,1693],{"code":1693},"..."," 表示多个）。",[1099,1696,1697,1700],{},[1001,1698,1699],{},"DESCRIPTION",": 详细的功能解释。",[1099,1702,1703,1706],{},[1001,1704,1705],{},"OPTIONS",": 所有参数（Flags）的解释。",[1099,1708,1709,1712],{},[1001,1710,1711],{},"EXAMPLES",": 实际用法示例（最有用的部分）。",[1099,1714,1715],{},[1001,1716,1717],{},"ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES",[1099,1719,1720,1723],{},[1001,1721,1722],{},"EXIT STATUS",": 错误代码含义。",[1099,1725,1726,1729],{},[1001,1727,1728],{},"SEE ALSO",": 相关命令的引用。",[1099,1731,1732],{},[1001,1733,1734],{},"BUGS",[1150,1736,1738],{"id":1737},"传统手册的章节组织-manual-sections","传统手册的章节组织 (Manual Sections)",[991,1740,1741],{},"Man pages 遵循一套严格的组织标准，通常分为 8 个主要章节(PPT上只有5个)。了解这些章节能帮你快速定位信息：",[1743,1744,1745,1761],"table",{},[1746,1747,1748],"thead",{},[1749,1750,1751,1755,1758],"tr",{},[1752,1753,1754],"th",{},"章节编号",[1752,1756,1757],{},"类别名称",[1752,1759,1760],{},"说明",[1762,1763,1764,1776,1787,1798,1809],"tbody",{},[1749,1765,1766,1770,1773],{},[1767,1768,1769],"td",{},"-1",[1767,1771,1772],{},"用户命令 (User commands)",[1767,1774,1775],{},"普通用户在终端执行的可执行程序或 shell 命令。",[1749,1777,1778,1781,1784],{},[1767,1779,1780],{},"-2",[1767,1782,1783],{},"系统调用 (System calls)",[1767,1785,1786],{},"由内核提供的服务接口（如硬件访问）。",[1749,1788,1789,1792,1795],{},[1767,1790,1791],{},"-3",[1767,1793,1794],{},"库函数 (Library functions)",[1767,1796,1797],{},"程序库中的函数，如 C 标准库中的 printf。",[1749,1799,1800,1803,1806],{},[1767,1801,1802],{},"-4",[1767,1804,1805],{},"设备 (Devices)",[1767,1807,1808],{},"\u002Fdev 目录下的特殊文件及其驱动说明。",[1749,1810,1811,1814,1817],{},[1767,1812,1813],{},"-5",[1767,1815,1816],{},"文件格式 (File formats)",[1767,1818,1819],{},"各种配置文件的格式说明（如 \u002Fetc\u002Fpasswd）。",[1821,1822],"hr",{},[978,1824,1826],{"id":1825},"file-system","File System",[983,1828,1830],{"id":1829},"standard-unix-directories","Standard Unix Directories",[1155,1832,1833,1847,1861,1878,1892,1907,1920,1926,1932],{},[1099,1834,1835,1838,1839,1842,1843,1846],{},[1065,1836,1837],{"code":1837},"\u002Fbin"," bin=",[1001,1840,1841],{},"bin","ary 必须命令的",[1001,1844,1845],{},"二进制","文件，可执行",[1099,1848,1849,1852,1853,1856,1857,1860],{},[1065,1850,1851],{"code":1851},"\u002Fdev"," dev=",[1001,1854,1855],{},"dev","ice ",[1001,1858,1859],{},"设备","文件",[1099,1862,1863,1866,1867,1870,1871,1874,1875,1860],{},[1065,1864,1865],{"code":1865},"\u002Ftmp"," tmp=",[1001,1868,1869],{},"t","e",[1001,1872,1873],{},"mp","orary ",[1001,1876,1877],{},"临时",[1099,1879,1880,1883,1884,1887,1888,1891],{},[1065,1881,1882],{"code":1882},"\u002Flib"," lib=",[1001,1885,1886],{},"lib","rary 必须的",[1001,1889,1890],{},"共享库和内核","模块",[1099,1893,1894,1897,1898,1903,1906],{},[1065,1895,1896],{"code":1896},"\u002Fetc"," etc=",[994,1899,1900],{},[1001,1901,1902],{},"etc",[994,1904,1905],{},"etera"," 主机特定的系统配置",[1099,1908,1909,1912,1913,1915,1916,1919],{},[1065,1910,1911],{"code":1911},"\u002Fsrc"," src=",[1001,1914,1521],{},"ou",[1001,1917,1918],{},"rc","e 源代码",[1099,1921,1922,1925],{},[1065,1923,1924],{"code":1924},"\u002Froot"," root 该目录为系统管理员的主目录",[1099,1927,1928,1931],{},[1065,1929,1930],{"code":1930},"\u002Fhome"," home 存放所有普通用户主目录",[1099,1933,1934,1937],{},[1065,1935,1936],{"code":1936},"\u002F"," 根目录，是最高层的目录，其他所有的目录都是他的分支",[983,1939,1941],{"id":1940},"a-disk","A disk",[1155,1943,1944,1947],{},[1099,1945,1946],{},"Disks mounted to positions in file tree",[1099,1948,1949],{},"A disk is divided into blocks",[991,1951,1952],{},"– 512, 1024, 2048 bytes are common block sizes",[1155,1954,1955],{},[1099,1956,1957,1958],{},"A disk partition divided into three major sections\n",[1155,1959,1960,1963,1966],{},[1099,1961,1962],{},"– superblock(超级块)",[1099,1964,1965],{},"– inodes(索引节点)",[1099,1967,1968],{},"– data blocks(数据块)",[1743,1970,1971,1984],{},[1746,1972,1973],{},[1749,1974,1975,1978,1981],{},[1752,1976,1977],{},"区域名称",[1752,1979,1980],{},"核心角色",[1752,1982,1983],{},"对应 PPT 中的关键点",[1762,1985,1986,1997,2008],{},[1749,1987,1988,1991,1994],{},[1767,1989,1990],{},"Superblock (超级块)",[1767,1992,1993],{},"系统管理员 (掌控全局)",[1767,1995,1996],{},"记录磁盘分区的整体结构信息，包括块大小（512\u002F1024\u002F2048 字节）等关键参数。",[1749,1998,1999,2002,2005],{},[1767,2000,2001],{},"Inodes (索引节点)",[1767,2003,2004],{},"档案管理员 (管理属性)",[1767,2006,2007],{},"存储文件的元数据（权限、大小、位置指针等），但不包含文件名。",[1749,2009,2010,2013,2016],{},[1767,2011,2012],{},"Data blocks (数据块)",[1767,2014,2015],{},"物理仓库 (存储内容)",[1767,2017,2018],{},"磁盘被划分为多个块，用于存放普通文件的数据或目录的映射表。",[983,2020,2022],{"id":2021},"file-tree","File Tree",[1150,2024,2026],{"id":2025},"full-path-name","full path name",[991,2028,2029,997,2032,997,2036,997,2039,2044,997,2047,997,2052],{},[994,2030,2031],{},"由根目录",[994,2033,2034],{},[1065,2035,1936],{"code":1936},[994,2037,2038],{},"写起，例如:",[994,2040,2041],{},[1065,2042,2043],{"code":2043},"\u002Fusr\u002Fshare\u002Fdoc",[994,2045,2046],{},",",[994,2048,2049],{},[1065,2050,2051],{"code":2051},"$HOME\u002F.bashrc",[994,2053,2054],{},"等",[1150,2056,2058],{"id":2057},"relative-path-name","relative path name",[991,2060,2061],{},"相对路径就是指由这个文件所在的路径引起的跟其它文件(或文件夹)的路径关系，即从当前目录开始",[991,2063,2064,2065,2067,2070,2073,2076,2077,2080,2081,2084,2085],{},"Linux 中，",[1065,2066,1019],{"code":1019},[1001,2068,2069],{},"表示当前目录，",[1065,2071,2072],{"code":2072},"..",[1001,2074,2075],{},"表示上一层目录","。所以",[1065,2078,2079],{"code":2079},"..\u002F..\u002Finclude\u002Fdefine.h"," 的意思为从当前路径开始，向上两级下的 ",[1065,2082,2083],{"code":2083},"include"," 内的 ",[1065,2086,2087],{"code":2087},"define.h",[983,2089,2091],{"id":2090},"directory-commands","Directory Commands",[1150,2093,2094],{"id":2094},"pwd",[1155,2096,2097],{},[1099,2098,2099,997,2101,2103,2104,2107,2108,2111],{},[1065,2100,2094],{"code":2094},[1001,2102,991],{},"rint ",[1001,2105,2106],{},"w","orking ",[1001,2109,2110],{},"d","irectory 打印当前所在的工作目录",[1150,2113,2114],{"id":2114},"cd",[1155,2116,2117],{},[1099,2118,2119,2121,2122,2125,2126,2128,2129],{},[1065,2120,2114],{"code":2114}," - ",[1001,2123,2124],{},"c","hange ",[1001,2127,2110],{},"irectory.