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21:40:26",{"text":11,"minutes":144,"time":145,"words":146},2.385,143100,477,{"stem":148,"path":149,"title":150,"date":78,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":151},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F2.sophomore-autumn\u002Findex","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fsophomore-autumn","大二秋冬",{"text":80,"minutes":81,"time":81,"words":81},{"stem":153,"path":154,"title":155,"date":156,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":157},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F2.sophomore-autumn\u002Fsolid-state-physics","\u002F2024\u002F09\u002F11\u002Fsolid-state-physics","固体物理基础","2024-09-11 19:15:26",{"text":158,"minutes":159,"time":160,"words":161},"4 min read",3.21,192600,642,{"stem":163,"path":164,"title":165,"date":166,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":167},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F3.sophomore-spring\u002FAIFrontier","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fsophomore-spring\u002Faifrontier","人工智能前沿","2025-06-12 14:58:16",{"text":168,"minutes":169,"time":170,"words":171},"25 min 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19:39:00",{"text":60,"minutes":200,"time":201,"words":202},0.535,32100,107,{"stem":204,"path":205,"title":206,"date":207,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":208},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F1.microelectronic-devices\u002FLecture10","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Fmicroelectronic-devices\u002Flecture10","Lecture 10：从 MOS 电容到 MOSFET","2026-09-10 00:10:00",{"text":209,"minutes":210,"time":211,"words":212},"18 min read",17.615,1056900,3523,{"stem":214,"path":215,"title":216,"date":217,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":218},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F1.microelectronic-devices\u002FLecture11","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Fmicroelectronic-devices\u002Flecture11","Lecture 11：亚阈值效应与 MOSFET 尺寸缩放","2026-09-10 00:20:00",{"text":219,"minutes":220,"time":221,"words":222},"23 min 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00:50:00",{"text":21,"minutes":51,"time":52,"words":53},{"stem":340,"path":341,"title":342,"date":198,"collapsed":343,"readingTime":344},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F1.microelectronic-devices\u002Findex","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Fmicroelectronic-devices","微电子器件",true,{"text":158,"minutes":345,"time":346,"words":347},3.055,183300,611,{"stem":349,"path":350,"title":351,"date":352,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":353},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F2.ICCAD\u002F1.HistoryMetaCharacters","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Ficcad\u002Fhistorymetacharacters","History & Meta Characters","2026-09-10 20:25:44",{"text":269,"minutes":354,"time":355,"words":356},9.36,561600,1872,{"stem":358,"path":359,"title":360,"date":361,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":362},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F2.ICCAD\u002F10.PastExams\u002F1.ExamAutumn2223","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Ficcad\u002Fpastexams\u002Fexamautumn2223","22-23 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20:27:54",{"text":209,"minutes":454,"time":455,"words":456},17.85,1071000,3570,{"stem":458,"path":459,"title":460,"date":461,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":462},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F2.ICCAD\u002F11.Detailed\u002F8.Chapter8-CProgrammingInUnix","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Ficcad\u002Fdetailed\u002Fchapter8-cprogramminginunix","Chapter 8：C Programming in Unix","2026-09-10 20:27:57",{"text":463,"minutes":464,"time":465,"words":466},"17 min read",16.855,1011300,3371,{"stem":468,"path":469,"title":470,"date":471,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":472},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F2.ICCAD\u002F2.LinuxUnix","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Ficcad\u002Flinuxunix","Linux & Unix","2026-09-10 20:25:46",{"text":41,"minutes":473,"time":474,"words":475},29.33,1759800,5866,{"stem":477,"path":478,"title":479,"date":480,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":481},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F2.ICCAD\u002F3.Vi","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Ficcad\u002Fvi","Vi","2026-09-10 20:25:47",{"text":329,"minutes":482,"time":483,"words":484},7.95,477000,1590,{"stem":486,"path":487,"title":488,"date":489,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":490},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F2.ICCAD\u002F4.ViCopy","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Ficcad\u002Fvicopy","Vi（详细版）","2026-09-10 20:25:49",{"text":279,"minutes":491,"time":492,"words":493},13.785,827100,2757,{"stem":495,"path":496,"title":497,"date":498,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":499},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F2.ICCAD\u002F5.Shells","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Ficcad\u002Fshells","Shells","2026-09-10 20:25:51",{"text":500,"minutes":501,"time":502,"words":503},"22 min read",21.21,1272600,4242,{"stem":505,"path":506,"title":507,"date":508,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":509},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F2.ICCAD\u002F6.Network","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Ficcad\u002Fnetwork","Network","2026-09-10 20:25:54",{"text":319,"minutes":510,"time":511,"words":512},20.595,1235700,4119,{"stem":514,"path":515,"title":516,"date":517,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":518},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F2.ICCAD\u002F7.SystemAdministration","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Ficcad\u002Fsystemadministration","System Administration","2026-09-10 20:26:44",{"text":329,"minutes":519,"time":520,"words":521},7.12,427200,1424,{"stem":523,"path":524,"title":525,"date":526,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":527},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F2.ICCAD\u002F8.XWindow","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Ficcad\u002Fxwindow","XWindow","2026-09-10 20:26:45",{"text":97,"minutes":528,"time":529,"words":530},5.105,306300,1021,{"stem":532,"path":533,"title":534,"date":535,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":536},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F2.ICCAD\u002F9.SystemDevelopmentTools","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Ficcad\u002Fsystemdevelopmenttools","System Development Tools","2026-09-10 20:26:47",{"text":387,"minutes":537,"time":538,"words":539},11.35,681000,2270,{"stem":541,"path":542,"title":543,"date":544,"collapsed":343,"readingTime":545},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F2.ICCAD\u002Findex","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Ficcad","面向 ICCAD 的软件基础技术","2026-09-10 12:37:00",{"text":60,"minutes":546,"time":547,"words":548},0.185,11100,37,{"stem":550,"path":551,"title":552,"date":553,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":554},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F3.HDL\u002FFeiQilai1","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Fhdl\u002Ffeiqilai1","飞起来1.0","2026-09-10 12:51:49",{"text":555,"minutes":556,"time":557,"words":558},"105 min read",104.655,6279300,20931,{"stem":560,"path":561,"title":562,"date":563,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":564},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F3.HDL\u002FFeiQilai2","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Fhdl\u002Ffeiqilai2","飞起来2.0","2026-09-10 12:52:06",{"text":565,"minutes":566,"time":567,"words":568},"29 min