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19:39:00",{"text":60,"minutes":200,"time":201,"words":202},0.535,32100,107,{"stem":204,"path":205,"title":206,"date":207,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":208},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F1.microelectronic-devices\u002FLecture10","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Fmicroelectronic-devices\u002Flecture10","Lecture 10：从 MOS 电容到 MOSFET","2026-09-10 00:10:00",{"text":209,"minutes":210,"time":211,"words":212},"18 min read",17.615,1056900,3523,{"stem":214,"path":215,"title":216,"date":217,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":218},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F1.microelectronic-devices\u002FLecture11","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Fmicroelectronic-devices\u002Flecture11","Lecture 11：亚阈值效应与 MOSFET 尺寸缩放","2026-09-10 00:20:00",{"text":219,"minutes":220,"time":221,"words":222},"23 min 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00:50:00",{"text":21,"minutes":51,"time":52,"words":53},{"stem":340,"path":341,"title":342,"date":198,"collapsed":343,"readingTime":344},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F1.microelectronic-devices\u002Findex","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Fmicroelectronic-devices","微电子器件",true,{"text":158,"minutes":345,"time":346,"words":347},3.055,183300,611,{"stem":349,"path":350,"title":351,"date":352,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":353},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F2.ICCAD\u002F1.HistoryMetaCharacters","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Ficcad\u002Fhistorymetacharacters","History & Meta Characters","2026-09-10 20:25:44",{"text":269,"minutes":354,"time":355,"words":356},9.36,561600,1872,{"stem":358,"path":359,"title":360,"date":361,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":362},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F2.ICCAD\u002F10.PastExams\u002F1.ExamAutumn2223","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Ficcad\u002Fpastexams\u002Fexamautumn2223","22-23 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20:27:54",{"text":209,"minutes":454,"time":455,"words":456},17.85,1071000,3570,{"stem":458,"path":459,"title":460,"date":461,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":462},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F2.ICCAD\u002F11.Detailed\u002F8.Chapter8-CProgrammingInUnix","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Ficcad\u002Fdetailed\u002Fchapter8-cprogramminginunix","Chapter 8：C Programming in Unix","2026-09-10 20:27:57",{"text":463,"minutes":464,"time":465,"words":466},"17 min read",16.855,1011300,3371,{"stem":468,"path":469,"title":470,"date":471,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":472},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F2.ICCAD\u002F2.LinuxUnix","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Ficcad\u002Flinuxunix","Linux & Unix","2026-09-10 20:25:46",{"text":41,"minutes":473,"time":474,"words":475},29.33,1759800,5866,{"stem":477,"path":478,"title":479,"date":480,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":481},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F2.ICCAD\u002F3.Vi","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Ficcad\u002Fvi","Vi","2026-09-10 20:25:47",{"text":329,"minutes":482,"time":483,"words":484},7.95,477000,1590,{"stem":486,"path":487,"title":488,"date":489,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":490},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F2.ICCAD\u002F4.ViCopy","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Ficcad\u002Fvicopy","Vi（详细版）","2026-09-10 20:25:49",{"text":279,"minutes":491,"time":492,"words":493},13.785,827100,2757,{"stem":495,"path":496,"title":497,"date":498,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":499},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F2.ICCAD\u002F5.Shells","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Ficcad\u002Fshells","Shells","2026-09-10 20:25:51",{"text":500,"minutes":501,"time":502,"words":503},"22 min read",21.21,1272600,4242,{"stem":505,"path":506,"title":507,"date":508,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":509},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F2.ICCAD\u002F6.Network","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Ficcad\u002Fnetwork","Network","2026-09-10 20:25:54",{"text":319,"minutes":510,"time":511,"words":512},20.595,1235700,4119,{"stem":514,"path":515,"title":516,"date":517,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":518},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F2.ICCAD\u002F7.SystemAdministration","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Ficcad\u002Fsystemadministration","System Administration","2026-09-10 20:26:44",{"text":329,"minutes":519,"time":520,"words":521},7.12,427200,1424,{"stem":523,"path":524,"title":525,"date":526,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":527},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F2.ICCAD\u002F8.XWindow","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Ficcad\u002Fxwindow","XWindow","2026-09-10 20:26:45",{"text":97,"minutes":528,"time":529,"words":530},5.105,306300,1021,{"stem":532,"path":533,"title":534,"date":535,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":536},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F2.ICCAD\u002F9.SystemDevelopmentTools","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Ficcad\u002Fsystemdevelopmenttools","System Development Tools","2026-09-10 20:26:47",{"text":387,"minutes":537,"time":538,"words":539},11.35,681000,2270,{"stem":541,"path":542,"title":543,"date":544,"collapsed":343,"readingTime":545},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F2.ICCAD\u002Findex","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Ficcad","面向 ICCAD 的软件基础技术","2026-09-10 12:37:00",{"text":60,"minutes":546,"time":547,"words":548},0.185,11100,37,{"stem":550,"path":551,"title":552,"date":553,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":554},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F3.HDL\u002FFeiQilai1","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Fhdl\u002Ffeiqilai1","飞起来1.0","2026-09-10 12:51:49",{"text":555,"minutes":556,"time":557,"words":558},"105 min read",104.655,6279300,20931,{"stem":560,"path":561,"title":562,"date":563,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":564},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F3.HDL\u002FFeiQilai2","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Fhdl\u002Ffeiqilai2","飞起来2.0","2026-09-10 12:52:06",{"text":565,"minutes":566,"time":567,"words":568},"29 min read",28.755,1725300,5751,{"stem":570,"path":571,"title":572,"date":573,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":574},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F3.HDL\u002FFeiQilai3","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Fhdl\u002Ffeiqilai3","飞起来3.0","2026-09-10 12:52:12",{"text":116,"minutes":575,"time":576,"words":577},4.49,269400,898,{"stem":579,"path":580,"title":581,"date":582,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":583},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F3.HDL\u002FLecture13","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Fhdl\u002Flecture13","Lecture 13：浮点数标准","2026-09-10 