\n",[1155,2130,2131,2146,2156,2162],{},[1099,2132,2133,2134,1088,2137,2139,2140,2139,2143],{},"不加参数，",[1001,2135,2136],{},"默认返回用户主目录",[1065,2138,2114],{"code":2114}," = ",[1065,2141,2142],{"code":2142},"cd ~",[1065,2144,2145],{"code":2145},"cd $HOME",[1099,2147,2148,2151,2152,2155],{},[1065,2149,2150],{"code":2150},"cd ..","返回上级目录,",[1065,2153,2154],{"code":2154},"cd ..\u002F..","返回上两级目录",[1099,2157,2158,2161],{},[1065,2159,2160],{"code":2160},"cd -","返回之前的目录",[1099,2163,2164,2167],{},[1065,2165,2166],{"code":2166},"cd ~somebody"," 进入某个用户的 home，但前提是有这个somebody以及有相应的权限",[1150,2169,2170],{"id":2170},"mkdir",[1155,2172,2173],{},[1099,2174,2175,997,2177,1429,2180,2183,2184,2187,2188],{},[1065,2176,2170],{"code":2170},[1001,2178,2179],{},"m",[1001,2181,2182],{},"k","e ",[1001,2185,2186],{},"dir","ectories\n",[1155,2189,2190,2195,2198,2206],{},[1099,2191,2192],{},[1065,2193,2194],{"code":2194},"mkdir [option] [directory]",[1099,2196,2197],{},"create the directories, if they do not already exist",[1099,2199,2200,997,2203,2205],{},[1065,2201,2202],{"code":2202},"-p",[1001,2204,991],{},"arents, no error if existing, make parent directories as needed, 绝对路径\u002F目录名，如果目录不存在，可连带创建多层",[1099,2207,2208,997,2211,2214],{},[1065,2209,2210],{"code":2210},"-v",[1001,2212,2213],{},"v","erbose(冗长的), print a message for each created directory",[1150,2216,2217],{"id":2217},"rmdir",[1155,2219,2220],{},[1099,2221,2222,997,2224,1870,2227,2229,2230,997,2236,2187,2238],{},[1065,2223,2217],{"code":2217},[1001,2225,2226],{},"r",[1001,2228,2179],{},"ove ",[994,2231,2232],{},[2233,2234,2235],"u",{},"empty",[1001,2237,2186],{},[1155,2239,2240,2250],{},[1099,2241,2242,2243,2246,2247],{},"Directory ",[2233,2244,2245],{},"must be empty","，",[1001,2248,2249],{},"只可以删除空的目录",[1099,2251,2252,997,2254,2256],{},[1065,2253,2202],{"code":2202},[1001,2255,991],{},"arents, remove directories and its ancestors 递归删除，如果父目录为空则可一同删除",[1150,2258,2259],{"id":2259},"tree",[1155,2261,2262],{},[1099,2263,2264,2266],{},[1065,2265,2259],{"code":2259},[1155,2267,2268],{},[1099,2269,2270],{},"list contents of directories in a tree-like format",[1150,2272,1074],{"id":1074},[1155,2274,2275],{},[1099,2276,2277,997,2279,2282,2283,2285,2286],{},[1065,2278,1074],{"code":1074},[1001,2280,2281],{},"l","i",[1001,2284,1521],{},"t contents of directory\n",[1155,2287,2288,2293,2308,2322,2333,2341,2350],{},[1099,2289,2290],{},[1065,2291,2292],{"code":2292},"ls [option] [file...]",[1099,2294,2295,997,2298,2300,2301,2304,2305,2307],{},[1065,2296,2297],{"code":2297},"-a",[1001,2299,1429],{},"ll 所有，",[1001,2302,2303],{},"包括隐藏文件","， all, including files begin with '.'（隐藏文件以",[1065,2306,1019],{"code":1019},"开头）",[1099,2309,2310,997,2313,2315,2316,2319,2320],{},[1065,2311,2312],{"code":2312},"-d",[1001,2314,2110],{},"irectory name only ",[1001,2317,2318],{},"只显示目录本身","，而不是其内容 仅",[1065,2321,1019],{"code":1019},[1099,2323,2324,997,2327,2330,2331,1390],{},[1065,2325,2326],{"code":2326},"-F",[1001,2328,2329],{},"F","ormat suffix 格式后缀（比如目录加",[1065,2332,1936],{"code":1936},[1099,2334,2335,997,2338,2340],{},[1065,2336,2337],{"code":2337},"-l",[1001,2339,2281],{},"ong 显示完整信息（长格式，权限\u002F所有者\u002F时间\u002F大小都显示出来）",[1099,2342,2343,997,2346,2349],{},[1065,2344,2345],{"code":2345},"-R",[1001,2347,2348],{},"R","ecursive 递归显示，会把目录下面子文件也显示出来",[1099,2351,2352,997,2355,2357],{},[1065,2353,2354],{"code":2354},"-t",[1001,2356,1869],{},"ime 按修改时间排序",[1195,2359,2361],{"id":2360},"ls-colorauto","ls --color=auto",[1155,2363,2364,2375,2422],{},[1099,2365,2366,2367,2370,2371,2374],{},"根据其",[1001,2368,2369],{},"文件类型","或",[1001,2372,2373],{},"扩展名","自动显示不同的颜色",[1099,2376,2377,2378],{},"默认颜色含义\n",[1155,2379,2380,2386,2392,2398,2404,2410,2416],{},[1099,2381,2382,2385],{},[1001,2383,2384],{},"蓝色 (Blue)","：目录 (Directory)。",[1099,2387,2388,2391],{},[1001,2389,2390],{},"绿色 (Green)","：可执行文件 (Executable)。",[1099,2393,2394,2397],{},[1001,2395,2396],{},"青色\u002F淡蓝色 (Cyan)","：符号链接 (Symbolic link)。",[1099,2399,2400,2403],{},[1001,2401,2402],{},"红色 (Red)","：压缩文件 (Compressed\u002FArchive file)。",[1099,2405,2406,2409],{},[1001,2407,2408],{},"灰色\u002F白色","：普通的文本或数据文件。",[1099,2411,2412,2415],{},[1001,2413,2414],{},"紫色","：图片或视频",[1099,2417,2418,2421],{},[1001,2419,2420],{},"黄色","：设备",[1099,2423,2424],{},"alias ls（系统预设）",[991,2426,2427],{},"alias ls='ls --color=auto'",[1195,2429,2431],{"id":2430},"ls-f","ls-F",[991,2433,2434],{},"在列出的文件名后面加上一个特殊的“分类符号”",[1743,2436,2437,2449],{},[1746,2438,2439],{},[1749,2440,2441,2444,2446],{},[1752,2442,2443],{},"符号",[1752,2445,2369],{},[1752,2447,2448],{},"含义",[1762,2450,2451,2461,2472,2483,2494,2505],{},[1749,2452,2453,2455,2458],{},[1767,2454,1936],{},[1767,2456,2457],{},"目录 (Directory)",[1767,2459,2460],{},"这是一个文件夹。",[1749,2462,2463,2466,2469],{},[1767,2464,2465],{},"*",[1767,2467,2468],{},"可执行文件 (Executable)",[1767,2470,2471],{},"这是一个程序或脚本，你可以运行它。",[1749,2473,2474,2477,2480],{},[1767,2475,2476],{},"@",[1767,2478,2479],{},"符号链接 (Link)",[1767,2481,2482],{},"这是一个快捷方式，指向另一个文件。",[1749,2484,2485,2488,2491],{},[1767,2486,2487],{},"**`",[1767,2489,2490],{},"`**",[1767,2492,2493],{},"管道 (FIFO)",[1749,2495,2496,2499,2502],{},[1767,2497,2498],{},"=",[1767,2500,2501],{},"套接字 (Socket)",[1767,2503,2504],{},"用于网络或本地通信的接口。",[1749,2506,2507,2510,2513],{},[1767,2508,2509],{},"(无符号)",[1767,2511,2512],{},"普通文件",[1767,2514,2515],{},"这是一个普通的文本、图片或文档。",[1195,2517,2519],{"id":2518},"ls-l","ls -l",[991,2521,2522,2524,2525,1390],{},[1065,2523,2519],{"code":2519}," 第一列：类型（显示的",[2233,2526,2527],{},"第一个字符",[1155,2529,2530,2537,2548,2558,2568,2576],{},[1099,2531,2532,1682,2534,2536],{},[1065,2533,2110],{"code":2110},[1001,2535,2110],{},"irectory 目录",[1099,2538,2539,2541,2542,2544,2545],{},[1065,2540,2281],{"code":2281},": symbolic ",[1001,2543,2281],{},"ink 符号",[1001,2546,2547],{},"链接\u002F快捷方式",[1099,2549,2550,1682,2552,2554,2555],{},[1065,2551,1633],{"code":1633},[1001,2553,1633],{},"lock special file ",[1001,2556,2557],{},"块特殊文件（磁盘类）",[1099,2559,2560,1682,2562,2564,2565],{},[1065,2561,2124],{"code":2124},[1001,2563,2124],{},"haracter special file ",[1001,2566,2567],{},"字符特殊文件（终端\u002F串口类）",[1099,2569,2570,1682,2573,2575],{},[1065,2571,2572],{"code":2572},"-",[1001,2574,1444],{},"rdinary 普通文件",[1099,2577,1602,2578,2581,2582,2584,2585],{},[1065,2579,2580],{"code":2580},"drwxr-xr-x"," → 第一个字符 ",[1065,2583,2110],{"code":2110},"：这是",[1001,2586,2587],{},"目录",[991,2589,2590,2592,2593,1390],{},[1065,2591,2519],{"code":2519},"权限位（",[2233,2594,2595],{},"第 2-10 个字符",[991,2597,2598,2599],{},"九个字符拆成三组",[1065,2600,2601],{"code":2601},"rwx rwx rwx",[1155,2603,2604,2607,2610,2613],{},[1099,2605,2606],{},"first 3: user\u002Fowner（前三个字符代表文件拥有者的权限）",[1099,2608,2609],{},"second 3: assigned Unix group（中间三个代表同组用户的权限）",[1099,2611,2612],{},"last 3: others（最后三个代表其他用户的权限）",[1099,2614,2615],{},[1001,2616,2617],{},"rwx: read, write, execute",[991,2619,2620,2621,2624],{},"对目录的 ",[1065,2622,2623],{"code":2623},"x"," 意味着“可进入\u002F可穿越（traverse）”，不是“执行目录”",[991,2626,2627],{},[1001,2628,2629],{},"ls -l format",[1155,2631,2632],{},[1099,2633,2634,2635,2638,2641,2645,2648,2652,2655],{},"Access permissions, ",[1001,2636,2637],{},"Number of links",[1001,2639,2640],{},"(硬链接，包括",[1001,2642,2643],{},[1065,2644,1019],{"code":1019},[1001,2646,2647],{},"和",[1001,2649,2650],{},[1065,2651,2072],{"code":2072},[1001,2653,2654],{},")",", Owner, Group, Size (所占磁盘大小，单位字节)or device number, Modified time, File name",[1239,2657,2660],{"className":2658,"code":2659,"language":1071,"meta":1244},[1242],"# ls -l 的结果举例：\ndrwxr-xr-x  2  alice  staff  4096  Dec 14 09:00  mydir\n",[1065,2661,2659],{"__ignoreMap":1244},[983,2663,2665],{"id":2664},"file-maintenance-command","File Maintenance Command",[1150,2667,2668],{"id":2668},"chmod",[1155,2670,2671],{},[1099,2672,2673,997,2675,2678,2679,2682,2683],{},[1065,2674,2668],{"code":2668},[1001,2676,2677],{},"ch","ange file ",[1001,2680,2681],{},"mod","e bits, change the file or directory access permissions (mode) 更改文件或目录的访问权限\u002F模式\n",[1155,2684,2685,2715,2722,2731,2738,2746,2752,2758,2764,2770,2776],{},[1099,2686,2687,2690],{},[1065,2688,2689],{"code":2689},"chmod [options] file",[1155,2691,2692,2697,2703,2709],{},[1099,2693,2694],{},[1065,2695,2696],{"code":2696},"chmod ugo+\u002F-rwx file",[1099,2698,2699,2702],{},[1065,2700,2701],{"code":2701},"chmod u+w file","：给拥有者加写权限",[1099,2704,2705,2708],{},[1065,2706,2707],{"code":2707},"chmod g+rw file","：给同组的加读取和写权限",[1099,2710,2711,2714],{},[1065,2712,2713],{"code":2713},"chmod go-x file","：给同组与其他人去掉执行权限",[1099,2716,2717,1581,2719,2721],{},[1065,2718,2233],{"code":2233},[1001,2720,2233],{},"ser who owns it",[1099,2723,2724,2727,2728,2730],{},[1065,2725,2726],{"code":2726},"g","：other users in the file’s ",[1001,2729,2726],{},"roup",[1099,2732,2733,1581,2735,2737],{},[1065,2734,1444],{"code":1444},[1001,2736,1444],{},"ther users not in the file’s group",[1099,2739,2740,2742,2743],{},[1065,2741,1429],{"code":1429},"：all users，",[2233,2744,2745],{},"什么也没写默认认为 all",[1099,2747,2748,2751],{},[1065,2749,2750],{"code":2750},"r=4, w=2, x=1, total=7","把每一组(uog)都变成一个数字来表示",[1099,2753,2754,2755],{},"7 = 4+2+1 = ",[1065,2756,2757],{"code":2757},"rwx",[1099,2759,2760,2761],{},"6 = 4+2 = ",[1065,2762,2763],{"code":2763},"rw-",[1099,2765,2766,2767],{},"5 = 4+1 = ",[1065,2768,2769],{"code":2769},"r-x",[1099,2771,2772,2773],{},"4 = ",[1065,2774,2775],{"code":2775},"r--",[1099,2777,2778,2779,2782],{},"0 = ",[1065,2780,2781],{"code":2781},"---",[1155,2783,2784,2790,2796],{},[1099,2785,2786,2789],{},[1065,2787,2788],{"code":2788},"chmod 777 file"," 给所有人全开",[1099,2791,2792,2795],{},[1065,2793,2794],{"code":2794},"chmod 750 file"," #rwxr-x---",[1099,2797,2798,2801],{},[1065,2799,2800],{"code":2800},"chmod 640 file"," #rw-r-----",[1150,2803,2804],{"id":2804},"umask",[1155,2806,2807],{},[1099,2808,2809,2811,2812],{},[1065,2810,2804],{"code":2804}," # get or set the file mode creation mask (built-in in bash like alias)\n",[1155,2813,2814,2836],{},[1099,2815,2816,2821,2823],{},[994,2817,2818],{},[1001,2819,2820],{},"umask 不是权限本身，而是“要去掉的权限”",[994,2822,1088],{},[1155,2824,2825],{},[1099,2826,2827,2828,2831,2832,2835],{},"这个是一开始对于终端的设定值，比如",[1065,2829,2830],{"code":2830},"umask 022","之后，再建立的新目录都是",[1065,2833,2834],{"code":2834},"755","了，有点像是光刻的掩膜",[1099,2837,2838,2839],{},"默认规律：\n",[1155,2840,2841,2850],{},[1099,2842,2843,2844,2846,2847],{},"新建",[1001,2845,2587],{},"的基础权限通常是 ",[1065,2848,2849],{"code":2849},"777",[1099,2851,2843,2852,2846,2854,2857],{},[1001,2853,1860],{},[1065,2855,2856],{"code":2856},"666","（默认不直接给 x）",[988,2859,2860],{},[1155,2861,2862],{},[1099,2863,2864,2865,2868,2869],{},"实际权限 = 基础权限 ",[1001,2866,2867],{},"减去"," umask\n",[1155,2870,2871],{},[1099,2872,2873,2875],{},[1065,2874,2830],{"code":2830}," #777-022=755->rwxr-xr-x",[991,2877,2878],{},"##umask 023",[991,2880,2881,2884],{},[1065,2882,2883],{"code":2883},"umask 023"," #777-023=754->rwxr-xr--",[1150,2886,2887],{"id":2887},"chgrp",[1155,2889,2890],{},[1099,2891,2892,1648,2894,2896,2897,1915,2900,2902,2903],{},[1065,2893,2887],{"code":2887},[1001,2895,2677],{},"ange ",[1001,2898,2899],{},"gr",[1001,2901,991],{}," ownership 改变文件的组\n",[1155,2904,2905],{},[1099,2906,2907],{},"sudo chgrp finance report.pdf",[1150,2909,2910],{"id":2910},"chown",[1155,2912,2913],{},[1099,2914,2915,1648,2917,2678,2919,2922,2923],{},[1065,2916,2910],{"code":2910},[1001,2918,2677],{},[1001,2920,2921],{},"own","er 改变文件的拥有者\n",[1155,2924,2925],{},[1099,2926,2927],{},"sudo chown john file.txt",[983,2929,2931],{"id":2930},"display-commands","Display Commands",[991,2933,2934,1682,2937,2940],{},[1065,2935,2936],{"code":2936},"stdout",[1001,2938,2939],{},"标准输出","：你在终端里看到的“打印出来的文字”，默认都会显示到屏幕上，即为标准输出。",[1150,2942,2943],{"id":2943},"echo",[1155,2945,2946],{},[1099,2947,2948,2950,2951],{},[1065,2949,2943],{"code":2943}," #echo the text string to stdout 显示一行文本\n",[1155,2952,2953],{},[1099,2954,2955],{},"echo \"my home is $HOME\"",[1150,2957,1380],{"id":1380},[1155,2959,2960],{},[1099,2961,2962,2964,2965,2967,2968,2970,2971],{},[1065,2963,1380],{"code":1380}," #con",[1001,2966,1380],{},"enate files and print on the standard output 将文件连接并在",[1065,2969,2936],{"code":2936},"输出\n",[1155,2972,2973,2981,2987],{},[1099,2974,2975,2977,2978],{},[1065,2976,1380],{"code":1380}," 可查看文件，如 ",[1065,2979,2980],{"code":2980},"cat c.txt",[1099,2982,2983,2986],{},[1065,2984,2985],{"code":2985},"cat a.txt b.txt"," # 连接多个文件一起输出",[1099,2988,2989,2992],{},[1065,2990,2991],{"code":2991},"cat a.txt | grep \"error\""," # 把内容“交给下一个命令”（管道）",[1150,2994,2995],{"id":2995},"head",[1155,2997,2998],{},[1099,2999,3000,3003,3004,3007,3008],{},[1065,3001,3002],{"code":3002},"head -n (line)"," #display first 10 (or #) lines of file，默认显示10行  直接",[1065,3005,3006],{"code":3006},"head a.txt","就是显示10行\n",[1155,3009,3010],{},[1099,3011,3012,3014,3015],{},[1065,3013,2995],{"code":2995}," 可以查看前面指定行数，如 ",[1065,3016,3017],{"code":3017},"head -n 5 a.txt",[1150,3019,3020],{"id":3020},"tail",[1155,3022,3023],{},[1099,3024,3025,3028,3029],{},[1065,3026,3027],{"code":3027},"tail -n"," #display last 10 (or #) lines of file, 默认显示10行\n",[1155,3030,3031],{},[1099,3032,3033,3035,3036],{},[1065,3034,3020],{"code":3020}," 可以查看尾部指定行数，如 ",[1065,3037,3038],{"code":3038},"tail -n 5 a.txt",[1150,3040,3041],{"id":3041},"more",[1155,3043,3044],{},[1099,3045,3046,3048,3049],{},[1065,3047,3041],{"code":3041}," #browse or page through a text file\n",[1155,3050,3051,3073],{},[1099,3052,3053,3055,3056,3058,3059,997,3061,3064,3066,3070],{},[1065,3054,3041],{"code":3041}," 命令和 ",[1065,3057,1380],{"code":1380}," 的功能一样都是查看文件里的内容，但有所不同的是 ",[1065,3060,3041],{"code":3041},[1001,3062,3063],{},"可以按页来查看文件的内容",[1001,3065,2246],{},[1001,3067,3068],{},[1065,3069,1380],{"code":1380},[1001,3071,3072],{},"是全部输出",[1099,3074,3075,3076,3078,3079,3081],{},"空格（space）下翻一页，",[1065,3077,1633],{"code":1633},"（back）返回一页，",[1065,3080,1642],{"code":1642},"（quit）退出(类似man)",[1150,3083,3084],{"id":3084},"less",[1155,3086,3087],{},[1099,3088,3089,3091,3092,3094,3095],{},[1065,3090,3084],{"code":3084}," 比 ",[1065,3093,3041],{"code":3041}," 功能更为强大：\n",[1155,3096,3097,3112,3122],{},[1099,3098,3099,997,3101,3106,2246,3109,3111],{},[1065,3100,3084],{"code":3084},[994,3102,3103],{},[1001,3104,3105],{},"可以按键盘上下方向键",[994,3107,3108],{},"显示上下内容",[1065,3110,3041],{"code":3041}," 不能通过上下方向键控制显示",[1099,3113,3114,3116,3117,997,3119],{},[1065,3115,3084],{"code":3084}," 不必读整个文件，加载速度会比 ",[1065,3118,3041],{"code":3041},[1001,3120,3121],{},"更快",[1099,3123,3124,3126,3127,3132,3133,3135],{},[1065,3125,3084],{"code":3084}," 退出后 shell ",[994,3128,3129],{},[1001,3130,3131],{},"不会留下刚显示的内容","，而 ",[1065,3134,3041],{"code":3041}," 退出后会在 shell 上留下刚显示的内容",[983,3137,3139],{"id":3138},"file-manipulation操作-commands","File Manipulation(操作) Commands",[1150,3141,3142],{"id":3142},"cp",[1155,3144,3145],{},[1099,3146,3147,1648,3149,1444,3151,3153,3154,3160],{},[1065,3148,3142],{"code":3142},[1001,3150,2124],{},[1001,3152,991],{},"y files and directories",[1239,3155,3158],{"className":3156,"code":3157,"language":1071,"meta":1244},[1242],"# 目标是文件名：复制并改名，将 a.txt 复制一份，起名叫 b.txt。\ncp a.txt b.txt   # 复制 a.txt 成 b.txt\n# 目标是目录：复制到目录里，文件名不变\ncp a.txt \u002Ftmp\u002F   # 复制到 \u002Ftmp\u002Fa.txt\n",[1065,3159,3157],{"__ignoreMap":1244},[1155,3161,3162],{},[1099,3163,3164,3167,3168,3171],{},[1065,3165,3166],{"code":3166},"cp [-fipRr] source_file target_file","  ",[1065,3169,3170],{"code":3170},"cp [选项] 源 目标",[1155,3172,3173,3186,3200,3211],{},[1099,3174,3175,3178,3179,3181,3182,3185],{},[1065,3176,3177],{"code":3177},"-i","（",[1001,3180,2282],{},"nteractive 可交互的），如果目标文件已存在，在覆写之前进行提示（prompt before overwrite），如 ",[1065,3183,3184],{"code":3184},"cp -i \u002Fusr\u002Fmen\u002Fm*.c \u002Fusr\u002Fzh","，复制所有 m 打头的文件",[1099,3187,3188,3191,3192,3195,3196,3199],{},[1065,3189,3190],{"code":3190},"-f"," (",[1001,3193,3194],{},"f","orce)覆盖已经存在的目标文件而不提示 force,",[1001,3197,3198],{},"强制覆盖",", 不提示",[1099,3201,3202,3191,3204,3206,3207,3210],{},[1065,3203,2202],{"code":2202},[1001,3205,991],{},"reserve)除复制文件内容外，还",[1001,3208,3209],{},"保留","修改时间和访问权限 preserve（In addition to the contents of the file, the modification time and access permissions are copied）",[1099,3212,3213,3178,3216,3218,3219,3222],{},[1065,3214,3215],{"code":3215},"-R -r",[1001,3217,2226],{},"ecursively）#若源文件是一个目录文件，则复制该目录下的所有子目录和文件，",[1001,3220,3221],{},"复制目录必须用递归选项","，否则只会报错或不复制内容",[1150,3224,3225],{"id":3225},"paste",[1155,3227,3228],{},[1099,3229,3230,3232,3249],{},[1065,3231,3225],{"code":3225},[1155,3233,3234,3237,3242],{},[1099,3235,3236],{},"merge lines of files",[1099,3238,3239],{},[1065,3240,3241],{"code":3241},"paste [options] [files]",[1099,3243,3244,997,3246,3248],{},[1065,3245,2312],{"code":2312},[1001,3247,2110],{},"elimiters，reuse characters from LIST instead of TABs，用指定字符替代原本的默认连接符 TAB",[1239,3250,3253],{"className":3251,"code":3252,"language":1071,"meta":1244},[1242],"# a.txt\nA\nB\nC\n# b.txt\n1\n2\n3\npaste a.txt b.txt\nA    1\nB    2\nC    3\npaste -d, a.txt b.txt\nA,1\nB,2\nC,3\n",[1065,3254,3252],{"__ignoreMap":1244},[1150,3256,3257],{"id":3257},"mv",[1155,3259,3260],{},[1099,3261,3262,1648,3264,3268,3270,3274,3277,3278],{},[1065,3263,3257],{"code":3257},[994,3265,3266],{},[1001,3267,2179],{},[994,3269,1444],{},[994,3271,3272],{},[1001,3273,2213],{},[994,3275,3276],{},"e(or rename)"," files\n",[1155,3279,3280,3292,3300,3306],{},[1099,3281,3282,3284,3285,3288,3289,3291],{},[1065,3283,3177],{"code":3177},"，你移动文件到目标位置，如果那里",[1001,3286,3287],{},"已经存在","一个同名文件，覆盖前进行询问 ",[1001,3290,2282],{},"nteractive",[1099,3293,3294,3296,3297,3299],{},[1065,3295,3190],{"code":3190},"，覆写前不询问，强制执行 ",[1001,3298,3194],{},"orce",[1099,3301,3302,3305],{},[1065,3303,3304],{"code":3304},"mv a.txt b.txt"," # 改名（本质也是移动：从旧名字移动到新名字）",[1099,3307,3308,3311],{},[1065,3309,3310],{"code":3310},"mv a.txt \u002Ftmp\u002F"," # 