read",28.755,1725300,5751,{"stem":570,"path":571,"title":572,"date":573,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":574},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F3.HDL\u002FFeiQilai3","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Fhdl\u002Ffeiqilai3","飞起来3.0","2026-09-10 12:52:12",{"text":116,"minutes":575,"time":576,"words":577},4.49,269400,898,{"stem":579,"path":580,"title":581,"date":582,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":583},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F3.HDL\u002FLecture13","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Fhdl\u002Flecture13","Lecture 13：浮点数标准","2026-09-10 12:51:27",{"text":11,"minutes":584,"time":585,"words":586},2.575,154500,515,{"stem":588,"path":589,"title":590,"date":591,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":592},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F3.HDL\u002FLecture6","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Fhdl\u002Flecture6","Lecture 6：Behavioral Modeling，非阻塞赋值","2026-09-10 12:51:12",{"text":97,"minutes":593,"time":594,"words":595},5.34,320400,1068,{"stem":597,"path":598,"title":599,"date":600,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":601},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F3.HDL\u002FPPTCorrespondence","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Fhdl\u002Fpptcorrespondence","与PPT的对应","2026-09-10 12:52:18",{"text":269,"minutes":602,"time":603,"words":604},9.275,556500,1855,{"stem":606,"path":607,"title":608,"date":544,"collapsed":343,"readingTime":609},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F3.HDL\u002Findex","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Fhdl","硬件描述语言原理与应用",{"text":60,"minutes":61,"time":62,"words":63},{"stem":611,"path":612,"title":613,"date":614,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":615},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F4.analogICDesign\u002F1.BeforeMidterm","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Fanalogicdesign\u002Fbeforemidterm","期中前","2026-09-10 20:28:52",{"text":616,"minutes":617,"time":618,"words":619},"11 min read",10.835,650100,2167,{"stem":621,"path":622,"title":623,"date":624,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":625},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F4.analogICDesign\u002F2.MidtermExam2425","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Fanalogicdesign\u002Fmidtermexam2425","24-25 期中","2026-09-10 20:29:00",{"text":21,"minutes":626,"time":627,"words":628},1.22,73200,244,{"stem":630,"path":631,"title":632,"date":633,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":634},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F4.analogICDesign\u002F3.FinalExamReview","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Fanalogicdesign\u002Ffinalexamreview","期末考试整理","2026-09-10 20:29:09",{"text":387,"minutes":635,"time":636,"words":637},11.36,681600,2272,{"stem":639,"path":640,"title":641,"date":642,"collapsed":343,"readingTime":643},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F4.analogICDesign\u002Findex","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Fanalogicdesign","模拟集成电路设计","2026-09-10 20:00:00",{"text":80,"minutes":81,"time":81,"words":81},{"stem":645,"path":646,"title":647,"date":78,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":648},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002Findex","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn","大三秋冬",{"text":80,"minutes":81,"time":81,"words":81},{"stem":650,"path":651,"title":652,"date":653,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":654},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F5.junior-spring\u002F1.digitalICDesign\u002F1.Chapter3-Device","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-spring\u002Fdigitalicdesign\u002Fchapter3-device","Chapter 3：器件 Device","2026-09-10 21:14:41",{"text":249,"minutes":655,"time":656,"words":657},6.055,363300,1211,{"stem":659,"path":660,"title":661,"date":653,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":662},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F5.junior-spring\u002F1.digitalICDesign\u002F10.Chapter12-Arithmetic","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-spring\u002Fdigitalicdesign\u002Fchapter12-arithmetic","Chapter 12：算术运算电路 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期中试题",{"text":80,"minutes":81,"time":81,"words":81},{"stem":693,"path":694,"title":695,"date":653,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":696},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F5.junior-spring\u002F1.digitalICDesign\u002F13.PastExams\u002F3.FinalPolished","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-spring\u002Fdigitalicdesign\u002Fpastexams\u002Ffinalpolished","期末历年卷（AI 润色版）",{"text":21,"minutes":697,"time":698,"words":699},1.575,94500,315,{"stem":701,"path":702,"title":703,"date":653,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":704},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F5.junior-spring\u002F1.digitalICDesign\u002F14.ExamRecall2026","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-spring\u002Fdigitalicdesign\u002Fexamrecall2026","数字集成电路回忆 2026",{"text":60,"minutes":705,"time":706,"words":707},0.49,29400,98,{"stem":709,"path":710,"title":711,"date":653,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":712},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F5.junior-spring\u002F1.digitalICDesign\u002F2.Chapter4-Wire","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-spring\u002Fdigitalicdesign\u002Fchapter4-wire","Chapter 4：导线 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Gate",{"text":31,"minutes":729,"time":730,"words":731},8.635,518100,1727,{"stem":733,"path":734,"title":735,"date":653,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":736},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F5.junior-spring\u002F1.digitalICDesign\u002F5.Chapter7-SequentialLogic","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-spring\u002Fdigitalicdesign\u002Fchapter7-sequentiallogic","Chapter 7：时序逻辑 Sequential Logic",{"text":463,"minutes":737,"time":738,"words":739},16.645,998700,3329,{"stem":741,"path":742,"title":743,"date":653,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":744},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F5.junior-spring\u002F1.digitalICDesign\u002F6.Chapter8-Speed","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-spring\u002Fdigitalicdesign\u002Fchapter8-speed","Chapter 8：延迟与速度 Speed",{"text":745,"minutes":746,"time":747,"words":748},"33 min read",32.885,1973100,6577,{"stem":750,"path":751,"title":752,"date":653,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":753},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F5.junior-spring\u002F1.digitalICDesign\u002F7.Chapter9-Power","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-spring\u002Fdigitalicdesign\u002Fchapter9-power","Chapter 9：功耗 Power",{"text":754,"minutes":755,"time":756,"words":757},"31 min read",31.005,1860300,6201,{"stem":759,"path":760,"title":761,"date":653,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":762},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F5.junior-spring\u002F1.digitalICDesign\u002F8.Chapter10-Interconnect","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-spring\u002Fdigitalicdesign\u002Fchapter10-interconnect","Chapter 10：互连 Interconnect",{"text":463,"minutes":763,"time":764,"words":765},16.32,979200,3264,{"stem":767,"path":768,"title":769,"date":653,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":770},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F5.junior-spring\u002F1.digitalICDesign\u002F9.Chapter11-Timing","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-spring\u002Fdigitalicdesign\u002Fchapter11-timing","Chapter 11：时序 