12:51:27",{"text":11,"minutes":584,"time":585,"words":586},2.575,154500,515,{"stem":588,"path":589,"title":590,"date":591,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":592},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F3.HDL\u002FLecture6","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Fhdl\u002Flecture6","Lecture 6：Behavioral Modeling，非阻塞赋值","2026-09-10 12:51:12",{"text":97,"minutes":593,"time":594,"words":595},5.34,320400,1068,{"stem":597,"path":598,"title":599,"date":600,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":601},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F3.HDL\u002FPPTCorrespondence","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Fhdl\u002Fpptcorrespondence","与PPT的对应","2026-09-10 12:52:18",{"text":269,"minutes":602,"time":603,"words":604},9.275,556500,1855,{"stem":606,"path":607,"title":608,"date":544,"collapsed":343,"readingTime":609},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F3.HDL\u002Findex","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Fhdl","硬件描述语言原理与应用",{"text":60,"minutes":61,"time":62,"words":63},{"stem":611,"path":612,"title":613,"date":614,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":615},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F4.analogICDesign\u002F1.BeforeMidterm","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Fanalogicdesign\u002Fbeforemidterm","期中前","2026-09-10 20:28:52",{"text":616,"minutes":617,"time":618,"words":619},"11 min read",10.835,650100,2167,{"stem":621,"path":622,"title":623,"date":624,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":625},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F4.analogICDesign\u002F2.MidtermExam2425","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Fanalogicdesign\u002Fmidtermexam2425","24-25 期中","2026-09-10 20:29:00",{"text":21,"minutes":626,"time":627,"words":628},1.22,73200,244,{"stem":630,"path":631,"title":632,"date":633,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":634},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F4.analogICDesign\u002F3.FinalExamReview","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Fanalogicdesign\u002Ffinalexamreview","期末考试整理","2026-09-10 20:29:09",{"text":387,"minutes":635,"time":636,"words":637},11.36,681600,2272,{"stem":639,"path":640,"title":641,"date":642,"collapsed":343,"readingTime":643},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F4.analogICDesign\u002Findex","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn\u002Fanalogicdesign","模拟集成电路设计","2026-09-10 20:00:00",{"text":80,"minutes":81,"time":81,"words":81},{"stem":645,"path":646,"title":647,"date":78,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":648},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002Findex","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-autumn","大三秋冬",{"text":80,"minutes":81,"time":81,"words":81},{"stem":650,"path":651,"title":652,"date":653,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":654},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F5.junior-spring\u002F1.digitalICDesign\u002F1.Chapter3-Device","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-spring\u002Fdigitalicdesign\u002Fchapter3-device","Chapter 3：器件 Device","2026-09-10 21:14:41",{"text":249,"minutes":655,"time":656,"words":657},6.055,363300,1211,{"stem":659,"path":660,"title":661,"date":653,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":662},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F5.junior-spring\u002F1.digitalICDesign\u002F10.Chapter12-Arithmetic","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-spring\u002Fdigitalicdesign\u002Fchapter12-arithmetic","Chapter 12：算术运算电路 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期中试题",{"text":80,"minutes":81,"time":81,"words":81},{"stem":693,"path":694,"title":695,"date":653,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":696},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F5.junior-spring\u002F1.digitalICDesign\u002F13.PastExams\u002F3.FinalPolished","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-spring\u002Fdigitalicdesign\u002Fpastexams\u002Ffinalpolished","期末历年卷（AI 润色版）",{"text":21,"minutes":697,"time":698,"words":699},1.575,94500,315,{"stem":701,"path":702,"title":703,"date":653,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":704},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F5.junior-spring\u002F1.digitalICDesign\u002F14.ExamRecall2026","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-spring\u002Fdigitalicdesign\u002Fexamrecall2026","数字集成电路回忆 2026",{"text":60,"minutes":705,"time":706,"words":707},0.49,29400,98,{"stem":709,"path":710,"title":711,"date":653,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":712},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F5.junior-spring\u002F1.digitalICDesign\u002F2.Chapter4-Wire","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-spring\u002Fdigitalicdesign\u002Fchapter4-wire","Chapter 4：导线 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Gate",{"text":31,"minutes":729,"time":730,"words":731},8.635,518100,1727,{"stem":733,"path":734,"title":735,"date":653,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":736},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F5.junior-spring\u002F1.digitalICDesign\u002F5.Chapter7-SequentialLogic","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-spring\u002Fdigitalicdesign\u002Fchapter7-sequentiallogic","Chapter 7：时序逻辑 Sequential Logic",{"text":463,"minutes":737,"time":738,"words":739},16.645,998700,3329,{"stem":741,"path":742,"title":743,"date":653,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":744},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F5.junior-spring\u002F1.digitalICDesign\u002F6.Chapter8-Speed","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-spring\u002Fdigitalicdesign\u002Fchapter8-speed","Chapter 8：延迟与速度 Speed",{"text":745,"minutes":746,"time":747,"words":748},"33 min read",32.885,1973100,6577,{"stem":750,"path":751,"title":752,"date":653,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":753},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F5.junior-spring\u002F1.digitalICDesign\u002F7.Chapter9-Power","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-spring\u002Fdigitalicdesign\u002Fchapter9-power","Chapter 9：功耗 Power",{"text":754,"minutes":755,"time":756,"words":757},"31 min read",31.005,1860300,6201,{"stem":759,"path":760,"title":761,"date":653,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":762},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F5.junior-spring\u002F1.digitalICDesign\u002F8.Chapter10-Interconnect","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-spring\u002Fdigitalicdesign\u002Fchapter10-interconnect","Chapter 10：互连 Interconnect",{"text":463,"minutes":763,"time":764,"words":765},16.32,979200,3264,{"stem":767,"path":768,"title":769,"date":653,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":770},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F5.junior-spring\u002F1.digitalICDesign\u002F9.Chapter11-Timing","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-spring\u002Fdigitalicdesign\u002Fchapter11-timing","Chapter 11：时序 