移动到目录",[1150,3313,3314],{"id":3314},"rm",[1155,3316,3317],{},[1099,3318,3319,1648,3321,1870,3323,3325,3326],{},[1065,3320,3314],{"code":3314},[1001,3322,2226],{},[1001,3324,2179],{},"ove(delete) a file(directory)\n",[1155,3327,3328,3335,3342],{},[1099,3329,3330,2246,3332,3334],{},[1065,3331,3190],{"code":3190},[1001,3333,3194],{},"orce 强制删除，即不询问",[1099,3336,3337,2246,3339,3341],{},[1065,3338,3177],{"code":3177},[1001,3340,2282],{},"nteractive 删除前进行提示",[1099,3343,3344,2246,3346,3348,3349],{},[1065,3345,3215],{"code":3215},[1001,3347,2226],{},"ecursively 递归删除，用于",[1001,3350,3351],{},"删除目录",[1150,3353,3354],{"id":3354},"ln",[1155,3356,3357],{},[1099,3358,3359,3362,3363,2282,3366,3369,3370],{},[1065,3360,3361],{"code":3361},"ln [option] source target"," #链接文件，",[1001,3364,3365],{},"L",[1001,3367,3368],{},"n","k to another file\n",[1155,3371,3372,3388,3412],{},[1099,3373,3374,3375,3377,3378,3380,3381,3384,3385],{},"注意：",[1065,3376,3354],{"code":3354}," 里的 ",[1065,3379,2281],{"code":2281}," 是 ",[1001,3382,3383],{},"lower case 的 L","，不是 ",[1065,3386,3387],{"code":3387},"I",[1099,3389,3390,1648,3393,3395,3396,3399,3400,3403,3404,3407,3408,3411],{},[1065,3391,3392],{"code":3392},"-s",[1001,3394,1521],{},"ymbolic link 符号链接，如 ",[1065,3397,3398],{"code":3398},"ln -s \u002Flib\u002Flsb \u002Fusr\u002Flj","，即：在 ",[1065,3401,3402],{"code":3402},"usr"," 目录下建立指向 ",[1065,3405,3406],{"code":3406},"\u002Flib\u002Flsb"," 目录的 ",[1065,3409,3410],{"code":3410},"lj"," 文件, 这两个的位置不要混掉了",[1099,3413,3414],{},[994,3415,3416],{},"无参数默认生成硬链接",[988,3418,3419,3422,3449,3454,3482],{},[991,3420,3421],{},"Linux 文件的本体不是文件名",[1155,3423,3424,3430,3436],{},[1099,3425,3426,3429],{},[1001,3427,3428],{},"文件名","只是目录里的一条“记录”（name → inode）",[1099,3431,3432,3435],{},[1001,3433,3434],{},"inode"," 才是真正指向数据的“身份编号\u002F实体”",[1099,3437,3438,3439,3442,3447],{},"所以你可以让",[994,3440,3441],{},"多个文件名指向同一个 inode（这就是",[994,3443,3444],{},[1001,3445,3446],{},"硬链接",[994,3448,1390],{},[991,3450,3451],{},[1001,3452,3453],{},"硬链接特点",[1096,3455,3456,3462,3470,3476],{},[1099,3457,3458,3461],{},[1001,3459,3460],{},"硬链接和原文件地位完全一样","（都是“门牌号”）",[1099,3463,3464,3465],{},"删除任何一个名字，只是“少了一个门牌号”\n",[1155,3466,3467],{},[1099,3468,3469],{},"只有当硬链接数降到 0，文件数据才真的释放",[1099,3471,3472,3475],{},[1001,3473,3474],{},"硬链接一般不能跨文件系统","（不同硬盘\u002F分区通常不行）",[1099,3477,3478,3481],{},[1001,3479,3480],{},"通常不能给目录做硬链接","（为了防止目录结构出现环)",[991,3483,3484,3485,3488,3493,3496,3499],{},"如何",[994,3486,3487],{},"验证硬链接数",[994,3489,3490],{},[1065,3491,3492],{"code":3492},"ls -l file",[994,3494,3495],{},"会看到第二列 “Number of links” 会变大",[994,3497,3498],{},"(软连接不会)","，可以回去看一下ls -l format这一章",[1150,3501,3502],{"id":3502},"unlink",[1155,3504,3505],{},[1099,3506,3507,3510,3511,3513,3514,3517,3518,3521,3522,3525],{},[1065,3508,3509],{"code":3509},"unlink filename"," #移除链接，必须对文件执行(意思是 ",[1065,3512,3502],{"code":3502}," 通常只删",[1001,3515,3516],{},"单个文件名","，不处理目录、也没有 ",[1065,3519,3520],{"code":3520},"-r"," 递归这种能力（所以删目录一般用 ",[1065,3523,3524],{"code":3524},"rm -r","）)，Remove the link",[1150,3527,3528],{"id":3528},"find",[1155,3530,3531],{},[1099,3532,3533,3536,3620,3626],{},[1065,3534,3535],{"code":3535},"find directory-list [options] [actions] [...]",[1155,3537,3538,3541,3547,3559,3574,3580,3598,3607],{},[1099,3539,3540],{},"search for files in a directory hierarchy",[1099,3542,3543,3544],{},"可以通过权限、用户、组、文件类型、修改日期、大小等多种条件来查找文件",[994,3545,3546],{},"(find本身含有递归属性)",[1099,3548,3549,3552,3553],{},[1065,3550,3551],{"code":3551},"-name"," 按文件名查找",[1239,3554,3557],{"className":3555,"code":3556,"language":1071,"meta":1244},[1242],"find . -name \"*.txt\"\n",[1065,3558,3556],{"__ignoreMap":1244},[1099,3560,3561,3564,3565,3568],{},[1065,3562,3563],{"code":3563},"-print"," 打印",[1001,3566,3567],{},"结果路径",[1239,3569,3572],{"className":3570,"code":3571,"language":1071,"meta":1244},[1242],"find . -name \"*.log\" -print\n",[1065,3573,3571],{"__ignoreMap":1244},[1099,3575,3576,3579],{},[1065,3577,3578],{"code":3578},"-newer"," 后面加一个文件，查找比其时间更新的",[1099,3581,3582,3585,3586,3588,3589,3591,3592],{},[1065,3583,3584],{"code":3584},"-type d"," 按文件类型查找，",[1065,3587,2110],{"code":2110}," 为目录(directory)",[1065,3590,3194],{"code":3194},"为普通文件(file)",[1239,3593,3596],{"className":3594,"code":3595,"language":1071,"meta":1244},[1242]," find . -type d\n find . -type f\n",[1065,3597,3595],{"__ignoreMap":1244},[1099,3599,3600,3603,3604],{},[1065,3601,3602],{"code":3602},"-a\u002F-o\u002F-not"," 表示",[1001,3605,3606],{},"与或非",[1099,3608,3609,3612,3613,3616,3617,3619],{},[1065,3610,3611],{"code":3611},"-size"," 后面跟 ",[1065,3614,3615],{"code":3615},"+"," 表示大于，",[1065,3618,2572],{"code":2572}," 表示小于，没有表示精确匹配",[1239,3621,3624],{"className":3622,"code":3623,"language":1071,"meta":1244},[1242]," find . -size +10000c   # 大于 10000 字节\n find . -size -10M      # 小于 10MB\n",[1065,3625,3623],{"__ignoreMap":1244},[1155,3627,3628,3658,3667,3682],{},[1099,3629,3630,3633,3634,3637,3638],{},[1065,3631,3632],{"code":3632},"-exec COMMAND {} \\;"," 表示在查找到的文件上执行指定命令。",[1065,3635,3636],{"code":3636},"-exec"," 为对查找到的文件执行指定动作",[1155,3639,3640],{},[1099,3641,3642,3643,3645,3646,3649,3650],{},"下面例子就是，在目录 ",[1065,3644,1019],{"code":1019}," 下查找拥有者为 Bill 或大于 10000c 的文件，打印结果，并删除。",[1065,3647,3648],{"code":3648},"-user"," 为按文件拥有者查找\n",[1239,3651,3656],{"className":3652,"code":3654,"language":3655,"meta":1244},[3653],"language-shell","find . \\( -user Bill -o -size +10000c \\) -print -exec rm {} \\;\n# find . 