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read",43.985,2639100,8797,{"stem":824,"path":825,"title":826,"date":653,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":827},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F5.junior-spring\u002F2.computerOrganization\u002F14.L15","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-spring\u002Fcomputerorganization\u002Fl15","L15：期末复习问答",{"text":269,"minutes":828,"time":829,"words":830},9.105,546300,1821,{"stem":832,"path":833,"title":834,"date":653,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":835},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F5.junior-spring\u002F2.computerOrganization\u002F2.L2-Binary","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-spring\u002Fcomputerorganization\u002Fl2-binary","L2：二进制数制",{"text":80,"minutes":81,"time":81,"words":81},{"stem":837,"path":838,"title":839,"date":653,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":840},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F5.junior-spring\u002F2.computerOrganization\u002F3.L3-CMemory","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-spring\u002Fcomputerorganization\u002Fl3-cmemory","L3：C 语言与内存模型",{"text":841,"minutes":842,"time":843,"words":844},"98 min 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Design",{"text":269,"minutes":860,"time":861,"words":862},9.955,597300,1991,{"stem":864,"path":865,"title":866,"date":653,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":867},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F5.junior-spring\u002F2.computerOrganization\u002F7.L6a-SingleCycle","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-spring\u002Fcomputerorganization\u002Fl6a-singlecycle","L6a：单周期处理器设计",{"text":219,"minutes":868,"time":869,"words":870},22.125,1327500,4425,{"stem":872,"path":873,"title":874,"date":653,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":875},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F5.junior-spring\u002F2.computerOrganization\u002F8.L6b-Microcode","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-spring\u002Fcomputerorganization\u002Fl6b-microcode","L6b：微码处理器架构",{"text":387,"minutes":876,"time":877,"words":878},11.86,711600,2372,{"stem":880,"path":881,"title":882,"date":653,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":883},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F5.junior-spring\u002F2.computerOrganization\u002F9.L7-Pipeline","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-spring\u002Fcomputerorganization\u002Fl7-pipeline","L7：流水线处理器",{"text":177,"minutes":884,"time":885,"words":886},44.505,2670300,8901,{"stem":888,"path":889,"title":890,"date":653,"collapsed":343,"readingTime":891},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F5.junior-spring\u002F2.computerOrganization\u002Findex","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-spring\u002Fcomputerorganization","计算机组成与系统结构",{"text":60,"minutes":892,"time":893,"words":894},0.12,7200,24,{"stem":896,"path":897,"title":898,"date":78,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":899},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F5.junior-spring\u002Findex","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-spring","大三春夏",{"text":80,"minutes":81,"time":81,"words":81},{"stem":901,"path":902,"title":903,"date":78,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":904},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002Findex","\u002Fugcourses","本科课程",{"text":80,"minutes":81,"time":81,"words":81},{"stem":906,"path":907,"title":908,"date":909,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":910},"posts\u002Fubuntu\u002F1.config","\u002Fubuntu\u002Fconfig","ubuntu 系统配置","2025-08-26 19:38:06",{"text":158,"minutes":911,"time":912,"words":913},3.815,228900,763,{"stem":915,"path":916,"title":917,"date":918,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":919},"posts\u002Fubuntu\u002F2.cadence\u002F1.mmsim","\u002Fubuntu\u002Fcadence\u002Fmmsim","在 Ubuntu 24.04 上安装 Cadence MMSIM 15.1 的兼容性问题","2026-09-09 14:06:40",{"text":158,"minutes":920,"time":921,"words":922},3.5,210000,700,{"stem":924,"path":925,"title":926,"date":918,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":927},"posts\u002Fubuntu\u002F2.cadence\u002F2.innovus","\u002Fubuntu\u002Fcadence\u002Finnovus","Innovus安装",{"text":11,"minutes":928,"time":929,"words":930},2.08,124800,416,{"stem":932,"path":933,"title":934,"date":918,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":935},"posts\u002Fubuntu\u002F2.cadence\u002Findex","\u002Fubuntu\u002Fcadence","Ubuntu24.04安装Cadence 系列软件",{"text":269,"minutes":936,"time":937,"words":938},9.98,598800,1996,{"stem":940,"path":941,"title":942,"date":918,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":943},"posts\u002Fubuntu\u002F3.synopsys","\u002Fubuntu\u002Fsynopsys","Ubuntu 24.04 安装 Synopsys",{"text":269,"minutes":944,"time":945,"words":946},9.555,573300,1911,{"stem":948,"path":949,"title":950,"date":918,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":951},"posts\u002Fubuntu\u002F4.vivado","\u002Fubuntu\u002Fvivado","Ubuntu 24.04 安装 Vivado 2020.1",{"text":60,"minutes":952,"time":953,"words":954},0.62,37200,124,{"stem":956,"path":957,"title":958,"date":918,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":959},"posts\u002Fubuntu\u002F5.migrate","\u002Fubuntu\u002Fmigrate","硬盘迁移系统",{"text":60,"minutes":960,"time":961,"words":962},0.64,38400,128,{"stem":964,"path":965,"title":966,"date":967,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":968},"posts\u002Fubuntu\u002Findex","\u002Fubuntu","Ubuntu装进移动硬盘","2025-08-25 19:38:06",{"text":269,"minutes":969,"time":970,"words":971},9.26,555600,1852,{"id":973,"title":423,"body":974,"categories":3676,"collapsed":9,"date":424,"description":3677,"draft":9,"extension":3678,"hideInArchive":343,"hideInList":343,"image":3679,"meta":3680,"navigation":343,"path":422,"permalink":3679,"published":3679,"readingTime":3682,"recommend":3679,"references":3679,"seo":3683,"sitemap":3684,"stem":421,"tags":3696,"type":3699,"updated":424,"__hash__":3700},"content\u002Fposts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F2.ICCAD\u002F11.Detailed\u002F4.Chapter4-Network.md",{"type":975,"value":976,"toc":3623},"minimark",[977,982,987,994,999,1005,1134,1143,1149,1153,1339,1371,1375,1380,1456,1459,1463,1468,1474,1477,1579,1584,1588,1595,1609,1617,1639,1647,1676,1684,1706,1714,1732,1737,1742,1746,1751,1774,1778,1865,1868,1875,1879,1884,1944,1948,1953,1957,1961,1965,1992,1994,1998,2008,2013,2103,2112,2114,2117,2163,2165,2169,2217,2220,2281,2285,2366,2370,2429,2434,2437,2445,2515,2519,2559,2658,2663,2668,2672,2680,2687,2720,2731,2734,2765,2771,2774,2781,2788,2791,2823,2827,2846,2849,2852,2953,2957,2996,2998,3003,3006,3009,3012,3015,3039,3041,3046,3049,3052,3055,3058,3061,3089,3093,3135,3144,3165,3174,3178,3184,3291,3293,3295,3334,3336,3340,3433,3436,3438,3442,3445,3448,3451,3454,3457,3460,3463,3466,3469,3472,3475,3478,3481,3489,3493,3550,3552,3556,3620],[978,979,981],"h2",{"id":980},"network","NetWork",[983,984,986],"h3",{"id":985},"introduction-引言","Introduction ｜ 引言",[988,989,990],"blockquote",{},[991,992,993],"p",{},"Standard Distributed 的反义词",[995,996,998],"h4",{"id":997},"development-history-发展历程概览","Development History ｜ 发展历程概览",[991,1000,1001],{},[1002,1003,1004],"mark",{},"一个网络守护进程（daemon）或服务可以一直运行，并在特定的连接点或端口上等待请求，这些端口就是专门为它设置用来监听的。 ｜ A network daemon or service can run and always wait for requests on specific connection points or ports, for which they are set up to listen",[1006,1007,1008,1074,1104],"ol",{},[1009,1010,1011,1017],"li",{},[1002,1012,1013],{},[1014,1015,1016],"strong",{},"Client\u002FServer（C\u002FS）模式",[1018,1019,1020,1025,1030],"ul",{},[1009,1021,1022],{},[1002,1023,1024],{},"结构：客户端（PC） ↔ 服务器",[1009,1026,1027],{},[1002,1028,1029],{},"场景：多在局域网内使用",[1009,1031,1032,1035],{},[1002,1033,1034],{},"服务器特点：",[1018,1036,1037,1042],{},[1009,1038,1039],{},[1002,1040,1041],{},"跑守护进程（daemon），一直监听端口等待请求",[1009,1043,1044,1047],{},[1002,1045,1046],{},"一台服务器可提供多种服务：",[1018,1048,1049,1054,1059,1064,1069],{},[1009,1050,1051],{},[1002,1052,1053],{},"Web 服务",[1009,1055,1056],{},[1002,1057,1058],{},"邮件（POP3\u002FSMTP\u002FIMAP）",[1009,1060,1061],{},[1002,1062,1063],{},"许可证管理",[1009,1065,1066],{},[1002,1067,1068],{},"文件\u002F打印服务",[1009,1070,1071],{},[1002,1072,1073],{},"数据库、大数据等",[1009,1075,1076,1079],{},[1014,1077,1078],{},"Internet 模式",[1018,1080,1081,1087,1090],{},[1009,1082,1083,1084],{},"在 C\u002FS 基础上扩展到 ",[1014,1085,1086],{},"互联网",[1009,1088,1089],{},"设备：PC、笔记本、手机、远程桌面、远程服务器等都能连入",[1009,1091,1092,1093],{},"特点：\n",[1018,1094,1095,1098,1101],{},[1009,1096,1097],{},"不再局限于局域网",[1009,1099,1100],{},"通过统一的互联网协议（如 HTTP）访问远程服务器",[1009,1102,1103],{},"服务器可以在世界任何地方",[1009,1105,1106,1109],{},[1014,1107,1108],{},"Cloud（云计算）模式",[1018,1110,1111,1114,1117,1131],{},[1009,1112,1113],{},"在 Internet 之上进一步抽象出“云”",[1009,1115,1116],{},"云内部：大量服务器 + 存储 + 网络，被虚拟化和自动管理",[1009,1118,1119,1120],{},"用户看到的只是：\n",[1018,1121,1122,1125,1128],{},[1009,1123,1124],{},"IaaS：租虚拟机、硬盘等基础设施",[1009,1126,1127],{},"PaaS：应用运行平台",[1009,1129,1130],{},"SaaS：直接使用在线软件（邮箱、网盘等）",[1009,1132,1133],{},"优点：不关心具体服务器数量和位置，只按需使用资源",[988,1135,1136],{},[991,1137,1138,1139,1142],{},"蓝色虚线箭头表示：计算模式从 ",[1014,1140,1141],{},"传统 C\u002FS → 基于互联网的 C\u002FS → 云计算"," 的演进过程。",[991,1144,1145],{},[1146,1147],"img",{"alt":1146,"src":1148},"\u002Fimg\u002FICCAD\u002FDetailCh4-01.png",[995,1150,1152],{"id":1151},"some-useful-technical-terms术语速记","Some Useful Technical Terms（术语速记）",[1154,1155,1156,1172],"table",{},[1157,1158,1159],"thead",{},[1160,1161,1162,1166,1169],"tr",{},[1163,1164,1165],"th",{},"简称",[1163,1167,1168],{},"中文名称",[1163,1170,1171],{},"英文全称\u002F英文名称",[1173,1174,1175,1187,1198,1209,1220,1231,1242,1252,1262,1273,1284,1295,1306,1317,1328],"tbody",{},[1160,1176,1177,1181,1184],{},[1178,1179,1180],"td",{},"LAN",[1178,1182,1183],{},"局域网",[1178,1185,1186],{},"Local Area Network",[1160,1188,1189,1192,1195],{},[1178,1190,1191],{},"WAN",[1178,1193,1194],{},"广域网",[1178,1196,1197],{},"Wide Area Network",[1160,1199,1200,1203,1206],{},[1178,1201,1202],{},"WLAN",[1178,1204,1205],{},"无线局域网",[1178,1207,1208],{},"Wireless Local Area Network",[1160,1210,1211,1214,1217],{},[1178,1212,1213],{},"Wi-Fi",[1178,1215,1216],{},"最常见的 WLAN 技术",[1178,1218,1219],{},"Wireless Fidelity",[1160,1221,1222,1225,1228],{},[1178,1223,1224],{},"Internet",[1178,1226,1227],{},"全球互联网",[1178,1229,1230],{},"Internet (或 Interconnected Network)",[1160,1232,1233,1236,1239],{},[1178,1234,1235],{},"Intranet",[1178,1237,1238],{},"单位内部专用网",[1178,1240,1241],{},"Intranet (或 Internal Network)",[1160,1243,1244,1247,1250],{},[1178,1245,1246],{},"Ethernet",[1178,1248,1249],{},"常见有线局域网技术",[1178,1251,1246],{},[1160,1253,1254,1257,1260],{},[1178,1255,1256],{},"Packet",[1178,1258,1259],{},"数据包，网络传输的基本单位",[1178,1261,1256],{},[1160,1263,1264,1267,1270],{},[1178,1265,1266],{},"TCP\u002FIP",[1178,1268,1269],{},"互联网核心协议族",[1178,1271,1272],{},"Transmission Control Protocol\u002FInternet Protocol",[1160,1274,1275,1278,1281],{},[1178,1276,1277],{},"IPv6",[1178,1279,1280],{},"新一代 IP 协议，地址更多",[1178,1282,1283],{},"Internet Protocol version 6",[1160,1285,1286,1289,1292],{},[1178,1287,1288],{},"DNS",[1178,1290,1291],{},"域名系统，把域名翻成 IP",[1178,1293,1294],{},"Domain Name System",[1160,1296,1297,1300,1303],{},[1178,1298,1299],{},"ISP",[1178,1301,1302],{},"网络服务提供商（电信、移动等）",[1178,1304,1305],{},"Internet Service Provider",[1160,1307,1308,1311,1314],{},[1178,1309,1310],{},"PPP",[1178,1312,1313],{},"点对点拨号协议，早期拨号上网用",[1178,1315,1316],{},"Point-to-Point Protocol",[1160,1318,1319,1322,1325],{},[1178,1320,1321],{},"PPPoE",[1178,1323,1324],{},"基于以太网的 PPP，宽带拨号、多用户常用",[1178,1326,1327],{},"Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet",[1160,1329,1330,1333,1336],{},[1178,1331,1332],{},"VPN",[1178,1334,1335],{},"虚拟专用网，加密“隧道”，远程安全访问内网",[1178,1337,1338],{},"Virtual Private Network",[1340,1341,1343],"alert",{"type":1342},"tip",[1018,1344,1345,1359],{},[1009,1346,1347,1350,1351,1354,1355,1358],{},[1014,1348,1349],{},"WiFi（无线局域网）："," 是一种",[1014,1352,1353],{},"短距离","无线技术。它通常由一个",[1014,1356,1357],{},"路由器","（接入点）发出信号，覆盖范围只有几十米（一个房间或一栋楼）。它的信号源头通常是物理网线（如光纤宽带）。",[1009,1360,1361,1350,1364,1366,1367,1370],{},[1014,1362,1363],{},"移动数据（蜂窝网络）：",[1014,1365,1194],{},"技术。它由移动运营商ISP（如移动、联通、电信）的",[1014,1368,1369],{},"基站","（铁塔）发射信号。信号覆盖范围极广，可以跨越城市和荒野。",[983,1372,1374],{"id":1373},"network-layer-model","Network Layer Model",[991,1376,1377],{},[1146,1378],{"alt":1146,"src":1379},"\u002Fimg\u002FICCAD\u002FDetailCh4-02.png",[1018,1381,1382,1389,1419,1427],{},[1009,1383,1384,1385,1388],{},"核心思想：",[1014,1386,1387],{},"分层架构","，每层只管自己的职责。",[1009,1390,1391,1392],{},"发送端流程：\n",[1006,1393,1394,1400,1406,1412],{},[1009,1395,1396,1397],{},"应用产生 ",[1014,1398,1399],{},"Message（消息）",[1009,1401,1402,1403],{},"运输层把消息拆成多个 ",[1014,1404,1405],{},"Packets（数据包）",[1009,1407,1408,1409],{},"数据包变成一串 ",[1014,1410,1411],{},"Bits（比特）",[1009,1413,1414,1415,1418],{},"物理层把比特编码成 ",[1014,1416,1417],{},"Signal（电\u002F光\u002F无线信号）"," 发出去",[1009,1420,1421,1422],{},"接收端：按相反方向处理\n",[1018,1423,1424],{},[1009,1425,1426],{},"信号 → 比特 → 数据包 → 组合成完整消息",[1009,1428,1429,1430],{},"各层大致作用：\n",[1018,1431,1432,1438,1444,1450],{},[1009,1433,1434,1437],{},[1014,1435,1436],{},"TRANSPORT（运输层）","：端到端传输，可靠性（TCP\u002FUDP）",[1009,1439,1440,1443],{},[1014,1441,1442],{},"NETWORK（网络层）","：寻址、路由（IP）",[1009,1445,1446,1449],{},[1014,1447,1448],{},"LINK（链路层）","：一跳内传输，帧的收发（以太网、WiFi）",[1009,1451,1452,1455],{},[1014,1453,1454],{},"PHYSICAL（物理层）","：0\u002F1 怎么变成真实信号在线路上传输",[1457,1458],"hr",{},[995,1460,1462],{"id":1461},"the-osi-reference-model","The OSI Reference Model",[991,1464,1465],{},[1146,1466],{"alt":1146,"src":1467},"\u002Fimg\u002FICCAD\u002FDetailCh4-03.png",[991,1469,1470,1473],{},[1014,1471,1472],{},"网络通信被划分为 7 个抽象层，每层各司其职，层与层之间通过标准接口协作","。",[991,1475,1476],{},"OSI = Open System Interconnect，开放式系统互联参考模型",[1006,1478,1479,1495,1511,1527,1543,1556,1569],{},[1009,1480,1481,1484],{},[1014,1482,1483],{},"Physical 物理层",[1018,1485,1486,1489,1492],{},[1009,1487,1488],{},"传输对象：Bits（比特）",[1009,1490,1491],{},"作用：定义电压、线缆、插头、无线信号等“怎么看得见的物理传输”。",[1009,1493,1494],{},"例子：Ethernet PHY in IEEE 802.3  、802.11 a\u002Fb\u002Fg\u002Fn PHY（WiFi 物理层）、USB 等",[1009,1496,1497,1500],{},[1014,1498,1499],{},"Data Link 数据链路层",[1018,1501,1502,1505,1508],{},[1009,1503,1504],{},"传输对象：Frames（帧）",[1009,1506,1507],{},"作用：物理地址（MAC）、差错检测、点到点传输。",[1009,1509,1510],{},"例子：Ethernet 802.3 (LLC+MAC), PPP, WLAN, CAN …",[1009,1512,1513,1516],{},[1014,1514,1515],{},"Network 网络层",[1018,1517,1518,1521,1524],{},[1009,1519,1520],{},"传输对象：Packets（包）",[1009,1522,1523],{},"作用：IP 地址、路由选择，让数据在不同网络之间“找路”。",[1009,1525,1526],{},"例子：IPv4\u002FIPv6, IPsec, IPX …",[1009,1528,1529,1532],{},[1014,1530,1531],{},"Transport 运输层",[1018,1533,1534,1537,1540],{},[1009,1535,1536],{},"传输对象：Segments（段）",[1009,1538,1539],{},"作用：端到端连接、可靠传输（如 TCP）、端口号。",[1009,1541,1542],{},"例子：TCP, UDP",[1009,1544,1545,1548],{},[1014,1546,1547],{},"Session 会话层",[1018,1549,1550,1553],{},[1009,1551,1552],{},"作用：建立、管理、终止会话（对话），保持通信状态。",[1009,1554,1555],{},"例子：RPC, NetBIOS …",[1009,1557,1558,1561],{},[1014,1559,1560],{},"Presentation 表示层",[1018,1562,1563,1566],{},[1009,1564,1565],{},"作用：数据格式转换、加解密、压缩（例如字符编码、JPEG、SSL 等）。",[1009,1567,1568],{},"例子：XDR, MIME, SSL …",[1009,1570,1571,1574],{},[1014,1572,1573],{},"Application 应用层",[1018,1575,1576],{},[1009,1577,1578],{},"作用：直接面向应用程序（NFS, HTTP, FTP, SMTP, DNS, Telnet, DHCP 等协议所在层）。",[991,1580,1581],{},[1146,1582],{"alt":1146,"src":1583},"\u002Fimg\u002FICCAD\u002FDetailCh4-04.png",[995,1585,1587],{"id":1586},"network-connectors-网络连接设备","Network Connectors｜ 网络连接设备",[1006,1589,1590],{},[1009,1591,1592],{},[1014,1593,1594],{},"Repeater 中继器",[1018,1596,1597,1603,1606],{},[1009,1598,1599,1600],{},"作用：",[1014,1601,1602],{},"物理信号放大器",[1009,1604,1605],{},"场景：线太长、信号衰减，用它把电\u002F光信号再生、放大，延长传输距离。",[1009,1607,1608],{},"工作层：物理层（只看电平，不看数据内容）。",[1006,1610,1612],{"start":1611},2,[1009,1613,1614],{},[1014,1615,1616],{},"Hub 集线器",[1018,1618,1619,1626,1636],{},[1009,1620,1621,1622,1625],{},"原理：收到一个信号，",[1014,1623,1624],{},"广播","到所有端口。",[1009,1627,1092,1628],{},[1018,1629,1630,1633],{},[1009,1631,1632],{},"所有设备共享同一带宽、同一冲突域。",[1009,1634,1635],{},"谁说话声音大、先占线，就先发；容易冲突。",[1009,1637,1638],{},"现在基本被交换机（Switch）淘汰。",[1006,1640,1642],{"start":1641},3,[1009,1643,1644],{},[1014,1645,1646],{},"Bridge \u002F Switch 网桥 \u002F 交换机",[1018,1648,1649,1670,1673],{},[1009,1650,1651,1652],{},"作用：\n",[1018,1653,1654,1657,1664],{},[1009,1655,1656],{},"连接同一网络中的多台设备。",[1009,1658,1659,1660,1663],{},"监听数据帧，通过 ",[1014,1661,1662],{},"MAC 地址"," 决定转发到哪个端口。",[1009,1665,1666,1669],{},[1014,1667,1668],{},"减少冲突","  (Prevents collision)、提升效率（每个端口是独立冲突域）。",[1009,1671,1672],{},"工作层：数据链路层（第 2 层）",[1009,1674,1675],{},"备注：也有工作在第 3 层甚至更高的“多层交换机”。",[1006,1677,1679],{"start":1678},4,[1009,1680,1681],{},[1014,1682,1683],{},"Router 路由器",[1018,1685,1686,1693,1700,1703],{},[1009,1687,1688,1689,1692],{},"作用：在",[1014,1690,1691],{},"不同网络之间","转发数据。",[1009,1694,1695,1696,1699],{},"根据 ",[1014,1697,1698],{},"IP 地址"," 和路由表决定下一跳。",[1009,1701,1702],{},"典型场景：家里的路由器，把内网 192.168.x.x 连到运营商网络、互联网。",[1009,1704,1705],{},"工作层：网络层（第 3 层）。",[1006,1707,1709],{"start":1708},5,[1009,1710,1711],{},[1014,1712,1713],{},"Gateway 网关",[1018,1715,1716,1729],{},[1009,1717,1599,1718,1721],{},[1014,1719,1720],{},"协议翻译 + 转发",[1018,1722,1723,1726],{},[1009,1724,1725],{},"比如：公司内部专用协议 ↔ 运营商\u002FISP 的协议。",[1009,1727,1728],{},"或者不同网络体系之间互通。",[1009,1730,1731],{},"范围：概念更宽，可以涉及更高层协议的转换（应用层、表示层等），不只第 3 层。",[988,1733,1734],{},[991,1735,1736],{},"小总结：从下到上，功能越来越“聪明”：\nRepeater（放大信号） → Hub（广播） → Switch\u002FBridge（按 MAC 分发） → Router（按 IP 路由） → Gateway（做协议转换和复杂转发）。",[991,1738,1739],{},[1014,1740,1741],{},"要回去看微信发的小文章来理解网络层的原理！！！",[995,1743,1745],{"id":1744},"common-protocols-常见协议","Common Protocols｜ 常见协议",[1747,1748,1750],"h5",{"id":1749},"transport-network-运输层-网络层","Transport \u002F Network ｜ 运输层 \u002F 网络层",[1018,1752,1753],{},[1009,1754,1755,1757],{},[1014,1756,1266],{},[1018,1758,1759,1765,1768,1771],{},[1009,1760,1761,1762],{},"全称：",[1014,1763,1764],{},"Transmission Control Protocol \u002F Internet Protocol",[1009,1766,1767],{},"IP：负责“找地址、找路”（给每台主机分配 IP 地址，负责路由转发）",[1009,1769,1770],{},"TCP：负责“可靠传输”（三次握手、重传、顺序、流量控制等）",[1009,1772,1773],{},"作用：互联网中最核心的一套协议组合，几乎所有应用都基于它",[1747,1775,1777],{"id":1776},"data-link-数据链路层","Data Link |  数据链路层",[1018,1779,1780,1818,1836],{},[1009,1781,1782,1787],{},[1002,1783,1784],{},[1014,1785,1786],{},"Ethernet（以太网）",[1018,1788,1789,1792,1810],{},[1009,1790,1791],{},"局域网里最常见的链路层协议（网线 + 交换机 就是以太网）",[1009,1793,1794,1795,1798,1799],{},"使用 ",[1014,1796,1797],{},"CSMA-CD"," 机制：\n",[1018,1800,1801,1804,1807],{},[1009,1802,1803],{},"Carrier Sense：先“听一听”有没有别人“说话”",[1009,1805,1806],{},"Multiple Access：很多设备共用一条信道",[1009,1808,1809],{},"Collision Detect：如果发现冲突，就停止发送，随机等待后再发",[1009,1811,1812,1815],{},[1014,1813,1814],{},"设备共用信道，不能两个人同时“说话”",[1014,1816,1817],{},"（人少、信息密度低时好用）",[1009,1819,1820,1825,1826,1829],{},[1002,1821,1822],{},[1014,1823,1824],{},"Token Ring（令牌环，含 FDDI）"," ",[1002,1827,1828],{},"＊（PPT 中被灰掉，不重点讲）",[1018,1830,1831],{},[1009,1832,1833],{},[1002,1834,1835],{},"拿到“令牌”的设备才能发数据 → 轮流说话，避免冲突",[1009,1837,1838,1843,1845],{},[1002,1839,1840],{},[1014,1841,1842],{},"PPP（Point-to-Point Protocol）",[1002,1844,1828],{},[1018,1846,1847,1852],{},[1009,1848,1849],{},[1002,1850,1851],{},"点对点链路协议（常用于拨号、串口、早期宽带接入）",[1009,1853,1854,1857,1825,1862],{},[1002,1855,1856],{},"特点：",[1002,1858,1859],{},[1014,1860,1861],{},"两端一对一",[1002,1863,1864],{},"传输，而不是一堆设备共用一根线",[991,1866,1867],{},"如果是不同局域网之间的沟通呢？",[991,1869,1870,1871,1874],{},"A局域网和B局域网之间通过",[1014,1872,1873],{},"Gateway","来实现沟通",[995,1876,1878],{"id":1877},"simplified-4-layers-model-tcpip-简化四层模型","Simplified 4-Layers Model ｜ TCP\u002FIP 简化四层模型",[991,1880,1881],{},[1146,1882],{"alt":1146,"src":1883},"\u002Fimg\u002FICCAD\u002FDetailCh4-05.png",[1006,1885,1886,1902,1918,1931],{},[1009,1887,1888,1891],{},[1014,1889,1890],{},"链路层（Link & Physical，OSI 1+2 层）",[1018,1892,1893,1896,1899],{},[1009,1894,1895],{},"职责：比特传输、成帧、本地链路通信",[1009,1897,1898],{},"典型协议：Ethernet、WiFi、PPP",[1009,1900,1901],{},"典型设备：网卡、交换机、集线器",[1009,1903,1904,1907],{},[1014,1905,1906],{},"网际层（Internetwork，OSI 第 3 层）",[1018,1908,1909,1912,1915],{},[1009,1910,1911],{},"职责：IP 编址、路由选择，让数据在不同网络间转发",[1009,1913,1914],{},"典型协议：IPv4、IPv6、ICMP、IPsec",[1009,1916,1917],{},"典型设备：路由器",[1009,1919,1920,1923],{},[1014,1921,1922],{},"传输层（Transport，OSI 第 4 层）",[1018,1924,1925,1928],{},[1009,1926,1927],{},"职责：端到端通信、可靠性、端口号",[1009,1929,1930],{},"典型协议：TCP、UDP",[1009,1932,1933,1936],{},[1014,1934,1935],{},"应用层（Application，OSI 5+6+7 层）",[1018,1937,1938,1941],{},[1009,1939,1940],{},"职责：直接为应用提供网络服务，数据表示、会话管理",[1009,1942,1943],{},"典型协议：HTTP、FTP、SMTP、DNS、SSH、Telnet 等",[995,1945,1947],{"id":1946},"packets-formatted-for-layered-communications-分层通信时的数据封装","Packets Formatted for Layered  Communications ｜ 分层通信时的数据封装",[991,1949,1950],{},[1146,1951],{"alt":1146,"src":1952},"\u002Fimg\u002FICCAD\u002FDetailCh4-06.png",[983,1954,1956],{"id":1955},"tcpip-address","TCP\u002FIP Address",[995,1958,1960],{"id":1959},"ip-address","IP Address",[1747,1962,1964],{"id":1963},"ipv4-地址基本概念","IPv4 地址基本概念",[1018,1966,1967,1977,1987],{},[1009,1968,1969,1972,1973],{},[1014,1970,1971],{},"表示方式","：点分十进制，例如 ",[1974,1975,1976],"code",{"code":1976},"210.32.156.248",[1009,1978,1979,1980,1983,1984],{},"一共 ",[1014,1981,1982],{},"32 bit"," → 被写成 ",[1014,1985,1986],{},"4 个 0–255 的数字",[1009,1988,1989],{},[1014,1990,1991],{},"每个 IP 唯一标识一个主机\u002F接口",[1457,1993],{},[1747,1995,1997],{"id":1996},"五类-ip-地址","五类 IP 地址",[991,1999,2000,2001,2004,2005],{},"IP =  ",[1014,2002,2003],{},"前缀 prefix（网络号）"," + ",[1014,2006,2007],{},"后缀 suffix（主机号）",[991,2009,2010],{},[1146,2011],{"alt":1146,"src":2012},"\u002Fimg\u002FICCAD\u002FDetailCh4-07.png",[1154,2014,2015,2031],{},[1157,2016,2017],{},[1160,2018,2019,2022,2025,2028],{},[1163,2020,2021],{},"类别",[1163,2023,2024],{},"前几位(bit)",[1163,2026,2027],{},"首字节范围",[1163,2029,2030],{},"用途",[1173,2032,2033,2047,2061,2075,2089],{},[1160,2034,2035,2038,2041,2044],{},[1178,2036,2037],{},"A",[1178,2039,2040],{},"0",[1178,2042,2043],{},"0–127",[1178,2045,2046],{},"大网络，前 8 bit 做网络号",[1160,2048,2049,2052,2055,2058],{},[1178,2050,2051],{},"B",[1178,2053,2054],{},"10",[1178,2056,2057],{},"128–191",[1178,2059,2060],{},"中等网络，前 16 bit 做网络号",[1160,2062,2063,2066,2069,2072],{},[1178,2064,2065],{},"C",[1178,2067,2068],{},"110",[1178,2070,2071],{},"192–223",[1178,2073,2074],{},"小网络，前 24 bit 做网络号",[1160,2076,2077,2080,2083,2086],{},[1178,2078,2079],{},"D",[1178,2081,2082],{},"1110",[1178,2084,2085],{},"224–239",[1178,2087,2088],{},"组播地址（multicast）",[1160,2090,2091,2094,2097,2100],{},[1178,2092,2093],{},"E",[1178,2095,2096],{},"1111",[1178,2098,2099],{},"240–255",[1178,2101,2102],{},"保留，将来使用",[988,2104,2105],{},[991,2106,2107,2108,2111],{},"主机真正用的主要是 ",[1014,2109,2110],{},"A\u002FB\u002FC 类","；D 组播，E 保留。",[1457,2113],{},[1747,2115,2116],{"id":2116},"示例地址",[1018,2118,2119,2125,2135,2145,2158],{},[1009,2120,2121,2124],{},[1974,2122,2123],{"code":2123},"1.1.1.1"," → Class A 公网地址",[1009,2126,2127,2130,2131,2134],{},[1974,2128,2129],{"code":2129},"10.10.0.21"," → Class A ",[1014,2132,2133],{},"私网地址","（10.0.0.0\u002F8）",[1009,2136,2137,2140,2141,2144],{},[1974,2138,2139],{"code":2139},"127.0.0.1"," → ",[1014,2142,2143],{},"回环地址","（localhost，自己给自己通信）",[1009,2146,2147,2150,2151,2154,2155],{},[1974,2148,2149],{"code":2149},"192.168.0.255"," → Class C 私网段 ",[1974,2152,2153],{"code":2153},"192.168.0.0\u002F24"," 的 ",[1014,2156,2157],{},"广播地址",[1009,2159,2160,2162],{},[1974,2161,1976],{"code":1976}," → Class C 公网地址",[1457,2164],{},[1747,2166,2168],{"id":2167},"例题","例题：",[1006,2170,2171,2192,2212],{},[1009,2172,2173,2176],{},[1014,2174,2175],{},"一个 Class B 网络里最多有多少主机？",[1018,2177,2178,2181,2184,2187],{},[1009,2179,2180],{},"Class B：前 16 bit 网络号，后 16 bit 主机号",[1009,2182,2183],{},"主机位：2¹⁶ = 65,536 个地址",[1009,2185,2186],{},"去掉全 0（网络地址）和全 1（广播地址）",[1009,2188,2189],{},[1014,2190,2191],{},"可用主机数 = 65,534 台",[1009,2193,2194,2197],{},[1014,2195,2196],{},"整个 IPv4 理论上可以有多少个不同 IP？",[1018,2198,2199,2202,2209],{},[1009,2200,2201],{},"IPv4 一共 32 bit",[1009,2203,2204,2205,2208],{},"可组合的地址数：2³² = ",[1014,2206,2207],{},"4,294,967,296"," 个",[1009,2210,2211],{},"实际可用会少一些，因为有保留地址（私网、组播、特殊用途等）。",[1009,2213,2214],{},[1014,2215,2216],{},"sz小问：为什么192.168开头的IP这么多",[991,2218,2219],{},"因为IPv4不够用了，将下面这些地址段设为私有IP，供局域网内使用（不能在公网上使用），由路由器包装至公网。