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read",43.985,2639100,8797,{"stem":824,"path":825,"title":826,"date":653,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":827},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F5.junior-spring\u002F2.computerOrganization\u002F14.L15","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-spring\u002Fcomputerorganization\u002Fl15","L15：期末复习问答",{"text":269,"minutes":828,"time":829,"words":830},9.105,546300,1821,{"stem":832,"path":833,"title":834,"date":653,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":835},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F5.junior-spring\u002F2.computerOrganization\u002F2.L2-Binary","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-spring\u002Fcomputerorganization\u002Fl2-binary","L2：二进制数制",{"text":80,"minutes":81,"time":81,"words":81},{"stem":837,"path":838,"title":839,"date":653,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":840},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F5.junior-spring\u002F2.computerOrganization\u002F3.L3-CMemory","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-spring\u002Fcomputerorganization\u002Fl3-cmemory","L3：C 语言与内存模型",{"text":841,"minutes":842,"time":843,"words":844},"98 min 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Design",{"text":269,"minutes":860,"time":861,"words":862},9.955,597300,1991,{"stem":864,"path":865,"title":866,"date":653,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":867},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F5.junior-spring\u002F2.computerOrganization\u002F7.L6a-SingleCycle","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-spring\u002Fcomputerorganization\u002Fl6a-singlecycle","L6a：单周期处理器设计",{"text":219,"minutes":868,"time":869,"words":870},22.125,1327500,4425,{"stem":872,"path":873,"title":874,"date":653,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":875},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F5.junior-spring\u002F2.computerOrganization\u002F8.L6b-Microcode","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-spring\u002Fcomputerorganization\u002Fl6b-microcode","L6b：微码处理器架构",{"text":387,"minutes":876,"time":877,"words":878},11.86,711600,2372,{"stem":880,"path":881,"title":882,"date":653,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":883},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F5.junior-spring\u002F2.computerOrganization\u002F9.L7-Pipeline","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-spring\u002Fcomputerorganization\u002Fl7-pipeline","L7：流水线处理器",{"text":177,"minutes":884,"time":885,"words":886},44.505,2670300,8901,{"stem":888,"path":889,"title":890,"date":653,"collapsed":343,"readingTime":891},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F5.junior-spring\u002F2.computerOrganization\u002Findex","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-spring\u002Fcomputerorganization","计算机组成与系统结构",{"text":60,"minutes":892,"time":893,"words":894},0.12,7200,24,{"stem":896,"path":897,"title":898,"date":78,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":899},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002F5.junior-spring\u002Findex","\u002Fugcourses\u002Fjunior-spring","大三春夏",{"text":80,"minutes":81,"time":81,"words":81},{"stem":901,"path":902,"title":903,"date":78,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":904},"posts\u002FUGCourses\u002Findex","\u002Fugcourses","本科课程",{"text":80,"minutes":81,"time":81,"words":81},{"stem":906,"path":907,"title":908,"date":909,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":910},"posts\u002Fubuntu\u002F1.config","\u002Fubuntu\u002Fconfig","ubuntu 系统配置","2025-08-26 19:38:06",{"text":158,"minutes":911,"time":912,"words":913},3.815,228900,763,{"stem":915,"path":916,"title":917,"date":918,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":919},"posts\u002Fubuntu\u002F2.cadence\u002F1.mmsim","\u002Fubuntu\u002Fcadence\u002Fmmsim","在 Ubuntu 24.04 上安装 Cadence MMSIM 15.1 的兼容性问题","2026-09-09 14:06:40",{"text":158,"minutes":920,"time":921,"words":922},3.5,210000,700,{"stem":924,"path":925,"title":926,"date":918,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":927},"posts\u002Fubuntu\u002F2.cadence\u002F2.innovus","\u002Fubuntu\u002Fcadence\u002Finnovus","Innovus安装",{"text":11,"minutes":928,"time":929,"words":930},2.08,124800,416,{"stem":932,"path":933,"title":934,"date":918,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":935},"posts\u002Fubuntu\u002F2.cadence\u002Findex","\u002Fubuntu\u002Fcadence","Ubuntu24.04安装Cadence 系列软件",{"text":269,"minutes":936,"time":937,"words":938},9.98,598800,1996,{"stem":940,"path":941,"title":942,"date":918,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":943},"posts\u002Fubuntu\u002F3.synopsys","\u002Fubuntu\u002Fsynopsys","Ubuntu 24.04 安装 Synopsys",{"text":269,"minutes":944,"time":945,"words":946},9.555,573300,1911,{"stem":948,"path":949,"title":950,"date":918,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":951},"posts\u002Fubuntu\u002F4.vivado","\u002Fubuntu\u002Fvivado","Ubuntu 24.04 安装 Vivado 2020.1",{"text":60,"minutes":952,"time":953,"words":954},0.62,37200,124,{"stem":956,"path":957,"title":958,"date":918,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":959},"posts\u002Fubuntu\u002F5.migrate","\u002Fubuntu\u002Fmigrate","硬盘迁移系统",{"text":60,"minutes":960,"time":961,"words":962},0.64,38400,128,{"stem":964,"path":965,"title":966,"date":967,"collapsed":9,"readingTime":968},"posts\u002Fubuntu\u002Findex","\u002Fubuntu","Ubuntu装进移动硬盘","2025-08-25 19:38:06",{"text":269,"minutes":969,"time":970,"words":971},9.26,555600,1852,{"id":973,"title":404,"body":974,"categories":3459,"collapsed":9,"date":405,"description":3460,"draft":9,"extension":3461,"hideInArchive":343,"hideInList":343,"image":3462,"meta":3463,"navigation":343,"path":403,"permalink":3462,"published":3462,"readingTime":3465,"recommend":3462,"references":3462,"seo":3466,"sitemap":3467,"stem":402,"tags":3492,"type":3495,"updated":405,"__hash__":3496},"content\u002Fposts\u002FUGCourses\u002F4.junior-autumn\u002F2.ICCAD\u002F11.Detailed\u002F2.Chapter2-IntroductionToUnix.md",{"type":975,"value":976,"toc":3395},"minimark",[977,982,987,1097,1104,1109,1112,1115,1119,1125,1129,1176,1180,1194,1199,1202,1249,1252,1259,1264,1269,1272,1307,1318,1322,1330,1335,1365,1421,1425,1432,1443,1446,1451,1454,1480,1483,1486,1493,1496,1501,1505,1563,1567,1571,1574,1577,1613,1617,1656,1659,1682,1685,1688,1693,1696,1700,1704,1709,1712,1717,1721,1936,1940,1978,1981,1986,1990,1995,1999,2002,2005,2021,2024,2029,2049,2055,2098,2104,2140,2143,2169,2178,2182,2186,2189,2192,2195,2200,2203,2211,2215,2219,2222,2225,2227,2232,2235,2240,2243,2248,2251,2254,2258,2263,2266,2269,2273,2278,2290,2295,2319,2355,2358,2363,2367,2396,2401,2403,2407,2412,2416,2419,2422,2427,2432,2437,2439,2467,2516,2520,2525,2529,2534,2537,2540,2543,2547,2550,2555,2558,2563,2568,2597,2606,2609,2616,2677,2684,2721,2728,2768,2776,2779,2875,2883,2969,2972,2983,3047,3051,3057,3124,3128,3133,3157,3181,3185,3190,3196,3199,3206,3209,3217,3220,3228,3240,3248,3251,3254,3257,3260,3267,3270,3273,3284,3292,3295,3298,3304,3317,3319,3322,3389,3392],[978,979,981],"h2",{"id":980},"early-history-of-unix-早期历史","Early History of Unix | 早期历史",[983,984,986],"h4",{"id":985},"unix-发展历史详解","Unix 发展历史详解",[988,989,990,1009],"table",{},[991,992,993],"thead",{},[994,995,996,1000,1003,1006],"tr",{},[997,998,999],"th",{},"年代",[997,1001,1002],{},"主要事件\u002F项目",[997,1004,1005],{},"关键人物\u002F组织",[997,1007,1008],{},"主要贡献\u002F意义",[1010,1011,1012,1034,1054,1074],"tbody",{},[994,1013,1014,1018,1021,1024],{},[1015,1016,1017],"td",{},"1960s",[1015,1019,1020],{},"Multics 项目",[1015,1022,1023],{},"MIT, GE, AT&T 贝尔实验室",[1015,1025,1026,1027,1030,1031,1033],{},"- 