从当前目录开始往下搜（递归整个目录树）\n# \\( ... \\) 把条件分成一组（必须转义）\n# -user Bill -o -size +10000c 条件：拥有者是 Bill (-o表示或者) 大小 > 10000 字节\n# -print 把命中的文件先打印出来\n# -exec rm {} \\; 对命中的每个文件执行 rm 文件路径\n","shell",[1065,3657,3654],{"__ignoreMap":1244},[1099,3659,3660,3663,3664],{},[1065,3661,3662],{"code":3662},"-ok"," 为执行命令前需要进行确认，如 ",[1065,3665,3666],{"code":3666},"-ok COMMAND {} \\;",[1099,3668,3669,3672,3673,3675,3676],{},[1065,3670,3671],{"code":3671},"-atime n"," 为过去 ",[1065,3674,3368],{"code":3368}," 天内被读取过",[1239,3677,3680],{"className":3678,"code":3679,"language":1071,"meta":1244},[1242],"find . -atime 7    # 过去 7 天内被读过\nfind . -atime +7   # 超过 7 天没被读过\n",[1065,3681,3679],{"__ignoreMap":1244},[1099,3683,3684,3687,3688,997,3693,3696,3717],{},[1065,3685,3686],{"code":3686},"~"," 为用户主目录，",[994,3689,3690],{},[1065,3691,3692],{"code":3692},"~user",[994,3694,3695],{},"代表指定用户的主目录",[1155,3697,3698],{},[1099,3699,3700,3701,3704,3705,3708,3709,3712,3713,3716],{},"在 ",[1065,3702,3703],{"code":3703},"bill"," 和 ",[1065,3706,3707],{"code":3707},"denis"," 的主目录中找到大于 ",[1065,3710,3711],{"code":3711},"1000"," 且 ",[1065,3714,3715],{"code":3715},"30"," 天内被读取过的文件并执行删除命令，执行前需确认",[1239,3718,3721],{"className":3719,"code":3720,"language":1071,"meta":1244},[1242],"find ~bill ~denis -size +1000 -atime 30 -ok rm {} \\;\n",[1065,3722,3720],{"__ignoreMap":1244},[1150,3724,3725],{"id":3725},"cut",[1155,3727,3728,3780],{},[1099,3729,3730,3732,3733],{},[1065,3731,3725],{"code":3725}," #extract sections from each line of files\n",[1155,3734,3735,3740,3752,3764,3772],{},[1099,3736,3737],{},[1065,3738,3739],{"code":3739},"cut [options] [filename]",[1099,3741,3742,3744,3745,3748,3749,3751],{},[1065,3743,2312],{"code":2312}," use ",[1001,3746,3747],{},"delimiter"," instead of TAB for field delimiter，使用指定分隔符切割列，一般与 ",[1065,3750,3190],{"code":3190}," 一同使用",[1099,3753,3754,3756,3757,3760,3761],{},[1065,3755,3190],{"code":3190}," select only these ",[1001,3758,3759],{},"fields","，选择切割",[1001,3762,3763],{},"哪一列",[1099,3765,3766,3756,3769],{},[1065,3767,3768],{"code":3768},"-b",[1001,3770,3771],{},"bytes 字节",[1099,3773,3774,3756,3777],{},[1065,3775,3776],{"code":3776},"-c",[1001,3778,3779],{},"characters 字符",[1099,3781,3782,3783],{},"Some example\n",[1155,3784,3785,3791,3797,3803],{},[1099,3786,3787,3790],{},[1065,3788,3789],{"code":3789},"cut -d ' ' -f1 cut.txt","，按空格把第一部分切出来",[1099,3792,3793,3796],{},[1065,3794,3795],{"code":3795},"cut -c 5-8 cut.txt","，切割第 5-8 个字符",[1099,3798,3799,3802],{},[1065,3800,3801],{"code":3801},"cut -b -6 cut.txt","，切割第六个字节以前内容，注意：英文一个字符即一字节，但是中文会切出乱码，一个中文字符在UTF8下是3个字节，所以按字节切可能会有乱码的问题",[1099,3804,3805,3808],{},[1065,3806,3807],{"code":3807},"cut -b 2,4,6 cut.txt","，切割文件中第 2、4、6 的字节",[1150,3810,3811],{"id":3811},"expand",[1155,3813,3814],{},[1099,3815,3816,3818,3819],{},[1065,3817,3811],{"code":3811}," #convert tabs to spaces，第一次作业命令\n",[1155,3820,3821,3831],{},[1099,3822,3823,3824,2246,3827,3830],{},"用于",[1001,3825,3826],{},"将文件的制表符（Tab）转换为空格符（Space）",[1001,3828,3829],{},"默认一个 Tab 对应 8 个空格符","，并将结果输出到标准输出stdout",[1099,3832,3833,3836],{},[1065,3834,3835],{"code":3835},"-t, --tabs=NUMBER"," 指定一个 tab 替换为多少个空格，而不是默认的 8",[1150,3838,3840],{"id":3839},"man-info","man & info",[1155,3842,3843,3876],{},[1099,3844,3845,3846],{},"man 和 info 的区别\n",[1155,3847,3848],{},[1099,3849,3850,3851],{},"man 即为说明手册\n",[1155,3852,3853,3859,3868],{},[1099,3854,3855,3858],{},[1065,3856,3857],{"code":3857},"h"," 寻求帮助help",[1099,3860,3861,997,3864,3867],{},[1065,3862,3863],{"code":3863},"\u002F pattern",[1001,3865,3866],{},"向下","搜索pattern",[1099,3869,3870,997,3873,3867],{},[1065,3871,3872],{"code":3872},"? pattern",[1001,3874,3875],{},"向上",[1099,3877,3878,3879],{},"info 中，每个命令对应一个 Info 文件，每个 Info 文件都组织成一棵树，由一系列节点组成，每个节点一个主题，节点之间相互链接\n",[1155,3880,3881],{},[1099,3882,3883],{},[2233,3884,3885],{},"man更简洁更快，info更复杂更系统化",[1150,3887,3888],{"id":3888},"compress",[1155,3890,3891],{},[1099,3892,3893,3896,3897,3900],{},[1065,3894,3895],{"code":3895},"compress [-cfv] [-b bits] [file]"," #压缩，后缀为 ",[1065,3898,3899],{"code":3899},".Z",[1155,3901,3902,3907,3915,3923],{},[1099,3903,3904,3906],{},[1065,3905,3776],{"code":3776}," #输出结果至标准输出stdout设备，即终端，不改动原始文件",[1099,3908,3909,3911,3912,3914],{},[1065,3910,3190],{"code":3190}," #强行",[1001,3913,3194],{},"orce压缩文件，覆盖已经存在的目标文件而不提示",[1099,3916,3917,3919,3920,3922],{},[1065,3918,2210],{"code":2210}," #列出版本",[1001,3921,2213],{},"ersion信息（通常会输出压缩比、处理过程之类的信息）",[1099,3924,3925,3928],{},[1065,3926,3927],{"code":3927},"-b bits"," #设定共同字串数的上限，一般取 16，和\u003C压缩效率>有关。压缩效率是一个介于 9~16 的数值，预设值为\"16\"，指定愈大的数值，压缩效率就愈高",[1150,3930,3931],{"id":3931},"uncompress",[1155,3933,3934],{},[1099,3935,3936,3939,3940,3943],{},[1065,3937,3938],{"code":3938},"uncompress [-cfv] [file...]"," #解压，",[1065,3941,3942],{"code":3942},"-cfv","和compress是一样的，就是compress的反过程",[1150,3945,3947],{"id":3946},"gzip",[994,3948,3946],{},[1155,3950,3951],{},[1099,3952,3953,3956,3957,3960],{},[1065,3954,3955],{"code":3955},"gzip [-cdfhlLnNrtvV19] [-S suffix] [file...]"," #后缀为 ",[1065,3958,3959],{"code":3959},".gz",[1155,3961,3962,3976,4009,4029,4043,4056,4065,4075,4083,4093,4099,4112],{},[1099,3963,3964,997,3969,3972],{},[994,3965,3966],{},[1065,3967,3968],{"code":3968},"不加",[994,3970,3971],{},"#压缩，后缀",[994,3973,3974],{},[1065,3975,3959],{"code":3959},[1099,3977,3978,997,3982,3985,3990,997,3993,3998,4001,4006],{},[994,3979,3980],{},[1065,3981,2312],{"code":2312},[994,3983,3984],{},"#",[994,3986,3987],{},[1001,3988,3989],{},"解压",[994,3991,3992],{},"缩",[994,3994,3995],{},[1065,3996,3997],{"code":3997},"decompress",[994,3999,4000],{},"，和下面的",[994,4002,4003],{},[1065,4004,4005],{"code":4005},"gunzip",[994,4007,4008],{},"是一回事",[1099,4010,4011,997,4016,4019,997,4024],{},[994,4012,4013],{},[1065,4014,4015],{"code":4015},"-h",[994,4017,4018],{},"#在线",[994,4020,4021],{},[1001,4022,4023],{},"帮助",[994,4025,4026],{},[1065,4027,4028],{"code":4028},"help",[1099,4030,4031,1648,4033,4036,4037,997,4040],{},[1065,4032,2337],{"code":2337},[1001,4034,4035],{},"列","出压缩文件的",[1001,4038,4039],{},"相关信息",[1065,4041,4042],{"code":4042},"list",[1099,4044,4045,4048,4049,997,4052,4055],{},[1065,4046,4047],{"code":4047},"-L"," #显示",[1001,4050,4051],{},"版本信息与版权信息",[1065,4053,4054],{"code":4054},"License","，注意是大写L",[1099,4057,4058,4061,4062],{},[1065,4059,4060],{"code":4060},"-n"," #不保存原来的文件名和更改时间 ",[1065,4063,4064],{"code":4064},"noname",[1099,4066,4067,4070,4071,4074],{},[1065,4068,4069],{"code":4069},"-N"," #保存原来的文件名和更改时间 ",[1065,4072,4073],{"code":4073},"Name","，注意是大写N",[1099,4076,4077,4079,4080],{},[1065,4078,2210],{"code":2210}," #显示执行过程 ",[1065,4081,4082],{"code":4082},"verbose",[1099,4084,4085,4088,4089,4092],{},[1065,4086,4087],{"code":4087},"-V"," #显示版本信息 ",[1065,4090,4091],{"code":4091},"Version","，注意是大写V",[1099,4094,4095,4098],{},[1065,4096,4097],{"code":4097},"-1~9"," #压缩效率，介于 1~9 之间，预设值为 6",[1099,4100,4101,4104,4105,4108,4109,4111],{},[1065,4102,4103],{"code":4103},"-S"," #文件后缀",[1065,4106,4107],{"code":4107},"suffix","，默认后缀 ",[1065,4110,3959],{"code":3959},"，可以改成别的",[1099,4113,4114,4116],{},[1065,4115,3776],{"code":3776},": Write output on standard output; keep original files  unchanged.",[1150,4118,4005],{"id":4005},[1155,4120,4121],{},[1099,4122,4123,4126],{},[1065,4124,4125],{"code":4125},"gunzip [file...]"," #解压缩",[1150,4128,4130],{"id":4129},"bzip2-bunzip2","bzip2 & bunzip2",[1155,4132,4133],{},[1099,4134,4135,4138,4139,1068,4141,1068,4143,1068,4145,4148],{},[1065,4136,4137],{"code":4137},"bzip2\u002Fbunzip2"," #压缩\u002F解压缩，选项和 gzip 大致相同，如 ",[1065,4140,2312],{"code":2312},[1065,4142,3776],{"code":3776},[1065,4144,3190],{"code":3190},[1065,4146,4147],{"code":4147},"-数字"," 等",[1150,4150,4151],{"id":1376},[994,4152,1376],{},[1155,4154,4155],{},[1099,4156,4157,4159,4160,4163,4164],{},[1065,4158,1376],{"code":1376}," #显示文件的行数、单词数和字符数",[1065,4161,4162],{"code":4162},"wc=word count","，display a count of lines, words and characters in a file\n",[1155,4165,4166,4231],{},[1099,4167,4168,4171],{},[1065,4169,4170],{"code":4170},"wc [-clw] [文件...]",[1155,4172,4173,4187,4202,4217],{},[1099,4174,4175,997,4179,997,4182],{},[994,4176,4177],{},[1065,4178,3776],{"code":3776},[994,4180,4181],{},"#byte\u002F字节数",[994,4183,4184],{},[1065,4185,4186],{"code":4186},"count bytes",[1099,4188,4189,997,4194,3167,4197],{},[994,4190,4191],{},[1065,4192,4193],{"code":4193},"-m, chars",[994,4195,4196],{},"#字符数",[994,4198,4199],{},[1065,4200,4201],{"code":4201},"multibyte characters",[1099,4203,4204,997,4209,997,4212],{},[994,4205,4206],{},[1065,4207,4208],{"code":4208},"-w",[994,4210,4211],{},"#单词数",[994,4213,4214],{},[1065,4215,4216],{"code":4216},"word",[1099,4218,4219,997,4223,997,4226],{},[994,4220,4221],{},[1065,4222,2337],{"code":2337},[994,4224,4225],{},"#行数",[994,4227,4228],{},[1065,4229,4230],{"code":4230},"lines",[1099,4232,4233,4236,4237],{},[1065,4234,4235],{"code":4235},"ls | wc -l","，是把 ls 的结果列出，而不是里面的每个文件都进行 wc\n",[1155,4238,4239],{},[1099,4240,4241,4243,4244,4247,4248,2246,4251,4253,4254],{},[1065,4242,1074],{"code":1074}," 输出的是“当前目录的条目列表”，管道 ",[1065,4245,4246],{"code":4246},"|"," 把这个列表送给 ",[1065,4249,4250],{"code":4250},"wc -l",[1065,4252,4250],{"code":4250}," 数的是 ",[1001,4255,4256],{},"ls 输出有多少行",[1743,4258,4259,4272],{},[1746,4260,4261],{},[1749,4262,4263,4266,4269],{},[1752,4264,4265],{},"维度",[1752,4267,4268],{},"字节 (Byte)",[1752,4270,4271],{},"字符 (Character)",[1762,4273,4274,4285,4296,4307],{},[1749,4275,4276,4279,4282],{},[1767,4277,4278],{},"定义",[1767,4280,4281],{},"计算机存储和计量容量的基本单位。",[1767,4283,4284],{},"人类语言中的最小语义符号。",[1749,4286,4287,4290,4293],{},[1767,4288,4289],{},"组成",[1767,4291,4292],{},"1 字节 = 8 位 (bit)。",[1767,4294,4295],{},"一个字符由 1 个或多个字节组成。",[1749,4297,4298,4301,4304],{},[1767,4299,4300],{},"举例",[1767,4302,4303],{},"01000001 (二进制)",[1767,4305,4306],{},"'A', '中', '😊', '9'",[1749,4308,4309,4312,4315],{},[1767,4310,4311],{},"稳定性",[1767,4313,4314],{},"在任何系统里，1 字节永远是 8 位。",[1767,4316,4317],{},"同一个字符在不同编码下，占用的字节数不同。",[1150,4319,4321,4324],{"id":4320},"diff-tkdiff",[994,4322,4323],{},"diff"," & tkdiff",[1155,4326,4327],{},[1099,4328,4329,997,4331,4333,4334,4355,4358,4361,4362,4364,4361,4367,4369,4370,4373,4374,3380,4376,4380,4381,3380,4384,4387],{},[1065,4330,4323],{"code":4323},[1001,4332,4323],{},"erence#compare files line by line，逐行比较差异，常用于比较文本文件的不同版本",[1155,4335,4336,4341],{},[1099,4337,4338],{},[1065,4339,4340],{"code":4340},"diff [``file1``] [file``2``]",[1099,4342,4343,4346,4347,4350,4351,4354],{},[1065,4344,4345],{"code":4345},"tkdiff file1 file2"," #并排查看文件差异的工具，",[1001,4348,4349],{},"图形化","的展示形式，a graphic diff utility\n",[1065,4352,4353],{"code":4353},"-q","：没有差异不输出，有差异才输出。",[4356,4357],"br",{},[1065,4359,4360],{"code":4360},"-cNUM","：输出有差异的附近上下各NUM行（一般默认上下各3行）结尾行数不够不会补行",[4356,4363],{},[1065,4365,4366],{"code":4366},"-uNUM",[4356,4368],{},"上述两个区别主要在于",[1001,4371,4372],{},"输出格式","不同：",[1065,4375,3776],{"code":3776},[4377,4378,4379],"em",{},"context"," 格式，",[1065,4382,4383],{"code":4383},"-u",[4377,4385,4386],{},"unified"," 格式",[1150,4389,4391],{"id":4390},"grep",[994,4392,4390],{},[1155,4394,4395,4500,4510,4533,4555],{},[1099,4396,4397,4400,4401,4404,4405,4407,4408,4411,4412,4415,4416],{},[1065,4398,4399],{"code":4399},"grep [options] [``regexp``] file"," #命令 参数 匹配模式 文件 grep=",[1001,4402,4403],{},"G","lobal ",[1001,4406,2348],{},"egular ",[1001,4409,4410],{},"E","xpression ",[1001,4413,4414],{},"P","rint全局正则表达式打印\n",[1155,4417,4418,4421,4436,4451,4460,4475,4490],{},[1099,4419,4420],{},"print lines that match patterns",[1099,4422,4423,997,4428,997,4431],{},[994,4424,4425],{},[1065,4426,4427],{"code":4427},"-i, --ignore-case",[994,4429,4430],{},"#忽略大小写的差别",[994,4432,4433],{},[1065,4434,4435],{"code":4435},"i = ignore case",[1099,4437,4438,997,4443,997,4446],{},[994,4439,4440],{},[1065,4441,4442],{"code":4442},"-n, --line-number",[994,4444,4445],{},"#标出行号",[994,4447,4448],{},[1065,4449,4450],{"code":4450},"n=number",[1099,4452,4453,4456,4457],{},[1065,4454,4455],{"code":4455},"-o","：只显示匹配的内容 ",[1065,4458,4459],{"code":4459},"o = only match",[1099,4461,4462,997,4467,997,4470],{},[994,4463,4464],{},[1065,4465,4466],{"code":4466},"-r, --recursive",[994,4468,4469],{},"#递归查找匹配",[994,4471,4472],{},[1065,4473,4474],{"code":4474},"r=recursive",[1099,4476,4477,997,4482,997,4485],{},[994,4478,4479],{},[1065,4480,4481],{"code":4481},"-c, --count",[994,4483,4484],{},"#计算符合样式的行数",[994,4486,4487],{},[1065,4488,4489],{"code":4489},"c=count",[1099,4491,4492,4495,4496,4499],{},[1065,4493,4494],{"code":4494},"-f file, --file=file"," #指定规则文件，如 ",[1065,4497,4498],{"code":4498},"grep -f test1 test2","，为找出 2 中与 1 的相同行",[1099,4501,4502,4505,4506,4509],{},[1065,4503,4504],{"code":4504},"grep static .