挂梯子本质在改变公网IP，内网IP没变。",[1154,2221,2222,2237],{},[1157,2223,2224],{},[1160,2225,2226,2229,2231,2234],{},[1163,2227,2228],{},"IP 地址段 (范围)",[1163,2230,2021],{},[1163,2232,2233],{},"适用场景",[1163,2235,2236],{},"容纳设备数量",[1173,2238,2239,2253,2267],{},[1160,2240,2241,2244,2247,2250],{},[1178,2242,2243],{},"10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255",[1178,2245,2246],{},"Class A",[1178,2248,2249],{},"大型企业、运营商大内网（浙大）",[1178,2251,2252],{},"约 1600 万",[1160,2254,2255,2258,2261,2264],{},[1178,2256,2257],{},"172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255",[1178,2259,2260],{},"Class B",[1178,2262,2263],{},"中型企业、学校、容器网络 (Docker)",[1178,2265,2266],{},"约 100 万",[1160,2268,2269,2272,2275,2278],{},[1178,2270,2271],{},"192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255",[1178,2273,2274],{},"Class C",[1178,2276,2277],{},"家庭、小型办公室",[1178,2279,2280],{},"约 6.5 万",[995,2282,2284],{"id":2283},"tcpip-commands-ping","TCP\u002FIP Commands - ping",[1018,2286,2287,2293,2299,2316,2342],{},[1009,2288,2289,2292],{},[1014,2290,2291],{},"作用","：测试某个主机（host）在网络上是不是“活着”，网络是否连通。",[1009,2294,2295,2298],{},[1014,2296,2297],{},"基本格式","：",[1009,2300,2301,2302],{},"ping host\n",[1018,2303,2304],{},[1009,2305,2306,2309,2310,2312,2313,1473],{},[1974,2307,2308],{"code":2308},"host"," 可以是 ",[1014,2311,1698],{}," 或 ",[1014,2314,2315],{},"域名",[1009,2317,2318,2321,2322],{},[1014,2319,2320],{},"示例","：\n",[1018,2323,2324,2330,2336],{},[1009,2325,2326,2329],{},[1974,2327,2328],{"code":2328},"ping 10.10.0.21","  → 测试局域网或某台机器是否可达",[1009,2331,2332,2335],{},[1974,2333,2334],{"code":2334},"ping vlsi.zju.edu.cn","  → 先通过 DNS 解析域名，再测试连通性",[1009,2337,2338,2341],{},[1974,2339,2340],{"code":2340},"ping www.wikipedia.org","  → 测试到维基百科网站的网络状况",[1009,2343,2344,2321,2347],{},[1014,2345,2346],{},"工作原理",[1018,2348,2349,2352,2355],{},[1009,2350,2351],{},"发送 ICMP Echo Request（“回声请求”报文）",[1009,2353,2354],{},"对方若收到，会回复 ICMP Echo Reply（“回声应答”）",[1009,2356,2357,2358],{},"根据是否有回复、往返时间 RTT，判断：\n",[1018,2359,2360,2363],{},[1009,2361,2362],{},"目的是否可达",[1009,2364,2365],{},"延迟大概多少",[995,2367,2369],{"id":2368},"showing-setting-names-of-domain-and-host-查看-设置域名和主机名","Showing \u002F Setting Names of Domain and Host ｜ 查看 \u002F 设置「域名」和「主机名」",[1006,2371,2372,2398,2427],{},[1009,2373,2374,2377],{},[1014,2375,2376],{},"domainname 命令",[1018,2378,2379,2382,2385,2388],{},[1009,2380,2381],{},"功能：显示当前机器所在的「NIS\u002F域名」",[1009,2383,2384],{},"示例：",[1009,2386,2387],{},"piano% domainname\nvlsi.zju.edu.cn.",[1009,2389,2390,2391,2394,2395],{},"含义：这台叫 ",[1974,2392,2393],{"code":2393},"piano"," 的机器属于域 ",[1974,2396,2397],{"code":2397},"vlsi.zju.edu.cn",[1009,2399,2400,2403],{},[1014,2401,2402],{},"hostname 命令",[1018,2404,2405,2408,2410,2417],{},[1009,2406,2407],{},"功能：显示当前机器的「主机名」",[1009,2409,2384],{},[1009,2411,2412,2413,2416],{},"piano% hostname\npiano",[2414,2415],"br",{},"piccolo$ hostname\npiccolo",[1009,2418,2419,2420,2422,2423,2426],{},"含义：同一个域里可以有多台主机：",[1974,2421,2393],{"code":2393},"、",[1974,2424,2425],{"code":2425},"piccolo"," 等",[1009,2428],{},[991,2430,2431],{},[1146,2432],{"alt":1146,"src":2433},"\u002Fimg\u002FICCAD\u002FDetailCh4-08.png",[991,2435,2436],{},"用户名@主机名(hostname):当前工作目录$",[995,2438,2440,2441,2444],{"id":2439},"showing-setting-ip-addresses-of-computers-用-etchosts-管理-ip-和主机名","Showing \u002F Setting IP Addresses of Computers ｜ 用 ",[1974,2442,2443],{"code":2443},"\u002Fetc\u002Fhosts"," 管理 IP 和主机名",[1018,2446,2447,2467,2483],{},[1009,2448,2449,2452],{},[1014,2450,2451],{},"\u002Fetc\u002Fhosts 文件",[1018,2453,2454,2461,2464],{},[1009,2455,2456,2457,2460],{},"作用：保存 ",[1014,2458,2459],{},"IP 地址 ↔ 主机名"," 的对应关系",[1009,2462,2463],{},"例如：",[1009,2465,2466],{},"127.0.0.1      localhost\n10.14.111.204  baton\n10.14.111.205  organ\n10.14.111.206  piano  loghost\n10.14.111.207  violin\n10.14.111.208  viola\n...",[1009,2468,2469,2472],{},[1014,2470,2471],{},"查看内容",[1018,2473,2474,2480],{},[1009,2475,2476,2477],{},"命令：",[1974,2478,2479],{"code":2479},"cat \u002Fetc\u002Fhosts",[1009,2481,2482],{},"就能看到当前机器上配置的所有 IP\u002F主机名映射",[1009,2484,2485,2488],{},[1014,2486,2487],{},"使用示例",[1018,2489,2490,2496,2499,2502,2505],{},[1009,2491,2492,2493,2495],{},"因为 ",[1974,2494,2443],{"code":2443}," 里有：",[1009,2497,2498],{},"10.14.111.208  viola",[1009,2500,2501],{},"所以可以直接：",[1009,2503,2504],{},"ping viola",[1009,2506,2507,2508,2510,2511,2514],{},"系统会先在 ",[1974,2509,2443],{"code":2443}," 里查到 ",[1974,2512,2513],{"code":2513},"viola"," 对应 IP，再去 ping 这台机器。",[995,2516,2518],{"id":2517},"dns-服务器与名字解析","DNS 服务器与名字解析",[1340,2520,2521],{"type":1342},[1018,2522,2523,2545],{},[1009,2524,2525,2527,2528,2531,2532,2534,2535,2538,2539,2534,2541,2544],{},[1014,2526,1288],{},"（Domain Name System，",[1014,2529,2530],{},"域名系统","）是互联网的一项核心服务。它的作用是将人类容易记忆的",[1014,2533,2315],{},"（如 ",[1974,2536,2537],{"code":2537},"www.google.com","）转换为计算机能够识别的 ",[1014,2540,1698],{},[1974,2542,2543],{"code":2543},"172.217.161.68","），以便浏览器能够加载网络资源。",[1009,2546,2547,2550,2551,2554,2555,2558],{},[1014,2548,2549],{},"DHCP","（Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol，",[1014,2552,2553],{},"动态主机配置协议","）是一个局域网网络协议，主要用于",[1014,2556,2557],{},"自动","为网络中的设备分配 IP 地址及相关的网络配置参数。",[1018,2560,2561,2607,2633],{},[1009,2562,2563,2566,2569],{},[1014,2564,2565],{},"DNS 服务器配置：",[1974,2567,2568],{"code":2568},"\u002Fetc\u002Fresolv.conf",[1018,2570,2571,2574,2580],{},[1009,2572,2573],{},"保存要使用的 DNS 服务器 IP：",[1009,2575,2576,2579],{},[1974,2577,2578],{"code":2578},"cat \u002Fetc\u002Fresolv.conf","\nnameserver 10.10.0.21\nnameserver 10.214.1.201",[1009,2581,2582,2585],{},[1014,2583,2584],{},"DNS 可由 DHCP 自动下发",[1018,2586,2587,2600],{},[1009,2588,2589,2590],{},"连接到校园网、公司网、路由器时，DHCP 会自动给你（不用手动配置了）：\n",[1018,2591,2592,2594,2597],{},[1009,2593,1698],{},[1009,2595,2596],{},"网关",[1009,2598,2599],{},"DNS 服务器地址",[1009,2601,2602,2603,2606],{},"相关配置可在：",[1974,2604,2605],{"code":2605},"\u002Fetc\u002Fdhcp\u002Fdhclient.conf","中查看\u002F修改。",[1009,2608,2609,2612,1825,2614,2617],{},[1014,2610,2611],{},"查询域名：",[1974,2613,2308],{"code":2308},[1014,2615,2616],{},"命令",[1018,2618,2619,2622],{},[1009,2620,2621],{},"用 DNS 查询某域名的 IP：",[1009,2623,2624,2625,2629],{},"host ubuntu.com\n",[978,2626,2628],{"id":2627},"ubuntucom-has-address-18512519020","ubuntu.com has address 185.125.190.20",[978,2630,2632],{"id":2631},"ubuntucom-has-ipv6-address-26202d4000128","ubuntu.com has IPv6 address 2620:2d:4000:1::28",[1009,2634,2635,2638,2641],{},[1014,2636,2637],{},"名字解析顺序：",[1974,2639,2640],{"code":2640},"\u002Fetc\u002Fnsswitch.conf",[1018,2642,2643,2646,2649,2652],{},[1009,2644,2645],{},"决定系统先从哪里查主机名（本地文件 \u002F DNS \u002F 其它服务）",[1009,2647,2648],{},"示例行：",[1009,2650,2651],{},"hosts:  files nisplus dns mdns4",[1009,2653,2654,2655,2657],{},"含义：解析主机名时，先查 ",[1974,2656,2443],{"code":2443},"（files），再查 NIS+，再查 DNS，最后查 mDNS。",[991,2659,2660],{},[1146,2661],{"alt":1146,"src":2662},"\u002Fimg\u002FICCAD\u002FDetailCh4-09.png",[991,2664,2665],{},[1146,2666],{"alt":1146,"src":2667},"\u002Fimg\u002FICCAD\u002FDetailCh4-10.png",[995,2669,2671],{"id":2670},"network-configuring-commands-网络配置命令","Network Configuring Commands | 网络配置命令",[995,2673,2675,2676,2679],{"id":2674},"_1-ip-命令","1. ",[1974,2677,2678],{"code":2678},"ip"," 命令",[991,2681,2682,2683,2686],{},"这是 Linux 中最新、功能最强大的网络配置工具，它旨在取代旧的 ",[1974,2684,2685],{"code":2685},"ifconfig"," 等工具",[1018,2688,2689,2695],{},[1009,2690,2691,2694],{},[1014,2692,2693],{},"功能","：TCP\u002FIP 接口和路由工具”",[1009,2696,2697,2321,2700],{},[1014,2698,2699],{},"图示示例",[1018,2701,2702,2708,2714],{},[1009,2703,2704,2707],{},[1974,2705,2706],{"code":2706},"$ ip addr show",": 显示所有网络接口的 IP 地址信息。",[1009,2709,2710,2713],{},[1974,2711,2712],{"code":2712},"$ ip route show",": 显示内核的路由表（即数据包该往哪里发）。",[1009,2715,2716,2719],{},[1974,2717,2718],{"code":2718},"$ ip neighbor help",": 显示关于邻居表（ARP 缓存）管理的帮助信息。",[995,2721,2723,2724,2727,2728],{"id":2722},"_2-ifup-ifdown","2. ",[1974,2725,2726],{"code":2726},"ifup"," \u002F ",[1974,2729,2730],{"code":2730},"ifdown",[991,2732,2733],{},"这一组命令用于更高级别的网络接口管理。",[1018,2735,2736,2752],{},[1009,2737,2738,2321,2740],{},[1014,2739,2693],{},[1018,2741,2742,2747],{},[1009,2743,2744,2746],{},[1974,2745,2726],{"code":2726},": 激活（启动）指定的网络接口。",[1009,2748,2749,2751],{},[1974,2750,2730],{"code":2730},": 禁用（关闭）指定的网络接口。",[1009,2753,2754,2757,2758,2761,2762,2764],{},[1014,2755,2756],{},"重要细节","：图中提到它 \"",[1974,2759,2760],{"code":2760},"runs ip as per \u002Fetc\u002Fnetwork\u002Finterfaces","\"。