旨在创建多用户、分时操作系统",[1028,1029],"br",{},"- 理念超前但过于复杂，AT&T最终退出",[1028,1032],{},"- 为Unix的诞生提供了反思和经验教训",[994,1035,1036,1039,1042,1045],{},[1015,1037,1038],{},"1970s",[1015,1040,1041],{},"Unix 诞生与发展",[1015,1043,1044],{},"Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie (贝尔实验室)",[1015,1046,1047,1048,1050,1051,1053],{},"- 1969年: Thompson开发出Unix的第一个版本",[1028,1049],{},"- 1972年: Ritchie发明C语言，并用C语言重写了Unix内核",[1028,1052],{},"- 意义: C语言的出现使Unix具备了前所未有的可移植性",[994,1055,1056,1059,1062,1065],{},[1015,1057,1058],{},"1970s\u002F80s",[1015,1060,1061],{},"BSD Unix",[1015,1063,1064],{},"Bill Joy (加州大学伯克利分校 - UCB)",[1015,1066,1067,1068,1070,1071,1073],{},"- 开发了 Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD)",[1028,1069],{},"- 引入了虚拟内存、TCP\u002FIP网络协议栈等重要功能",[1028,1072],{},"- 成为学术界和许多商业Unix的重要分支",[994,1075,1076,1079,1082,1088],{},[1015,1077,1078],{},"1980s",[1015,1080,1081],{},"Unix的商业化与新浪潮",[1015,1083,1084,1085,1087],{},"众多商业公司；",[1028,1086],{},"Richard Stallman",[1015,1089,1090,1091,1093,1094,1096],{},"- 商业化与碎片化: AT&T开始商业化Unix，导致出现大量不兼容的商业版本 (如HP-UX, AIX, Solaris等)",[1028,1092],{},"- DOS\u002FWindows: 借鉴了Unix的目录结构等设计思想",[1028,1095],{},"- GNU项目启动: Stallman为反对软件商业化，发起了GNU项目，旨在创建一套完全自由的类Unix系统",[1098,1099,1100],"blockquote",{},[1101,1102,1103],"p",{},"GNU——GNU Not Unix (实际上是一个递归形式)",[1105,1106,1108],"h3",{"id":1107},"the-inventors","The Inventors",[1101,1110,1111],{},"Ken Thompson、Dennis Ritchie",[1101,1113,1114],{},"ACM Turing Award winners, 1983",[1105,1116,1118],{"id":1117},"c-language-as-byproduct","C Language as Byproduct",[1101,1120,1121],{},[1122,1123],"img",{"alt":1122,"src":1124},"\u002Fimg\u002FICCAD\u002FDetailCh2-01.png",[983,1126,1128],{"id":1127},"c语言的诞生一个副产品","C语言的诞生：一个副产品",[1130,1131,1132,1147,1160],"ul",{},[1133,1134,1135,1139],"li",{},[1136,1137,1138],"strong",{},"问题",[1130,1140,1141,1144],{},[1133,1142,1143],{},"需要将 Unix 移植到其他平台",[1133,1145,1146],{},"Unix 是用汇编语言编写的",[1133,1148,1149,1152],{},[1136,1150,1151],{},"解决方案",[1130,1153,1154,1157],{},[1133,1155,1156],{},"使用 'B' 语言重写 Unix",[1133,1158,1159],{},"为适配 Unix 进行了大量修改",[1133,1161,1162,1165],{},[1136,1163,1164],{},"更名为 'C'",[1130,1166,1167,1170,1173],{},[1133,1168,1169],{},"同时具备高级和低级编程语言的特性",[1133,1171,1172],{},"增强了可移植性",[1133,1174,1175],{},"更容易改进和增强 Unix",[1105,1177,1179],{"id":1178},"两位-反叛者颠覆了软件世界","两位 “反叛者”颠覆了软件世界：",[1130,1181,1182,1188],{},[1133,1183,1184,1187],{},[1136,1185,1186],{},"理查德·斯托曼 (Richard Stallman)"," 是思想家，他发起了“自由软件”运动和GNU项目，为开源世界奠定了哲学和法律基石。",[1133,1189,1190,1193],{},[1136,1191,1192],{},"林纳斯·托瓦兹 (Linus Torvalds)"," 是实干家，他创造了Linux内核。这个改变世界的项目，起初只是他发布在网络论坛上的一个“业余爱好”。",[1101,1195,1196],{},[1122,1197],{"alt":1122,"src":1198},"\u002Fimg\u002FICCAD\u002FDetailCh2-02.png",[1101,1200,1201],{},"这张“家族树”图片简洁地介绍了主流操作系统的演变史，核心要点如下：",[1203,1204,1205,1208,1211,1214,1243,1246],"ol",{},[1133,1206,1207],{},"共同的祖先：",[1133,1209,1210],{},"图中的绝大多数操作系统，都源自于同一个祖先——诞生于1969年的 Unix 系统。",[1133,1212,1213],{},"两大主要分支：",[1133,1215,1216,1217],{},"从早期的Unix开始，逐渐分化为两大阵营：\n",[1130,1218,1219,1229],{},[1133,1220,1221,1224,1225,1228],{},[1136,1222,1223],{},"商业闭源分支 (红色部分)","：以 AT&T 的 ",[1136,1226,1227],{},"System V"," 为代表，衍生出了许多商业公司的闭源Unix系统，比如 IBM 的 AIX、惠普的 HP-UX 和 Sun\u002FOracle 的 Solaris。",[1133,1230,1231,1234,1235,1238,1239,1242],{},[1136,1232,1233],{},"学术\u002F开源分支 (绿色部分)","：以伯克利大学的 ",[1136,1236,1237],{},"BSD"," 为代表，它衍生出了 FreeBSD、OpenBSD 等一系列重要的开源系统，并且苹果的 ",[1136,1240,1241],{},"macOS"," 也深受其影响（图中标为橙色混合源码）。",[1133,1244,1245],{},"独立的力量 (Linux)：",[1133,1247,1248],{},"左侧的 Linux (绿色部分) 是一个非常特殊的存在。它不是Unix的直接代码后代，而是一个从零开始编写的“类Unix”系统。自诞生起就完全开源，并发展成如今最庞大、最成功的开源操作系统家族。",[1101,1250,1251],{},"这张图清晰地展示了操作系统从单一的闭源祖先 (Unix)，如何一步步演化和分裂，并最终形成了由 Linux 和 BSD 家族主导的、繁荣的开源生态。",[1098,1253,1254],{},[1101,1255,1256],{},[1136,1257,1258],{},"linux 是 unix 么？ 法律上不是 但是属于 unix-like",[1101,1260,1261],{},[1122,1262],{"alt":1122,"src":1263},"\u002Fimg\u002FICCAD\u002FDetailCh2-03.png",[1101,1265,1266],{},[1136,1267,1268],{},"这张图展示了当今主流的、属于“Unix家族”的操作系统。",[1101,1270,1271],{},"它们主要分为两大类：",[1203,1273,1274,1288],{},[1133,1275,1276,1279,1280],{},[1136,1277,1278],{},"商业系统","：\n",[1130,1281,1282,1285],{},[1133,1283,1284],{},"传统的商业版Unix，如 Oracle 的 Solaris、HP的 HP-UX 和 IBM 的 AIX。",[1133,1286,1287],{},"苹果的 macOS（其底层基于BSD）。",[1133,1289,1290,1279,1293],{},[1136,1291,1292],{},"免费开源系统",[1130,1294,1295,1301],{},[1133,1296,1297,1300],{},[1136,1298,1299],{},"BSD 家族","：如 NetBSD, FreeBSD, OpenBSD。",[1133,1302,1303,1306],{},[1136,1304,1305],{},"Linux 家族","：基于 Linus Torvalds 的 Linux 内核，发展出了众多“发行版”，如 Red Hat、Ubuntu、Debian 等。",[1101,1308,1309,1310,1313,1314,1317],{},"右下角的两个吉祥物分别是 ",[1136,1311,1312],{},"GNU 的牛羚","和 ",[1136,1315,1316],{},"Linux 的企鹅","，它们共同代表了完整的 GNU\u002FLinux 操作系统。",[978,1319,1321],{"id":1320},"free-software-license-types","Free Software License Types",[1130,1323,1324],{},[1133,1325,1326,1329],{},[1136,1327,1328],{},"Public Domain："," authors waive all copyright",[1098,1331,1332],{},[1101,1333,1334],{},"任意做都行",[1130,1336,1337,1351],{},[1133,1338,1339,1342,1343],{},[1136,1340,1341],{},"MIT\u002FBSD Licenses：","  OK to copy, redistribute and modify（修改、商业化） as long as,\n",[1130,1344,1345,1348],{},[1133,1346,1347],{},"you respect the identity and rights of the author",[1133,1349,1350],{},"you agree not sue（起诉） the author over software quality",[1133,1352,1353,1356,1357],{},[1136,1354,1355],{},"GNU General Public License (GPL)："," requires in addition that any derived work distributed or published\n",[1130,1358,1359,1362],{},[1133,1360,1361],{},"must be licensed under the terms of the GPL",[1133,1363,1364],{},"must have its source code made publicly available",[1203,1366,1367,1380,1399],{},[1133,1368,1369,1372],{},[1136,1370,1371],{},"公共领域 (Public Domain)",[1130,1373,1374],{},[1133,1375,1376,1379],{},[1136,1377,1378],{},"最宽松","：作者完全放弃版权，任何人可以不受任何限制地使用。",[1133,1381,1382,1385],{},[1136,1383,1384],{},"MIT \u002F BSD 许可证",[1130,1386,1387,1393],{},[1133,1388,1389,1392],{},[1136,1390,1391],{},"比较宽松","：你可以自由地复制、修改和重新分发代码，甚至用于商业闭源软件。",[1133,1394,1395,1398],{},[1136,1396,1397],{},"条件","：只需在你的产品中保留原作者的版权声明即可。",[1133,1400,1401,1404],{},[1136,1402,1403],{},"GNU 通用公共许可证 (GPL)",[1130,1405,1406,1412],{},[1133,1407,1408,1411],{},[1136,1409,1410],{},"最严格（具有“传染性”）","：除了拥有修改和分发的自由外，它还有一个关键要求：",[1133,1413,1414,1416,1417,1420],{},[1136,1415,1397],{},"：任何修改或使用了GPL代码并公开发布的新软件，",[1136,1418,1419],{},"其本身也必须采用GPL许可证并公开源代码","。这个特性保证了软件的自由和开源属性会一直传递下去。",[978,1422,1424],{"id":1423},"unix-的设计哲学","Unix 的设计哲学：",[1101,1426,1427,1428,1431],{},"其精髓是追求 ",[1136,1429,1430],{},"灵活性、自由和简洁","，主要体现在以下几个关键原则上：",[1203,1433,1434,1437,1440],{},[1133,1435,1436],{},"工具箱方法 (Toolbox Approach)：\n核心理念是“每个程序只专注于做好一件事”。系统由大量小而专的工具组成，用户可以将这些工具灵活地组合起来，完成复杂的任务。",[1133,1438,1439],{},"一切皆文件 (Everything is a file)：\n这是一个强大的抽象概念。无论是硬件设备（如打印机、硬盘）、网络连接还是普通数据，在Unix中都被视为文件，可以用统一的方式进行读写操作，极大地简化了编程。",[1133,1441,1442],{},"小即是美 (Small is beautiful)：\n崇尚简单、清晰的设计，认为“少即是多”。鼓励用小巧、易于理解和维护的程序来解决问题。",[978,1444,1445],{"id":1445},"操作系统结构",[1101,1447,1448],{},[1122,1449],{"alt":1122,"src":1450},"\u002Fimg\u002FICCAD\u002FDetailCh2-04.png",[1101,1452,1453],{},"从内到外的结构层次为：",[1203,1455,1456,1462,1468,1474],{},[1133,1457,1458,1461],{},[1136,1459,1460],{},"硬件 (Hardware)","：位于最中心，是计算机的物理实体，如CPU、内存、硬盘等。",[1133,1463,1464,1467],{},[1136,1465,1466],{},"内核 (Kernel)","：操作系统的核心部分。它直接包裹并管理硬件，是唯一有权限直接与硬件交互的软件。",[1133,1469,1470,1473],{},[1136,1471,1472],{},"系统调用 (System Calls)","：这是内核提供给外层程序的“服务窗口”或接口。它是一套预先定义好的指令，程序通过它来请求内核的服务。",[1133,1475,1476,1479],{},[1136,1477,1478],{},"程序 (Programs)","：最外层是我们日常使用的应用程序。