\u002F*.c",": 在当前目录下所有的 ",[1065,4507,4508],{"code":4508},".c"," 源文件中搜索字符串 \"static\"。",[1099,4511,4512,4515,4516,4519,4520,4522,4523,4528,4529,4532],{},[1065,4513,4514],{"code":4514},"grep ^# *.cpp",": 在所有 ",[1065,4517,4518],{"code":4518},".cpp"," 文件中查找以 ",[1065,4521,3984],{"code":3984}," 开头的行（通常用于找预处理指令）。其中 ",[994,4524,4525],{},[1065,4526,4527],{"code":4527},"^"," 是正则表达式，表示“行首”。\u002F\u002F",[1065,4530,4531],{"code":4531},"$"," : 匹配行尾",[1099,4534,4535,4538,4539],{},[1065,4536,4537],{"code":4537},"man find | grep -ci perm",": 这是一个组合命令。\n",[1155,4540,4541,4552],{},[1099,4542,4543,4544,4546,4547,4549,4550,1088],{},"通过管道符 ",[1065,4545,4246],{"code":4246}," 将 ",[1065,4548,3528],{"code":3528}," 命令的帮助文档传给 ",[1065,4551,4390],{"code":4390},[1099,4553,4554],{},"搜索包含 \"perm\"出现过多少次（不区分大小写）",[1099,4556,4557,4560],{},[1065,4558,4559],{"code":4559},"piano% grep -ni Event main.c",[1155,4561,4562,4569,4576,4584],{},[1099,4563,4564,4568],{},[1001,4565,4566],{},[1065,4567,4060],{"code":4060},": 显示行号。",[1099,4570,4571,4575],{},[1001,4572,4573],{},[1065,4574,3177],{"code":3177},": 忽略大小写（所以能搜到 \"Event\"、\"event\" 或 \"EVENT\"）。",[1099,4577,4578,4583],{},[1001,4579,4580],{},[1065,4581,4582],{"code":4582},"Event",": 搜索关键词。",[1099,4585,4586,4591],{},[1001,4587,4588],{},[1065,4589,4590],{"code":4590},"main.c",": 目标文件。",[1195,4593,4595],{"id":4594},"find和grep区别",[994,4596,4594],{},[991,4598,4599,997,4605,997,4610,997,4616],{},[994,4600,4601],{},[1001,4602,4603],{},[1065,4604,3528],{"code":3528},[994,4606,4607],{},[1001,4608,4609],{},"找的是“东西”（文件\u002F目录），而",[994,4611,4612],{},[1001,4613,4614],{},[1065,4615,4390],{"code":4390},[994,4617,4618],{},[1001,4619,4620],{},"找的是“内容”（文字\u002F代码）。",[1150,4622,4624],{"id":4623},"which",[994,4625,4623],{},[1155,4627,4628],{},[1099,4629,4630,4632,4633,4636,4637],{},[1065,4631,4623],{"code":4623}," #定位一个命令，",[1001,4634,4635],{},"显示路径或别名","。locate a command; display its pathname or alias\n",[1155,4638,4639],{},[1099,4640,4641,4642],{},"使用方法：",[1065,4643,4644],{"code":4644},"which command",[1150,4646,4648],{"id":4647},"file",[994,4649,4647],{},[1155,4651,4652],{},[1099,4653,4654,4656,4657],{},[1065,4655,4647],{"code":4647}," - determine file type #确定文件类型，比如某个.txt文件可能是.mp4改后缀，打不开了，查看具体是什么\n",[1155,4658,4659],{},[1099,4660,4661],{},[1065,4662,4663],{"code":4663},"file filename",[1150,4665,4667],{"id":4666},"whatis",[994,4668,4666],{},[1155,4670,4671],{},[1099,4672,4673,4675,4676],{},[1065,4674,4666],{"code":4666}," - search the whatis database for word #显示在线手册说明，在 whatis 数据库中查找单词\n",[1155,4677,4678,4681],{},[1099,4679,4680],{},"用于查询命令用途，会比man更简洁",[1099,4682,4683,4686,4687,4690],{},[1065,4684,4685],{"code":4685},"whatis command"," 也即 ",[1001,4688,4689],{},"what is"," command",[1150,4692,4694,4697,4699],{"id":4693},"apropos",[994,4695,4696],{},"aprop",[994,4698,1444],{},[994,4700,1521],{},[1155,4702,4703],{},[1099,4704,4705,4707,4708,4711,4712],{},[1065,4706,4693],{"code":4693}," - search the whatis database for string，就是在whatis数据库里面进行",[994,4709,4710],{},"模糊搜索","，apropos: 关于....的\n",[1155,4713,4714],{},[1099,4715,4716,4717,4720,4721],{},"等于 ",[1065,4718,4719],{"code":4719},"man -k","，用法为 ",[1065,4722,4723],{"code":4723},"apropos command",[1150,4725,4727],{"id":4726},"sort",[994,4728,4726],{},[1155,4730,4731,4851],{},[1099,4732,4733,4735,4736,4739],{},[1001,4734,4726],{}," - sort, merge, or sequence check text files. ",[1001,4737,4738],{},"Sort lines of files",[1155,4740,4741,4765,4773,4781,4795,4803],{},[1099,4742,4743,4744,4746,4747,4752,4753,4756,4757,4760,4761,4764],{},"默认 ",[1065,4745,4726],{"code":4726}," 将文件的",[994,4748,4749],{},[1001,4750,4751],{},"每一行作为一个单位","，相互比较，比较原则是从首字符向后，依次按 ASCII 码值进行比较，最后将他们按",[1001,4754,4755],{},"升序输出","，注意是字符串排序，所以",[1065,4758,4759],{"code":4759},"10","会在",[1065,4762,4763],{"code":4763},"2","前面",[1099,4766,4767,4769,4770,4772],{},[1065,4768,4383],{"code":4383},"（u = ",[1001,4771,2233],{},"nique）去除重复行，不止去重，排序+去重",[1099,4774,4775,4777,4778,4780],{},[1065,4776,3520],{"code":3520},"（r = ",[1001,4779,2226],{},"everse）降序",[1099,4782,4783,3178,4785,4788,4789],{},[1065,4784,4455],{"code":4455},[1065,4786,4787],{"code":4787},"--output=file","），将结果输出到文件，而不是标准输出stdout",[1239,4790,4793],{"className":4791,"code":4792,"language":1071,"meta":1244},[1242],"sort -r number.txt -o number.txt\n",[1065,4794,4792],{"__ignoreMap":1244},[1099,4796,4797,3178,4799,4802],{},[1065,4798,4060],{"code":4060},[1065,4800,4801],{"code":4801},"--numeric-sort","），按数值进行排序。否则会出现 10 排在 2 前面的情况，因为 1 比 2 字符上小",[1099,4804,4805,997,4808,997,4812,4815,997,4820,4823,4829],{},[994,4806,4807],{},"可以利用",[994,4809,4810],{},[1065,4811,2354],{"code":2354},[994,4813,4814],{},"设定间隔符，",[994,4816,4817],{},[1065,4818,4819],{"code":4819},"-k",[994,4821,4822],{},"指定列数",[1239,4824,4827],{"className":4825,"code":4826,"language":1071,"meta":1244},[1242],"sort -k 2 -t : facebook.txt\napple:10:2.5\norange:20:3.4\nbanana:30:5.5\npear:90:2.3\n",[1065,4828,4826],{"__ignoreMap":1244},[1155,4830,4831,4841],{},[1099,4832,4833,997,4838],{},[994,4834,4835],{},[1065,4836,4837],{"code":4837},"-t :",[994,4839,4840],{},"：用冒号切开",[1099,4842,4843,997,4848],{},[994,4844,4845],{},[1065,4846,4847],{"code":4847},"-k 2",[994,4849,4850],{},"：按第2列排序（默认还是字符串排序）",[1099,4852,4853,4856,4857],{},[1001,4854,4855],{},"apt-get"," #软件包处理 APT package handling utility, software package handling for Linux\n",[1155,4858,4859,4867],{},[1099,4860,4861,997,4863,4866],{},[1065,4862,4855],{"code":4855},[1065,4864,4865],{"code":4865},"update"," #更新软件包列表",[1099,4868,4869,4872],{},[1065,4870,4871],{"code":4871},"apt-get install\u002Fremove"," 软件，安装\u002F卸载软件包",[978,4874,4876],{"id":4875},"saying-source-code-line-with-many-meta-characters-in-english","saying source code line (with many meta characters) in 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