这意味着这两个命令会读取系统配置文件，并根据文件中的配置自动执行底层的 ",[1974,2763,2678],{"code":2678}," 命令来设定网络。",[995,2766,2768,2769],{"id":2767},"_3-ifconfig","3. ",[1974,2770,2685],{"code":2685},[991,2772,2773],{},"这是一个经典（较老）的网络接口配置工具。",[1018,2775,2776],{},[1009,2777,2778,2780],{},[1014,2779,2693],{},"：用于配置、控制和查询 TCP\u002FIP 网络接口参数。",[995,2782,2784,2785],{"id":2783},"_4-netstat","4. ",[1974,2786,2787],{"code":2787},"netstat",[991,2789,2790],{},"这是一个用于监控网络状态的通用工具。",[1018,2792,2793,2798],{},[1009,2794,2795,2797],{},[1014,2796,2693],{},"：显示网络连接（如哪些端口正在监听，哪些 IP 连接到了本机）、路由表、接口统计数据、伪装连接（Masquerade）和多播成员。",[1009,2799,2800,2321,2803],{},[1014,2801,2802],{},"图示参数建议",[1018,2804,2805,2811,2817],{},[1009,2806,2807,2810],{},[1974,2808,2809],{"code":2809},"-r",": 显示路由表 (Routing table)。",[1009,2812,2813,2816],{},[1974,2814,2815],{"code":2815},"-i",": 显示网络接口统计信息 (Interfaces)。",[1009,2818,2819,2822],{},[1974,2820,2821],{"code":2821},"-s",": 显示每种协议的统计摘要 (Statistics)。",[983,2824,2826],{"id":2825},"useful-remote-connection-utilities-实用的远程连接工具","Useful Remote Connection Utilities | 实用的远程连接工具",[1006,2828,2829],{},[1009,2830,2831,2832],{},"早期工具（基本都不安全）\n",[1018,2833,2834,2840],{},[1009,2835,2836,2839],{},[1974,2837,2838],{"code":2838},"ftp [options] host","  transfer file(s) using file transfer protocol",[1009,2841,2842,2845],{},[1974,2843,2844],{"code":2844},"telnet [host [port]]"," communicate with host using telnet protocol",[991,2847,2848],{},"Are they secured? Any user\u002Fpasswd information on network?",[991,2850,2851],{},"问题：账号和密码明文传输",[1006,2853,2854,2912],{"start":1611},[1009,2855,2856,2857],{},"远程登录 \u002F 远程执行\n",[1018,2858,2859,2872,2885,2902],{},[1009,2860,2861,2864],{},[1974,2862,2863],{"code":2863},"rlogin \u002F rsh",[1018,2865,2866,2869],{},[1009,2867,2868],{},"早期远程登录、远程执行命令的工具（也不安全）",[1009,2870,2871],{},"login\u002Fshell execution remotely on another machine;",[1009,2873,2874,2877],{},[1974,2875,2876],{"code":2876},"ssh",[1018,2878,2879,2882],{},[1009,2880,2881],{},"remote login or remote execution using secure shell",[1009,2883,2884],{},"安全的远程登录、远程执行命令、加密传输.",[1009,2886,2887,2890],{},[1974,2888,2889],{"code":2889},"rcp\u002Fscp",[1018,2891,2892,2895],{},[1009,2893,2894],{},"remotely copy files from this machine to another machine;",[1009,2896,2897,2898,2901],{},"功能：从本机复制文件到远程机器，或反向复制; ",[1974,2899,2900],{"code":2900},"scp"," 基于 SSH，传输加密，常用",[1009,2903,2904,2907],{},[1974,2905,2906],{"code":2906},"rsync",[1018,2908,2909],{},[1009,2910,2911],{},"功能：在检查内容后智能地通过网络复制文件。",[1009,2913,2914,2915],{},"通过网络下载 \u002F 访问内容\n",[1018,2916,2917,2927,2940],{},[1009,2918,2919,2922],{},[1974,2920,2921],{"code":2921},"curl",[1018,2923,2924],{},[1009,2925,2926],{},"transfer a URL via HTTP, FTP, IMAP, etc",[1009,2928,2929,2932],{},[1974,2930,2931],{"code":2931},"wget",[1018,2933,2934,2937],{},[1009,2935,2936],{},"download files over the Internet via HTTP or FTP",[1009,2938,2939],{},"通过 HTTP\u002FFTP 下载文件，可断点续传、递归下载网站",[1009,2941,2942,2945],{},[1974,2943,2944],{"code":2944},"lynx \u002F links",[1018,2946,2947,2950],{},[1009,2948,2949],{},"text-mode (mini) web browser",[1009,2951,2952],{},"纯文本模式的“小型浏览器”，在终端里浏览网页（无图形界面）",[995,2954,2956],{"id":2955},"ssh-application-ssh-应用","ssh Application | ssh 应用",[1006,2958,2959,2962],{},[1009,2960,2961],{},"基本用法",[1009,2963,2964,2965,2969,2970,2973],{},"ssh ",[2966,2967,2968],"span",{},"-l username"," hostname ",[2966,2971,2972],{},"command",[1018,2974,2975,2984,2990],{},[1009,2976,2977,2979,2980,2983],{},[1974,2978,2968],{"code":2968},"：指定 ",[1014,2981,2982],{},"远程登录的用户名","（不写就用本机当前用户）",[1009,2985,2986,2989],{},[1974,2987,2988],{"code":2988},"hostname","：远程主机名或 IP",[1009,2991,2992,2995],{},[1974,2993,2994],{"code":2994},"[command]","：可选；如果写了，只在远程执行这条命令然后退出；不写则进入远程交互式 shell",[1457,2997],{},[1006,2999,3000],{"start":1611},[1009,3001,3002],{},"示例1 ：远程登录",[991,3004,3005],{},"banjo% ssh -l shiz viola",[991,3007,3008],{},"shiz@viola's password: ********",[991,3010,3011],{},"Last login: Thu Nov 29 20:25:52 from piano",[991,3013,3014],{},"viola%",[1018,3016,3017,3030],{},[1009,3018,3019,3020,3023,3024,3027,3028],{},"从主机 ",[1014,3021,3022],{},"banjo","，以用户 ",[1014,3025,3026],{},"shiz"," 登录到主机 ",[1014,3029,2513],{},[1009,3031,3032,3033,3035,3036,3038],{},"输入密码后，拿到 ",[1974,3034,3014],{"code":3014}," 提示符 → 已经在远程机 ",[1014,3037,2513],{}," 上操作",[1457,3040],{},[1006,3042,3043],{"start":1641},[1009,3044,3045],{},"示例 2：远程执行一条命令",[991,3047,3048],{},"steve@piccolo:~$ ssh violin who",[991,3050,3051],{},"steve@violin's password: ********",[991,3053,3054],{},"root tty2 Jul 24 07:19",[991,3056,3057],{},"lena tty3 Jul 23 22:24",[991,3059,3060],{},"lena :0  Jul 25 22:03",[1018,3062,3063,3076,3086],{},[1009,3064,3065,3066,3069,3070,3072,3073],{},"本地用户 ",[1014,3067,3068],{},"steve"," 在机器 ",[1014,3071,2425],{}," 上执行\n",[1974,3074,3075],{"code":3075},"ssh violin who",[1009,3077,3078,3079,3082,3083,2679],{},"连接到主机 ",[1014,3080,3081],{},"violin","，在远程运行 ",[1974,3084,3085],{"code":3085},"who",[1009,3087,3088],{},"打印出远程机上当前登录用户列表，随后自动退出 ssh",[995,3090,3092],{"id":3091},"scp-copying-from-machine-to-machine-scp-应用","scp - Copying from Machine to Machine | scp 应用",[1006,3094,3095],{},[1009,3096,3097,3098],{},"Synopsis ｜ 概要\n",[1018,3099,3100,3119],{},[1009,3101,3102,3105],{},[1974,3103,3104],{"code":3104},"scp [ -pr ] [other network options] file1 file2",[1018,3106,3107,3113],{},[1009,3108,3109,3112],{},[1974,3110,3111],{"code":3111},"file1","：源（可以是本地也可以是远程）",[1009,3114,3115,3118],{},[1974,3116,3117],{"code":3117},"file2","：目的地（可以是本地也可以是远程）",[1009,3120,3121,3122],{},"常用选项：\n",[1018,3123,3124,3130],{},[1009,3125,3126,3129],{},[1974,3127,3128],{"code":3128},"-p","：保留原文件的时间戳、权限等属性",[1009,3131,3132,3134],{},[1974,3133,2809],{"code":2809},"：递归复制目录（整文件夹拷过去）",[991,3136,3137,3139,3140,3143],{},[1974,3138,2900],{"code":2900}," 底层走 ",[1014,3141,3142],{},"SSH","，所以是加密传输",[1006,3145,3146],{"start":1611},[1009,3147,3148,3149],{},"Remote file (directory is file too) name forms ｜ 远程文件的写法\n",[1018,3150,3151,3154,3157],{},[1009,3152,3153],{},"hostname:file",[1009,3155,3156],{},"username@hostname:file",[1009,3158,3159,3164],{},[3160,3161,3163],"a",{"href":3162},"mailto:username@host.domain","username@host.domain",":file",[988,3166,3167],{},[991,3168,3169,3170,3173],{},"一般常用：",[1974,3171,3172],{"code":3172},"scp 本地文件  user@远程主机:路径"," 或反过来。",[995,3175,3177],{"id":3176},"ftp-file-transfer-protocol","FTP - File Transfer Protocol",[991,3179,3180,3181],{},"FTP 是一种文件传输协议、",[1014,3182,3183],{},"应用层协议",[1006,3185,3186,3204,3228,3274],{},[1009,3187,3188,3191],{},[1014,3189,3190],{},"FTP 是什么？",[1018,3192,3193],{},[1009,3194,3195,3196,3200,3201,3203],{},"FTP = ",[3197,3198,3199],"em",{},"File Transfer Protocol","，一种 ",[1014,3202,3183],{},"，专门用来在网络上传文件。",[1009,3205,3206,3209],{},[1014,3207,3208],{},"FTP 服务端（Server）",[1018,3210,3211,3218],{},[1009,3212,3213,3214,3217],{},"提供 FTP 服务的，是后台的 ",[1014,3215,3216],{},"网络服务守护进程","（daemon）。",[1009,3219,3220,3221,2727,3224,3227],{},"常由 ",[1974,3222,3223],{"code":3223},"inetd",[1974,3225,3226],{"code":3226},"xinetd"," 这类“超级守护进程”负责管理、启动。",[1009,3229,3230,3233],{},[1014,3231,3232],{},"FTP 客户端（Client）类型",[1018,3234,3235,3251],{},[1009,3236,3237,3240],{},[1014,3238,3239],{},"图形界面（GUI）客户端",[1018,3241,3242,3245,3248],{},[1009,3243,3244],{},"Windows：WinSCP、FileZilla",[1009,3246,3247],{},"Unix\u002FLinux：gftp、filezilla",[1009,3249,3250],{},"像文件管理器一样拖拽上传\u002F下载，适合日常使用。",[1009,3252,3253,1825,3256,3259],{},[1014,3254,3255],{},"命令行客户端",[1974,3257,3258],{"code":3258},"ftp",[1018,3260,3261],{},[1009,3262,3263,3264,2422,3267,2422,3270,3273],{},"在 