它们不能直接访问硬件。",[1101,1481,1482],{},"工作原理总结：",[1101,1484,1485],{},"当一个程序（比如Word）需要保存文件时，它不能直接操作硬件（硬盘）。它必须通过系统调用向内核发出“请帮我保存文件”的请求，内核接收到请求后，再安全地替程序完成硬件操作。",[1101,1487,1488,1489,1492],{},"这种分层结构的核心目的在于",[1136,1490,1491],{},"保护和隔离","，确保用户程序不会直接弄乱硬件，从而保障整个系统的稳定和安全。",[978,1494,1495],{"id":1495},"文件树",[1101,1497,1498],{},[1122,1499],{"alt":1122,"src":1500},"\u002Fimg\u002FICCAD\u002FDetailCh2-05.png",[978,1502,1504],{"id":1503},"unix-programs","Unix Programs",[1130,1506,1507,1510,1513,1527],{},[1133,1508,1509],{},"Shell is the command line interpreter",[1133,1511,1512],{},"Shell is just another program",[1133,1514,1515,1516],{},"A program or command interacts with the  kernel may be any of:\n",[1130,1517,1518,1521,1524],{},[1133,1519,1520],{},"built-in shell command",[1133,1522,1523],{},"interpreted script",[1133,1525,1526],{},"compiled object code file",[1133,1528,1529,1530],{},"当你在 Shell 中输入一个命令时，它通常是以下三种类型之一：\n",[1130,1531,1532,1543,1549],{},[1133,1533,1534,1537,1538,1542],{},[1136,1535,1536],{},"内建命令 (built-in)","：由 Shell 程序自身直接处理的命令，例如 ",[1539,1540,1541],"code",{"code":1541},"cd","。",[1133,1544,1545,1548],{},[1136,1546,1547],{},"解释型脚本 (script)","：一个由解释器（如 python 或 bash 自身）逐行读取并执行的文本文件。",[1133,1550,1551,1554,1555,1558,1559,1562],{},[1136,1552,1553],{},"编译后的程序文件 (compiled file)","：一个独立的可执行文件，系统中的大部分命令（如 ",[1539,1556,1557],{"code":1557},"ls",", ",[1539,1560,1561],{"code":1561},"grep","）都属于这一类。",[1105,1564,1566],{"id":1565},"command-line-structure","Command Line Structure",[983,1568,1570],{"id":1569},"_1-命令的结构","1 . 命令的结构",[1101,1572,1573],{},"一个标准的 Unix 命令由三部分构成，并用空格隔开：",[1101,1575,1576],{},"command options arguments",[1130,1578,1579,1587,1600],{},[1133,1580,1581,1584,1585,1542],{},[1136,1582,1583],{},"command (命令)","：你要执行的程序名，例如 ",[1539,1586,1557],{"code":1557},[1133,1588,1589,1592,1593,1596,1597,1542],{},[1136,1590,1591],{},"options (选项)","：调整命令的行为，通常以 ",[1539,1594,1595],{"code":1595},"-"," 开头，例如 ",[1539,1598,1599],{"code":1599},"-l",[1133,1601,1602,1605,1606,1609,1610],{},[1136,1603,1604],{},"arguments (参数)","：命令要操作的对象，例如文件名或目录名。\n",[1136,1607,1608],{},"示例","：",[1539,1611,1612],{"code":1612},"ls -l \u002Fhome",[983,1614,1616],{"id":1615},"_2-关键使用技巧","2 . 关键使用技巧",[1130,1618,1619,1633,1647],{},[1133,1620,1621,1624,1625,1628,1629,1632],{},[1136,1622,1623],{},"大小写敏感 (Case Sensitive)","：在 Unix 中，",[1539,1626,1627],{"code":1627},"File1"," 和 ",[1539,1630,1631],{"code":1631},"file1"," 是两个完全不同的文件。命令和文件名通常都使用小写。",[1133,1634,1635,1638,1639,1642,1643,1646],{},[1136,1636,1637],{},"查阅帮助手册 (man page)","：并非所有命令都遵循相同的标准。要知道一个命令的具体用法和选项，应使用 ",[1539,1640,1641],{"code":1641},"man"," 命令来查看它的手册 (例如: ",[1539,1644,1645],{"code":1645},"man ls",")。",[1133,1648,1649,1652,1653,1542],{},[1136,1650,1651],{},"终止命令 (Terminate Command)","：如果一个命令正在运行且你想强制停止它，最常用的方法是按下 ",[1539,1654,1655],{"code":1655},"Ctrl+C",[983,1657,1658],{"id":1658},"注意attention",[1130,1660,1661,1664,1667,1670,1673,1676,1679],{},[1133,1662,1663],{},"并非所有的 Unix 命令都遵循相同的标准。",[1133,1665,1666],{},"一个命令的选项和语法都列在该命令的“man page”（手册页）中。",[1133,1668,1669],{},"请注意 Unix 是区分大小写的。",[1133,1671,1672],{},"— 通常使用小写字母。",[1133,1674,1675],{},"要终止一个命令：",[1133,1677,1678],{},"— ^C 中断 (^C 通常指 Ctrl+C)",[1133,1680,1681],{},"— ^D 可能也有效；可以注销用户；此功能经常被禁用 (^D 通常指 Ctrl+D)",[1105,1683,1684],{"id":1684},"具体指令",[983,1686,1687],{"id":1687},"man相关指令",[1101,1689,1690],{},[1122,1691],{"alt":1122,"src":1692},"\u002Fimg\u002FICCAD\u002FDetailCh2-06.png",[983,1694,1695],{"id":1695},"其他指令",[1105,1697,1699],{"id":1698},"文件系统-file-system","文件系统 ｜ file system",[983,1701,1703],{"id":1702},"文件系统的思想everything-is-a-file","文件系统的思想——Everything is a file",[1101,1705,1706],{},[1122,1707],{"alt":1122,"src":1708},"\u002Fimg\u002FICCAD\u002FDetailCh2-07.png",[983,1710,1495],{"id":1711},"文件树-1",[1101,1713,1714],{},[1122,1715],{"alt":1122,"src":1716},"\u002Fimg\u002FICCAD\u002FDetailCh2-08.png",[1718,1719,1720],"h5",{"id":1720},"根目录与主要目录",[988,1722,1723,1736],{},[991,1724,1725],{},[994,1726,1727,1730,1733],{},[997,1728,1729],{},"目录",[997,1731,1732],{},"全称",[997,1734,1735],{},"说明",[1010,1737,1738,1749,1760,1771,1782,1793,1804,1815,1826,1837,1848,1859,1870,1881,1892,1903,1914,1925],{},[994,1739,1740,1743,1746],{},[1015,1741,1742],{},"\u002F",[1015,1744,1745],{},"slash\u002Froot",[1015,1747,1748],{},"根目录，整个文件系统的起点",[994,1750,1751,1754,1757],{},[1015,1752,1753],{},"\u002Fbin",[1015,1755,1756],{},"binary",[1015,1758,1759],{},"基本命令二进制文件（如 ls, cp, mv）",[994,1761,1762,1765,1768],{},[1015,1763,1764],{},"\u002Fsbin",[1015,1766,1767],{},"system binary",[1015,1769,1770],{},"系统管理命令（需要 root 权限）",[994,1772,1773,1776,1779],{},[1015,1774,1775],{},"\u002Fetc",[1015,1777,1778],{},"etcetera",[1015,1780,1781],{},"系统配置文件目录",[994,1783,1784,1787,1790],{},[1015,1785,1786],{},"\u002Flib",[1015,1788,1789],{},"library",[1015,1791,1792],{},"系统共享库文件",[994,1794,1795,1798,1801],{},[1015,1796,1797],{},"\u002Fusr",[1015,1799,1800],{},"unix system resources",[1015,1802,1803],{},"用户程序和数据（非 user）",[994,1805,1806,1809,1812],{},[1015,1807,1808],{},"\u002Fvar",[1015,1810,1811],{},"variable",[1015,1813,1814],{},"可变数据文件（日志、缓存等）",[994,1816,1817,1820,1823],{},[1015,1818,1819],{},"\u002Ftmp",[1015,1821,1822],{},"temporary",[1015,1824,1825],{},"临时文件目录（非 template）",[994,1827,1828,1831,1834],{},[1015,1829,1830],{},"\u002Fhome",[1015,1832,1833],{},"home",[1015,1835,1836],{},"用户主目录",[994,1838,1839,1842,1845],{},[1015,1840,1841],{},"\u002Froot",[1015,1843,1844],{},"root",[1015,1846,1847],{},"root 用户的主目录",[994,1849,1850,1853,1856],{},[1015,1851,1852],{},"\u002Fdev",[1015,1854,1855],{},"device",[1015,1857,1858],{},"设备文件目录",[994,1860,1861,1864,1867],{},[1015,1862,1863],{},"\u002Fproc",[1015,1865,1866],{},"process",[1015,1868,1869],{},"进程和内核信息的虚拟文件系统",[994,1871,1872,1875,1878],{},[1015,1873,1874],{},"\u002Fsys",[1015,1876,1877],{},"system",[1015,1879,1880],{},"系统和硬件信息",[994,1882,1883,1886,1889],{},[1015,1884,1885],{},"\u002Fopt",[1015,1887,1888],{},"optional",[1015,1890,1891],{},"可选的第三方软件包",[994,1893,1894,1897,1900],{},[1015,1895,1896],{},"\u002Fboot",[1015,1898,1899],{},"boot",[1015,1901,1902],{},"启动加载器文件（内核、initrd）",[994,1904,1905,1908,1911],{},[1015,1906,1907],{},"\u002Fmnt",[1015,1909,1910],{},"mount",[1015,1912,1913],{},"临时挂载点",[994,1915,1916,1919,1922],{},[1015,1917,1918],{},"\u002Fmedia",[1015,1920,1921],{},"media",[1015,1923,1924],{},"可移动设备挂载点",[994,1926,1927,1930,1933],{},[1015,1928,1929],{},"\u002Fsrv",[1015,1931,1932],{},"service",[1015,1934,1935],{},"服务数据目录",[1937,1938,1939],"h6",{"id":1939},"常见子目录",[1130,1941,1942,1948,1954,1960,1966,1972],{},[1133,1943,1944,1947],{},[1539,1945,1946],{"code":1946},"\u002Fusr\u002Fbin"," - 用户命令",[1133,1949,1950,1953],{},[1539,1951,1952],{"code":1952},"\u002Fusr\u002Flib"," - 用户程序库",[1133,1955,1956,1959],{},[1539,1957,1958],{"code":1958},"\u002Fusr\u002Flocal"," - 本地安装的软件",[1133,1961,1962,1965],{},[1539,1963,1964],{"code":1964},"\u002Fusr\u002Fsrc"," - 源代码（source）",[1133,1967,1968,1971],{},[1539,1969,1970],{"code":1970},"\u002Fvar\u002Flog"," - 系统日志",[1133,1973,1974,1977],{},[1539,1975,1976],{"code":1976},"\u002Fvar\u002Ftmp"," - 持久化临时文件",[1718,1979,1980],{"id":1980},"其他系统派生文件树",[1101,1982,1983],{},[1122,1984],{"alt":1122,"src":1985},"\u002Fimg\u002FICCAD\u002FDetailCh2-09.png",[1718,1987,1989],{"id":1988},"identifying-files-in-the-tree-绝对路径与相对路径","Identifying Files in the Tree ｜ 绝对路径与相对路径",[1101,1991,1992],{},[1122,1993],{"alt":1122,"src":1994},"\u002Fimg\u002FICCAD\u002FDetailCh2-10.png",[983,1996,1998],{"id":1997},"file-structures-on-disk","File Structures on Disk",[1101,2000,2001],{},"Disk里面是以文件块来进行管理的",[1718,2003,2004],{"id":2004},"基本组织方式",[1130,2006,2007,2013],{},[1133,2008,2009,2012],{},[1136,2010,2011],{},"挂载","：磁盘挂载到文件树的某个位置",[1133,2014,2015,2016],{},"块划分：磁盘被划分为固定大小的块\n",[1130,2017,2018],{},[1133,2019,2020],{},"常见块大小：512B、1024B、2048B",[1718,2022,2023],{"id":2023},"磁盘分区的三大组成部分",[1203,2025,2026],{},[1133,2027,2028],{},"数据块 (Data Blocks)",[1130,2030,2031,2037,2043],{},[1133,2032,2033,2036],{},[1136,2034,2035],{},"作用","：存储文件的实际内容",[1133,2038,2039,2042],{},[1136,2040,2041],{},"特点","：大文件会占用多个连续或分散的数据块",[1133,2044,2045,2048],{},[1136,2046,2047],{},"类比","：储物柜中存放物品的格子",[1203,2050,2052],{"start":2051},2,[1133,2053,2054],{},"inode (索引节点)",[1130,2056,2057,2062,2082,2093],{},[1133,2058,2059,2061],{},[1136,2060,2035],{},"：存储文件的元数据（描述信息）",[1133,2063,2064,2065],{},"包含信息：\n",[1130,2066,2067,2070,2073,2076],{},[1133,2068,2069],{},"文件大小、时间戳（创建\u002F修改时间）",[1133,2071,2072],{},"所有者、用户组",[1133,2074,2075],{},"权限（rwx）",[1133,2077,2078,2081],{},[1136,2079,2080],{},"数据块指针列表","（指向文件内容的位置）",[1133,2083,2084,2085],{},"特点：\n",[1130,2086,2087,2090],{},[1133,2088,2089],{},"每个文件\u002F目录有唯一的 inode 编号",[1133,2091,2092],{},"系统通过 inode 而非文件名识别文件",[1133,2094,2095,2097],{},[1136,2096,2047],{},"：贴在格子上的信息标签",[1203,2099,2101],{"start":2100},3,[1133,2102,2103],{},"超级块 (Superblock)",[1130,2105,2106,2111,2124,2135],{},[1133,2107,2108,2110],{},[1136,2109,2035],{},"：记录整个文件系统的全局信息",[1133,2112,2064,2113],{},[1130,2114,2115,2118,2121],{},[1133,2116,2117],{},"数据块和 inode 的总数与剩余数",[1133,2119,2120],{},"文件系统大小、块大小",[1133,2122,2123],{},"文件系统状态（挂载时间、健康检查标志）",[1133,2125,2126,2127],{},"重要性：\n",[1130,2128,2129,2132],{},[1133,2130,2131],{},"超级块损坏会导致整个分区无法访问",[1133,2133,2134],{},"系统会在多处保存备份副本",[1133,2136,2137,2139],{},[1136,2138,2047],{},"：整个仓库的总账本",[1937,2141,2142],{"id":2142},"文件访问流程",[1203,2144,2145,2151,2157,2163],{},[1133,2146,2147,2150],{},[1136,2148,2149],{},"查找文件名"," → 从目录获取 inode 编号",[1133,2152,2153,2156],{},[1136,2154,2155],{},"读取 inode"," → 获取元数据和数据块指针",[1133,2158,2159,2162],{},[1136,2160,2161],{},"读取数据块"," → 根据指针获取文件内容",[1133,2164,2165,2168],{},[1136,2166,2167],{},"读取超级块"," → 挂载时了解文件系统布局",[1098,2170,2171],{},[1101,2172,2173,2174,2177],{},"💡 ",[1136,2175,2176],{},"核心理解","：文件名只是便于人类识别的标签，系统真正依赖 inode 来管理文件",[983,2179,2181],{"id":2180},"file-directory-naming-guidelines","File & Directory Naming Guidelines",[1718,2183,2185],{"id":2184},"don-t-use-meta-characters","Don' t use Meta Characters",[1101,2187,2188],{},"Slash - 斜杠",[1101,2190,2191],{},"Back slash - 反斜杠",[1101,2193,2194],{},"Under  -space\u002F -bar \u002F-line",[1101,2196,2197],{},[1122,2198],{"alt":1122,"src":2199},"\u002Fimg\u002FICCAD\u002FDetailCh2-11.png",[1101,2201,2202],{},"要把这些的中英文都会读",[1101,2204,2205],{},[2206,2207,2208],"a",{"href":2208,"rel":2209},"http:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPunctuation",[2210],"nofollow",[1718,2212,2214],{"id":2213},"unix-is-case-sensitive大小写敏感-large-case-small-case","Unix is Case Sensitive(大小写敏感 large case small case)",[983,2216,2218],{"id":2217},"directory-commands","Directory Commands",[1718,2220,2221],{"id":2221},"pwd",[1101,2223,2224],{},"p w d分别代表什么意思",[1718,2226,1541],{"id":1541},[1101,2228,2229],{},[1122,2230],{"alt":1122,"src":2231},"\u002Fimg\u002FICCAD\u002FDetailCh2-12.png",[1718,2233,2234],{"id":2234},"mkdir",[1101,2236,2237],{},[1539,2238,2239],{"code":2239},"mkdir directory-list",[1718,2241,2242],{"id":2242},"rmdir",[1101,2244,2245],{},[1539,2246,2247],{"code":2247},"rmdir directory-list",[1718,2249,2250],{"id":2250},"tree",[1101,2252,2253],{},"Tree 命令",[1718,2255,2257],{"id":2256},"ls-list-contents-of-directory","ls    – List Contents of Directory",[1101,2259,2260],{},[1122,2261],{"alt":1122,"src":2262},"\u002Fimg\u002FICCAD\u002FDetailCh2-13.png",[1937,2264,2265],{"id":2265},"文件域",[1101,2267,2268],{},"field",[1718,2270,2272],{"id":2271},"alias-ls-ls-colorauto","alias ls = ls --color=auto",[1101,2274,2275],{},[1122,2276],{"alt":1122,"src":2277},"\u002Fimg\u002FICCAD\u002FDetailCh2-14.png",[1101,2279,2280,2286,2287],{},[1136,2281,2282],{},[2283,2284,2285],"em",{},"####"," ",[1136,2288,2289],{},"Permissions",[1101,2291,2292],{},[1122,2293],{"alt":1122,"src":2294},"\u002Fimg\u002FICCAD\u002FDetailCh2-15.png",[1101,2296,2297,2300,2301,2304,2305,1609,2308,2311,2312,2314,2315,2318],{},[1539,2298,2299],{"code":2299},"ls -al"," 命令输出的开头10个字符，是文件类型和权限的描述。",[1136,2302,2303],{},"第一个字符","代表",[1136,2306,2307],{},"文件类型",[1539,2309,2310],{"code":2310},"d"," 表示这是一个目录（文件夹），",[1539,2313,1595],{"code":1595}," 表示这是一个普通文件，而 ",[1539,2316,2317],{"code":2317},"l"," 则表示一个符号链接（快捷方式）。",[1101,2320,2321,2304,2324,2327,2328,2331,2332,2335,2336,2339,2340,2343,2344,2347,2348,2351,2352,2354],{},[1136,2322,2323],{},"接下来的9个字符",[1136,2325,2326],{},"访问权限","，它们被分为三组。第一组（第2-4位）是文件",[1136,2329,2330],{},"所有者(user)","的权限，第二组（第5-7位）是",[1136,2333,2334],{},"所属组(group)","的权限，第三组（第8-10位）是",[1136,2337,2338],{},"其他人(others)","的权限。在每一组中，",[1539,2341,2342],{"code":2342},"r"," 代表“读”权限，",[1539,2345,2346],{"code":2346},"w"," 代表“写”权限，",[1539,2349,2350],{"code":2350},"x"," 代表“执行”权限，而 ",[1539,2353,1595],{"code":1595}," 则表示没有该项权限。",[1101,2356,2357],{},"文件属性存储在inode里面",[1101,2359,2360],{},[1539,2361,2362],{"code":2362},"\u003C权限> \u003C属性>",[1718,2364,2366],{"id":2365},"file-maintenance-commands-文件维护命令","File Maintenance Commands  ｜ 文件维护命令",[1203,2368,2369,2375,2384,2390],{},[1133,2370,2371,2374],{},[1539,2372,2373],{"code":2373},"chmod",":  change the file or directory access permissions (mode)",[1133,2376,2377,2380,2381],{},[1539,2378,2379],{"code":2379},"umask",": get or set the file mode creation mask ",[1136,2382,2383],{},"(built-in in bash like alias)",[1133,2385,2386,2389],{},[1539,2387,2388],{"code":2388},"chgrp",":change the group of the file",[1133,2391,2392,2395],{},[1539,2393,2394],{"code":2394},"chown",": change the owner of a file",[1098,2397,2398],{},[1101,2399,2400],{},"哪个先哪个后？（智云）",[1937,2402,2373],{"id":2373},[1937,2404,2406],{"id":2405},"method1-用法1","method1 | 用法1",[1101,2408,2409],{},[1122,2410],{"alt":1122,"src":2411},"\u002Fimg\u002FICCAD\u002FDetailCh2-16.png",[1937,2413,2415],{"id":2414},"method2-用法2","method2 ｜ 用法2",[1101,2417,2418],{},"permission 还可以使用数值来代表",[1101,2420,2421],{},"直接使用r + w + x的数值来代表权限",[1098,2423,2424],{},[1101,2425,2426],{},"octal. 月份名字（？回看智云）",[1101,2428,2429],{},[1122,2430],{"alt":1122,"src":2431},"\u002Fimg\u002FICCAD\u002FDetailCh2-17.png",[1101,2433,2434],{},[1122,2435],{"alt":1122,"src":2436},"\u002Fimg\u002FICCAD\u002FDetailCh2-18.png",[1937,2438,2379],{"id":2379},[1101,2440,2441,2442,2444,2445,2448,2449,2451,2452,2455,2456,2459,2460,2463,2464,2466],{},"在 Unix 和 Linux 系统中，",[1539,2443,2379],{"code":2379}," 是一个非常重要的安全设置，它像一个“默认权限过滤器”，用来管理你新创建文件和目录的权限。它的核心作用不是“赋予”权限，而是“",[1136,2446,2447],{},"拿掉","”权限。当你设置了一个 ",[1539,2450,2379],{"code":2379}," 值（比如 ",[1539,2453,2454],{"code":2454},"022","），系统就会在你每次创建新文件时，自动从程序请求的“理想权限”（通常是 ",[1539,2457,2458],{"code":2458},"666"," 或 ",[1539,2461,2462],{"code":2462},"777","）中，减去 ",[1539,2465,2379],{"code":2379}," 指定的权限，确保你的文件不会一开始就过度开放。",[1101,2468,2469,2470,2472,2473,2475,2476,2479,2480,2483,2484,2486,2487,2489,2490,2493,2494,2497,2498,2500,2501,2504,2505,2508,2509,2500,2512,2515],{},"举个例子，如图所示，如果你的 ",[1539,2471,2379],{"code":2379}," 设置为 ",[1539,2474,2454],{"code":2454},"，这个 ",[1539,2477,2478],{"code":2478},"0"," 对应所有者（user），第一个 ",[1539,2481,2482],{"code":2482},"2"," 对应所属组（group），第二个 ",[1539,2485,2482],{"code":2482}," 对应其他人（others）。数字 ",[1539,2488,2482],{"code":2482}," 代表“",[1136,2491,2492],{},"写权限（w）","”。