Unix \u002F Linux 上很常见，需要会基本用法（",[1974,3265,3266],{"code":3266},"ftp host",[1974,3268,3269],{"code":3269},"get",[1974,3271,3272],{"code":3272},"put"," 等）。",[1009,3275,3276,3279],{},[1014,3277,3278],{},"补充：主动 \u002F 被动模式",[1018,3280,3281,3288],{},[1009,3282,3283,3284,3287],{},"PPT 提到：",[1974,3285,3286],{"code":3286},"active \u002F passive mode"," 是另一个话题",[1009,3289,3290],{},"指 FTP 建立数据连接的两种方式，会影响穿防火墙\u002F代理的行为。",[1457,3292],{},[1747,3294,2961],{"id":2961},[1018,3296,3297,3300,3323],{},[1009,3298,3299],{},"启动方式",[1009,3301,3302,3303,3305],{},"ftp ",[2966,3304,2308],{},[1018,3306,3307,3314],{},[1009,3308,3309,3310,3313],{},"例：",[1974,3311,3312],{"code":3312},"ftp vlsi.zju.edu.cn","  直接连到远程 FTP 服务器",[1009,3315,3309,3316,3318,3319,3322],{},[1974,3317,3258],{"code":3258},"  先进入 ftp 交互模式，再用 ",[1974,3320,3321],{"code":3321},"open host"," 连接",[1009,3324,3325,3326,3329,3330,3333],{},"在 ",[1974,3327,3328],{"code":3328},"ftp>"," 提示符下输入 ",[1974,3331,3332],{"code":3332},"help"," 可查看所有子命令。",[1457,3335],{},[1747,3337,3339],{"id":3338},"常用-ftp-子命令","常用 ftp 子命令",[1018,3341,3342,3350,3359,3386,3396,3402,3410,3418,3424],{},[1009,3343,3344,2727,3346,3349],{},[1974,3345,3321],{"code":3321},[1974,3347,3348],{"code":3348},"close","\n连接 \u002F 断开 FTP 服务器",[1009,3351,3352,2727,3355,3358],{},[1974,3353,3354],{"code":3354},"ascii",[1974,3356,3357],{"code":3357},"binary","\n选择传输模式：文本 \u002F 二进制（程序、图片一定要 binary）",[1009,3360,3361,2727,3364,3367],{},[1974,3362,3363],{"code":3363},"cd",[1974,3365,3366],{"code":3366},"lcd",[1018,3368,3369,3378],{},[1009,3370,3371,3373,3374,3377],{},[1974,3372,3363],{"code":3363},"：切换 ",[1014,3375,3376],{},"远程"," 目录（Server）",[1009,3379,3380,3373,3382,3385],{},[1974,3381,3366],{"code":3366},[1014,3383,3384],{},"本地"," 目录（Client）",[1009,3387,3388,3391,3392,3395],{},[1974,3389,3390],{"code":3390},"!","\n暂时跳回本地 shell 执行命令，例如 ",[1974,3393,3394],{"code":3394},"!ls"," 查看本地目录",[1009,3397,3398,3401],{},[1974,3399,3400],{"code":3400},"ls","\n查看远程当前目录内容",[1009,3403,3404,2727,3406,3409],{},[1974,3405,3269],{"code":3269},[1974,3407,3408],{"code":3408},"mget","\n下载 1 个 \u002F 多个文件（multi-get）",[1009,3411,3412,2727,3414,3417],{},[1974,3413,3272],{"code":3272},[1974,3415,3416],{"code":3416},"mput","\n上传 1 个 \u002F 多个文件",[1009,3419,3420,3423],{},[1974,3421,3422],{"code":3422},"verbose","\n打开\u002F关闭详细输出",[1009,3425,3426,2727,3429,3432],{},[1974,3427,3428],{"code":3428},"bye",[1974,3430,3431],{"code":3431},"quit","\n退出 ftp 会话",[991,3434,3435],{},"匿名登陆如何拼写！！！",[1457,3437],{},[1747,3439,3441],{"id":3440},"ftp-sample一次文件上传示例","ftp Sample：一次文件上传示例",[991,3443,3444],{},"ftp ftp.tsmc.com        # 连接服务器",[991,3446,3447],{},"...                     # 输入用户名\u002F密码",[991,3449,3450],{},"passwd: ********",[991,3452,3453],{},"ls                      # 看远程当前目录",[991,3455,3456],{},"cd \u002Fupload              # 切换到远程的 \u002Fupload 目录",[991,3458,3459],{},"lcd \u002Fhome\u002Fmy_home\u002Fgds_files  # 切到本地存放文件的目录",[991,3461,3462],{},"!ls                     # 在本地列出要上传的文件",[991,3464,3465],{},"binary                  # 切换为二进制传输模式",[991,3467,3468],{},"mkdir my_upload         # 在远程创建目录 my_upload",[991,3470,3471],{},"cd my_upload            # 进入远程 my_upload 目录",[991,3473,3474],{},"mput *.gds2             # 批量上传所有 .gds2 文件",[991,3476,3477],{},"ls                      # 再次查看远程目录确认上传成功",[991,3479,3480],{},"bye                     # 退出 ftp",[988,3482,3483],{},[991,3484,3485,3486,1473],{},"整体流程：",[1014,3487,3488],{},"连接 → 调好本地\u002F远程目录 → 设为 binary → 上传文件 → 检查 → 退出",[995,3490,3492],{"id":3491},"http-server-and-browser","HTTP Server and Browser",[1018,3494,3495,3506,3520,3534],{},[1009,3496,3497,3500,3501],{},[1014,3498,3499],{},"HTTP","：Hyper Text Transfer Protocol\n",[1018,3502,3503],{},[1009,3504,3505],{},"一种网络协议，用来在 Web 上传输网页、图片等超文本内容。",[1009,3507,3508,3511,3512],{},[1014,3509,3510],{},"URL","：Uniform Resource Locator\n",[1018,3513,3514],{},[1009,3515,3516,3517,1473],{},"统一资源定位符，即我们说的“网址”，用来在 HTTP 中指明",[1014,3518,3519],{},"具体资源的位置",[1009,3521,3522,3525],{},[1014,3523,3524],{},"Unix 上常见的 HTTP 服务器",[1018,3526,3527],{},[1009,3528,3529,3530,3533],{},"Apache HTTP Server（程序名常叫 ",[1974,3531,3532],{"code":3532},"httpd","）",[1009,3535,3536,3539],{},[1014,3537,3538],{},"Unix 上的浏览器（负责解释 HTML\u002F使用 HTTP）",[1018,3540,3541,3544,3547],{},[1009,3542,3543],{},"早期：Mosaic",[1009,3545,3546],{},"后来：Netscape Navigator \u002F Mozilla \u002F Firefox \u002F Chrome \u002F Safari",[1009,3548,3549],{},"还有纯文本模式的浏览器：lynx、links 等",[1457,3551],{},[995,3553,3555],{"id":3554},"mail-in-unix-environment","Mail in Unix Environment",[1018,3557,3558,3561,3572,3581,3604],{},[1009,3559,3560],{},"发送邮件命令：",[1009,3562,3563,3564],{},"mail address_list\n",[1018,3565,3566],{},[1009,3567,3568,3569],{},"地址格式一般：",[1974,3570,3571],{"code":3571},"username@hostname.domainname",[1009,3573,3574,2298,3577,3580],{},[1014,3575,3576],{},"邮件服务器软件",[1974,3578,3579],{"code":3579},"sendmail","（负责收发、转发邮件）",[1009,3582,3583,3586],{},[1014,3584,3585],{},"远程收发邮件使用的协议",[1018,3587,3588,3595],{},[1009,3589,3590,3591,3594],{},"发送：",[1014,3592,3593],{},"SMTP","（Simple Mail Transfer Protocol）",[1009,3596,3597,3598,2312,3601],{},"接收：",[1014,3599,3600],{},"POP3",[1014,3602,3603],{},"IMAP",[1009,3605,3606,3609],{},[1014,3607,3608],{},"图形界面邮件客户端示例",[1018,3610,3611,3614,3617],{},[1009,3612,3613],{},"Netscape Composer",[1009,3615,3616],{},"Mozilla Thunderbird",[1009,3618,3619],{},"Evolution 等",[983,3621,3622],{"id":3622},"微信公众号文章",{"title":3624,"searchDepth":1678,"depth":1678,"links":3625},"",[3626],{"id":980,"depth":1611,"text":981,"children":3627},[3628,3632,3642,3664,3675],{"id":985,"depth":1641,"text":986,"children":3629},[3630,3631],{"id":997,"depth":1678,"text":998},{"id":1151,"depth":1678,"text":1152},{"id":1373,"depth":1641,"text":1374,"children":3633},[3634,3635,3636,3640,3641],{"id":1461,"depth":1678,"text":1462},{"id":1586,"depth":1678,"text":1587},{"id":1744,"depth":1678,"text":1745,"children":3637},[3638,3639],{"id":1749,"depth":1708,"text":1750},{"id":1776,"depth":1708,"text":1777},{"id":1877,"depth":1678,"text":1878},{"id":1946,"depth":1678,"text":1947},{"id":1955,"depth":1641,"text":1956,"children":3643},[3644,3650,3651,3652,3654,3655,3656,3658,3660,3662],{"id":1959,"depth":1678,"text":1960,"children":3645},[3646,3647,3648,3649],{"id":1963,"depth":1708,"text":1964},{"id":1996,"depth":1708,"text":1997},{"id":2116,"depth":1708,"text":2116},{"id":2167,"depth":1708,"text":2168},{"id":2283,"depth":1678,"text":2284},{"id":2368,"depth":1678,"text":2369},{"id":2439,"depth":1678,"text":3653},"Showing \u002F Setting IP Addresses of Computers ｜ 用 \u002Fetc\u002Fhosts 管理 IP 和主机名",{"id":2517,"depth":1678,"text":2518},{"id":2670,"depth":1678,"text":2671},{"id":2674,"depth":1678,"text":3657},"1. ip 命令",{"id":2722,"depth":1678,"text":3659},"2. ifup \u002F ifdown",{"id":2767,"depth":1678,"text":3661},"3. ifconfig",{"id":2783,"depth":1678,"text":3663},"4. netstat",{"id":2825,"depth":1641,"text":2826,"children":3665},[3666,3667,3668,3673,3674],{"id":2955,"depth":1678,"text":2956},{"id":3091,"depth":1678,"text":3092},{"id":3176,"depth":1678,"text":3177,"children":3669},[3670,3671,3672],{"id":2961,"depth":1708,"text":2961},{"id":3338,"depth":1708,"text":3339},{"id":3440,"depth":1708,"text":3441},{"id":3491,"depth":1678,"text":3492},{"id":3554,"depth":1678,"text":3555},{"id":3622,"depth":1641,"text":3622},[903],"计算机网络：详细版笔记","md",null,{"slots":3681},{},{"text":239,"minutes":426,"time":427,"words":428},{"title":423,"description":3677},{"loc":422,"images":3685},[3686,3687,3688,3689,3690,3691,3692,3693,3694,3695],{"loc":1148},{"loc":1379},{"loc":1467},{"loc":1583},{"loc":1883},{"loc":1952},{"loc":2012},{"loc":2433},{"loc":2662},{"loc":2667},[3697,3698],"Linux","课程笔记","tech","LwwCT3NO2_egG9U9BOE6be68Uw4JXlrIHN6XUnpvc2o",[3702,3703],{"title":413,"path":412,"stem":411,"date":414,"type":3699,"children":-1},{"title":432,"path":431,"stem":430,"date":433,"type":3699,"children":-1},1789057284287]