这意味着，当一个程序（如 ",[1539,2495,2496],{"code":2496},"open()","）试图创建一个权限为 ",[1539,2499,2458],{"code":2458},"（即 ",[1539,2502,2503],{"code":2503},"rw-rw-rw-","）的文件时，系统会用 ",[1539,2506,2507],{"code":2507},"umask 022"," 来过滤：它会拿掉“所属组”的“写权限”和“其他人”的“写权限”。因此，新文件的最终权限就变成了 ",[1539,2510,2511],{"code":2511},"644",[1539,2513,2514],{"code":2514},"rw-r--r--","），只有你自己能修改，其他人只能读取，大大提升了系统安全性。",[1718,2517,2519],{"id":2518},"display-commands","Display Commands",[1101,2521,2522],{},[1122,2523],{"alt":1122,"src":2524},"\u002Fimg\u002FICCAD\u002FDetailCh2-19.png",[1718,2526,2528],{"id":2527},"file-manipulation-commands","File Manipulation Commands",[1101,2530,2531],{},[1122,2532],{"alt":1122,"src":2533},"\u002Fimg\u002FICCAD\u002FDetailCh2-20.png",[1101,2535,2536],{},"-f forced 强制的",[1101,2538,2539],{},"-i interactive 交互的",[1101,2541,2542],{},"-R recursive 递归",[1718,2544,2546],{"id":2545},"ln-and-ulink","ln and ulink",[1101,2548,2549],{},"symbolic 符号链接 \u002F快捷方式",[1101,2551,2552],{},[1122,2553],{"alt":1122,"src":2554},"\u002Fimg\u002FICCAD\u002FDetailCh2-21.png",[1718,2556,2557],{"id":2557},"find",[1101,2559,2560],{},[1539,2561,2562],{"code":2562},"find directory-list [options] [actions][...]",[1101,2564,2565],{},[1122,2566],{"alt":1122,"src":2567},"\u002Fimg\u002FICCAD\u002FDetailCh2-22.png",[1130,2569,2570,2581,2591],{},[1133,2571,2572,2573,2576,2577,2580],{},"使用",[1539,2574,2575],{"code":2575},"\\","来取消命令行对于",[1539,2578,2579],{"code":2579},"*","的特殊解释，转义通配符",[1133,2582,2583,2586,2587,2590],{},[1539,2584,2585],{"code":2585},"-newer",":更",[1539,2588,2589],{"code":2589},"新","的文件",[1133,2592,2593,2596],{},[1539,2594,2595],{"code":2595},"type",": 第一列是d的打出来",[1101,2598,2599,2601,2602,2605],{},[1539,2600,2557],{"code":2557}," 是一个在 Unix\u002FLinux 系统中功能极其强大的命令，用于在指定目录中",[1136,2603,2604],{},"查找文件","，并可以对找到的文件执行操作。",[1101,2607,2608],{},"下面逐一解释这几个命令的含义：",[1203,2610,2611],{},[1133,2612,2613],{},[1539,2614,2615],{"code":2615},"find . -name Net\\*.jpeg -print",[1130,2617,2618,2632,2666,2672],{},[1133,2619,2620,2623,2624,2627,2628,2631],{},[1539,2621,2622],{"code":2622},"find .",": 从",[1136,2625,2626],{},"当前目录"," (",[1539,2629,2630],{"code":2630},".",") 开始查找。",[1133,2633,2634,2637,2638,2641,2642],{},[1539,2635,2636],{"code":2636},"-name Net\\*.jpeg",": 查找文件名 (name) 匹配 ",[1539,2639,2640],{"code":2640},"Net*.jpeg"," 模式的文件。\n",[1130,2643,2644,2649],{},[1133,2645,2646,2648],{},[1539,2647,2579],{"code":2579}," 是一个通配符，代表任意数量的字符。",[1133,2650,2651,2653,2654,2656,2657,2659,2660,2662,2663,1542],{},[1539,2652,2575],{"code":2575}," 是转义字符，防止 shell（命令行解释器）自己先去解析 ",[1539,2655,2579],{"code":2579},"，确保 ",[1539,2658,2579],{"code":2579}," 是传递给 ",[1539,2661,2557],{"code":2557}," 命令的。更常见的写法是给模式加上引号，如 ",[1539,2664,2665],{"code":2665},"find . -name \"Net*.jpeg\"",[1133,2667,2668,2671],{},[1539,2669,2670],{"code":2670},"-print",": 将找到的文件或目录的完整路径名打印到屏幕上。",[1133,2673,2674],{},[1136,2675,2676],{},"在当前目录及其所有子目录中，查找并列出所有以 \"Net\" 开头、以 \".jpeg\" 结尾的文件。",[1203,2678,2679],{"start":2051},[1133,2680,2681],{},[1539,2682,2683],{"code":2683},"find . -newer init.c -print",[1130,2685,2686,2691,2706,2711],{},[1133,2687,2688,2690],{},[1539,2689,2622],{"code":2622},": 从当前目录开始查找。",[1133,2692,2693,2696,2697,2286,2700,2286,2703,1542],{},[1539,2694,2695],{"code":2695},"-newer init.c",": 查找",[1136,2698,2699],{},"修改时间比",[1539,2701,2702],{"code":2702},"init.c",[1136,2704,2705],{},"文件更新 (newer) 的所有文件和目录",[1133,2707,2708,2710],{},[1539,2709,2670],{"code":2670},": 打印结果。",[1133,2712,2713,2286,2716,2286,2718],{},[1136,2714,2715],{},"查找并列出当前目录下所有比",[1539,2717,2702],{"code":2702},[1136,2719,2720],{},"这个文件还要新的文件。",[1203,2722,2723],{"start":2100},[1133,2724,2725],{},[1539,2726,2727],{"code":2727},"find \u002Fusr\u002Flocal -type d -print",[1130,2729,2730,2739,2754,2758],{},[1133,2731,2732,2735,2736,2738],{},[1539,2733,2734],{"code":2734},"find \u002Fusr\u002Flocal",": 从 ",[1539,2737,1958],{"code":1958}," 目录开始查找。",[1133,2740,2741,2744,2745,2747,2748,2750,2751,1542],{},[1539,2742,2743],{"code":2743},"-type d",": 查找类型 (type) 为 ",[1539,2746,2310],{"code":2310}," 的条目，",[1539,2749,2310],{"code":2310}," 代表 ",[1136,2752,2753],{},"目录 (directory)",[1133,2755,2756,2710],{},[1539,2757,2670],{"code":2670},[1133,2759,2760,2286,2763,2286,2765],{},[1136,2761,2762],{},"查找并列出",[1539,2764,1958],{"code":1958},[1136,2766,2767],{},"目录下的所有子目录。",[1203,2769,2771],{"start":2770},4,[1133,2772,2773],{},[1539,2774,2775],{"code":2775},"find . \\( -user Bill -o -size +10000c \\) -print -exec rm {} \\;",[1101,2777,2778],{},"这是一个更复杂的组合命令：",[1130,2780,2781,2785,2794,2804,2813,2833,2838,2870],{},[1133,2782,2783,2690],{},[1539,2784,2622],{"code":2622},[1133,2786,2787,2790,2791,1542],{},[1539,2788,2789],{"code":2789},"\\( ... \\)",": 将括号内的条件作为一个",[1136,2792,2793],{},"整体",[1133,2795,2796,2799,2800,2803],{},[1539,2797,2798],{"code":2798},"-user Bill",": 查找所有者是用户 ",[1539,2801,2802],{"code":2802},"Bill"," 的文件。",[1133,2805,2806,2809,2810,1542],{},[1539,2807,2808],{"code":2808},"-o",": 逻辑运算符 ",[1136,2811,2812],{},"\"或\" (OR)",[1133,2814,2815,2818,2819,2627,2822,2825,2826,2627,2829,2832],{},[1539,2816,2817],{"code":2817},"-size +10000c",": 查找大小 (size) ",[1136,2820,2821],{},"大于",[1539,2823,2824],{"code":2824},"+",") 10000 ",[1136,2827,2828],{},"字节 (bytes)",[1539,2830,2831],{"code":2831},"c",") 的文件。",[1133,2834,2835,2837],{},[1539,2836,2670],{"code":2670},": 打印符合条件的文件名。",[1133,2839,2840,2843,2844,2847,2848,2851,2852],{},[1539,2841,2842],{"code":2842},"-exec rm {} \\;",": 对找到的每一个文件执行 (",[1539,2845,2846],{"code":2846},"exec",") ",[1539,2849,2850],{"code":2850},"rm"," (删除) 命令。\n",[1130,2853,2854,2860],{},[1133,2855,2856,2859],{},[1539,2857,2858],{"code":2858},"{}"," 是一个占位符，代表当前找到的文件名。",[1133,2861,2862,2865,2866,2869],{},[1539,2863,2864],{"code":2864},"\\;"," 表示 ",[1539,2867,2868],{"code":2868},"-exec"," 命令的结束。",[1133,2871,2872],{},[1136,2873,2874],{},"在当前目录中，查找所有者是 \"Bill\" 或者大小超过 10000 字节的文件，先打印出它们的名字，然后将它们全部删除。",[1203,2876,2878],{"start":2877},5,[1133,2879,2880],{},[1539,2881,2882],{"code":2882},"find ~bill ~denis -size +1000 -atime 30 -ok rm {} \\;",[1130,2884,2885,2906,2915,2933,2964],{},[1133,2886,2887,2890,2891,2894,2895,2898,2899,2627,2902,2905],{},[1539,2888,2889],{"code":2889},"find ~bill ~denis",": 在用户 ",[1539,2892,2893],{"code":2893},"bill"," 和用户 ",[1539,2896,2897],{"code":2897},"denis"," 的",[1136,2900,2901],{},"家目录",[1539,2903,2904],{"code":2904},"~",") 这两个位置开始查找。",[1133,2907,2908,2911,2912,2914],{},[1539,2909,2910],{"code":2910},"-size +1000",": 查找大小",[1136,2913,2821],{}," 1000 个文件块 (blocks, 通常是512字节) 的文件。",[1133,2916,2917,2920,2921,2924,2925,2928,2929,2932],{},[1539,2918,2919],{"code":2919},"-atime 30",": 查找最后访问时间 (access time) 恰好是 ",[1136,2922,2923],{},"30天前","的文件。（",[1539,2926,2927],{"code":2927},"+30"," 是30天以前，",[1539,2930,2931],{"code":2931},"-30"," 是30天以内）。",[1133,2934,2935,2938,2939,2898,2941,2944,2945,2947,2948,2951,2952,2955,2956,2959,2960,2963],{},[1539,2936,2937],{"code":2937},"-ok rm {} \\;",": 这是 ",[1539,2940,2868],{"code":2868},[1136,2942,2943],{},"安全版本","。它会对每个找到的文件，在执行 ",[1539,2946,2850],{"code":2850}," 命令",[1136,2949,2950],{},"之前","，先",[1136,2953,2954],{},"询问你是否同意"," (例如会提示 ",[1539,2957,2958],{"code":2958},"\u003C rm ... '文件名' > ?","），只有你输入 ",[1539,2961,2962],{"code":2962},"y"," 并回车后，才会执行删除操作。",[1133,2965,2966],{},[1136,2967,2968],{},"在 \"bill\" 和 \"denis\" 的家目录中，查找大小超过1000个块并且最后访问时间正好是30天前的那些文件，然后逐个询问你是否要删除它们。",[1718,2970,2971],{"id":2971},"compression",[1101,2973,2974,2975,2978,2979,2982],{},"在 Unix\u002FLinux 系统中用于",[1136,2976,2977],{},"文件压缩","和",[1136,2980,2981],{},"解压缩","的几组常用命令，它们可以帮你减小文件大小，方便存储和传输。",[1130,2984,2985,2999,3025],{},[1133,2986,2987,2990,2991,2994,2995,2998],{},[1539,2988,2989],{"code":2989},"compress \u002F uncompress","：这是一组比较",[1136,2992,2993],{},"古老","的工具，它会生成 ",[1539,2996,2997],{"code":2997},".Z"," 后缀的压缩文件。现在已经不太常用了。",[1133,3000,3001,3004,3005,3008,3009,3012,3013,3016,3017,3020,3021,3024],{},[1539,3002,3003],{"code":3003},"gzip \u002F gunzip","：这是目前",[1136,3006,3007],{},"最常用、最标准","的压缩工具。",[1539,3010,3011],{"code":3011},"gzip filename"," 会将文件压缩成 ",[1539,3014,3015],{"code":3015},"filename.gz","。要解压时，你可以使用 ",[1539,3018,3019],{"code":3019},"gunzip filename.gz","，或者使用 ",[1539,3022,3023],{"code":3023},"gzip -d filename.gz","，两者效果完全一样。",[1133,3026,3027,3030,3031,3034,3035,3038,3039,3042,3043,3046],{},[1539,3028,3029],{"code":3029},"bzip2 \u002F bunzip2","：这是另一组",[1136,3032,3033],{},"更现代","的工具，它通常能提供比 ",[1539,3036,3037],{"code":3037},"gzip"," 更高的压缩率（即压缩后文件更小），但可能花费时间稍长。它生成 ",[1539,3040,3041],{"code":3041},".bz2"," 文件，并使用 ",[1539,3044,3045],{"code":3045},"bunzip2"," 来解压。",[983,3048,3050],{"id":3049},"utility-wc","Utility - wc",[1101,3052,3053,3054],{},"display a count of lines, words and  characters in a file——",[1136,3055,3056],{},"word count",[1098,3058,3059,3065],{},[1101,3060,3061,3064],{},[1539,3062,3063],{"code":3063},"wc"," 命令是 \"word count\" (字数统计) 的缩写，用来统计文件的行数、单词数和字节数。",[1130,3066,3067,3076,3083,3091,3107],{},[1133,3068,3069,3072,3073],{},[1136,3070,3071],{},"-c",": ",[1136,3074,3075],{},"字节数 (count bytes)",[1133,3077,3078,3072,3080],{},[1136,3079,1599],{},[1136,3081,3082],{},"行数 (count lines)",[1133,3084,3085,3072,3088],{},[1136,3086,3087],{},"-w",[1136,3089,3090],{},"单词数 (count words)",[1133,3092,3093,2286,3096,3099],{},[1136,3094,3095],{},"不带选项：",[1539,3097,3098],{"code":3098},"wc filename",[1130,3100,3101],{},[1133,3102,3103,3104],{},"它会默认同时显示：",[1539,3105,3106],{"code":3106},"行数 单词数 字节数 文件名",[1133,3108,3109,2286,3112,3115],{},[1136,3110,3111],{},"带选项：",[1539,3113,3114],{"code":3114},"wc -l filename",[1130,3116,3117],{},[1133,3118,3119,3120,3123],{},"它就",[1136,3121,3122],{},"只","显示行数。",[983,3125,3127],{"id":3126},"utility-diff","Utility - diff",[1101,3129,3130],{},[1122,3131],{"alt":1122,"src":3132},"\u002Fimg\u002FICCAD\u002FDetailCh2-23.png",[1101,3134,3135,3138,3139,3142,3143,3146,3147,1628,3149,3152,3153,3156],{},[1539,3136,3137],{"code":3137},"diff"," 命令，这是一个在 Unix\u002FLinux 中非常基础且强大的",[1136,3140,3141],{},"文件比较工具","。它的核心功能是",[1136,3144,3145],{},"逐行比较","两个文本文件（",[1539,3148,1631],{"code":1631},[1539,3150,3151],{"code":3151},"file2","），然后告诉你它们之间具体有哪些行",[1136,3154,3155],{},"不同","（比如哪些行被添加、删除或修改了）。",[1101,3158,3159,3160,3163,3164,3167,3168,1628,3171,3174,3175,2898,3177,3180],{},"这个命令在编程和工程领域特别有用，比如用来比较",[1136,3161,3162],{},"不同版本的源代码","、配置文件或数据列表（如图中提到的 ",[1539,3165,3166],{"code":3166},"netlist","，即网表），能让你快速定位修改过的地方。而 ",[1539,3169,3170],{"code":3170},"tkdiff",[1539,3172,3173],{"code":3173},"windiff"," 则是 ",[1539,3176,3137],{"code":3137},[1136,3178,3179],{},"图形界面版本","，它们能更直观地（比如并排）显示两个文件的差异，比纯文本输出更容易阅读。",[983,3182,3184],{"id":3183},"grep-命令","grep 命令",[1101,3186,3187,3189],{},[1539,3188,1561],{"code":1561}," 是 Unix\u002FLinux 中用于文本搜索的工具，在文件中搜索匹配的行并打印出来。",[1101,3191,3192,3195],{},[1136,3193,3194],{},"名称来源","：Global search for Regular Expression and Print",[1718,3197,3198],{"id":3198},"三种模式",[1937,3200,3202,3203,3205],{"id":3201},"_1-grep-标准模式","1. ",[1539,3204,1561],{"code":1561}," (标准模式)",[1101,3207,3208],{},"使用基础正则表达式搜索",[1937,3210,3212,3213,3216],{"id":3211},"_2-fgrep-固定字符串","2. ",[1539,3214,3215],{"code":3215},"fgrep"," (固定字符串)",[1101,3218,3219],{},"只搜索精确字符串，不使用正则表达式，速度更快",[1937,3221,3223,3224,3227],{"id":3222},"_3-egrep-扩展模式","3. ",[1539,3225,3226],{"code":3226},"egrep"," (扩展模式)",[1101,3229,3230,3231,1558,3233,1558,3236,3239],{},"使用扩展正则表达式，支持 ",[1539,3232,2824],{"code":2824},[1539,3234,3235],{"code":3235},"?",[1539,3237,3238],{"code":3238},"|"," 等语法",[1130,3241,3242],{},[1133,3243,3244,3245],{},"等同于 ",[1539,3246,3247],{"code":3247},"grep -E",[3249,3250],"hr",{},[1718,3252,3253],{"id":3253},"使用示例",[1937,3255,3256],{"id":3256},"搜索特定单词",[1101,3258,3259],{},"grep static .\u002F*.c",[1101,3261,3262,3263,3266],{},"在当前目录所有 ",[1539,3264,3265],{"code":3265},".c"," 文件中搜索包含 \"static\" 的行",[1937,3268,3269],{"id":3269},"搜索以特定字符开头的行",[1101,3271,3272],{},"grep ^# *.cpp",[1101,3274,3275,3276,3279,3280,3283],{},"在所有 ",[1539,3277,3278],{"code":3278},".cpp"," 文件中搜索以 ",[1539,3281,3282],{"code":3282},"#"," 开头的行",[1130,3285,3286],{},[1133,3287,3288,3291],{},[1539,3289,3290],{"code":3290},"^"," 表示行首",[1937,3293,3294],{"id":3294},"管道与选项组合",[1101,3296,3297],{},"man find | grep -ci perm",[1101,3299,3300,3301,3303],{},"在 ",[1539,3302,2557],{"code":2557}," 命令手册中统计 \"perm\" 出现次数（忽略大小写）",[1130,3305,3306,3311],{},[1133,3307,3308,3310],{},[1539,3309,3071],{"code":3071},": 只显示匹配行数",[1133,3312,3313,3316],{},[1539,3314,3315],{"code":3315},"-i",": 忽略大小写",[3249,3318],{},[1718,3320,3321],{"id":3321},"常用选项",[988,3323,3324,3333],{},[991,3325,3326],{},[994,3327,3328,3331],{},[997,3329,3330],{},"选项",[997,3332,1735],{},[1010,3334,3335,3342,3349,3357,3365,3373,3381],{},[994,3336,3337,3339],{},[1015,3338,3315],{},[1015,3340,3341],{},"忽略大小写",[994,3343,3344,3346],{},[1015,3345,3071],{},[1015,3347,3348],{},"只显示匹配行数",[994,3350,3351,3354],{},[1015,3352,3353],{},"-v",[1015,3355,3356],{},"反向匹配",[994,3358,3359,3362],{},[1015,3360,3361],{},"-n",[1015,3363,3364],{},"显示行号",[994,3366,3367,3370],{},[1015,3368,3369],{},"-r",[1015,3371,3372],{},"递归搜索",[994,3374,3375,3378],{},[1015,3376,3377],{},"-E",[1015,3379,3380],{},"扩展正则（egrep）",[994,3382,3383,3386],{},[1015,3384,3385],{},"-F",[1015,3387,3388],{},"固定字符串（fgrep）",[1101,3390,3391],{},"Grep 和 Find 的区别？",[1101,3393,3394],{},"Find只和文件名，文件属性有关；Grep则是和文件内容相关",{"title":3396,"searchDepth":2770,"depth":2770,"links":3397},"",[3398,3406,3407,3408,3409,3410],{"id":980,"depth":2051,"text":981,"children":3399},[3400,3401,3402,3405],{"id":985,"depth":2770,"text":986},{"id":1107,"depth":2100,"text":1108},{"id":1117,"depth":2100,"text":1118,"children":3403},[3404],{"id":1127,"depth":2770,"text":1128},{"id":1178,"depth":2100,"text":1179},{"id":1320,"depth":2051,"text":1321},{"id":1423,"depth":2051,"text":1424},{"id":1445,"depth":2051,"text":1445},{"id":1495,"depth":2051,"text":1495},{"id":1503,"depth":2051,"text":1504,"children":3411},[3412,3417,3421],{"id":1565,"depth":2100,"text":1566,"children":3413},[3414,3415,3416],{"id":1569,"depth":2770,"text":1570},{"id":1615,"depth":2770,"text":1616},{"id":1658,"depth":2770,"text":1658},{"id":1684,"depth":2100,"text":1684,"children":3418},[3419,3420],{"id":1687,"depth":2770,"text":1687},{"id":1695,"depth":2770,"text":1695},{"id":1698,"depth":2100,"text":1699,"children":3422},[3423,3424,3429,3433,3437,3452,3453,3454],{"id":1702,"depth":2770,"text":1703},{"id":1711,"depth":2770,"text":1495,"children":3425},[3426,3427,3428],{"id":1720,"depth":2877,"text":1720},{"id":1980,"depth":2877,"text":1980},{"id":1988,"depth":2877,"text":1989},{"id":1997,"depth":2770,"text":1998,"children":3430},[3431,3432],{"id":2004,"depth":2877,"text":2004},{"id":2023,"depth":2877,"text":2023},{"id":2180,"depth":2770,"text":2181,"children":3434},[3435,3436],{"id":2184,"depth":2877,"text":2185},{"id":2213,"depth":2877,"text":2214},{"id":2217,"depth":2770,"text":2218,"children":3438},[3439,3440,3441,3442,3443,3444,3445,3446,3447,3448,3449,3450,3451],{"id":2221,"depth":2877,"text":2221},{"id":1541,"depth":2877,"text":1541},{"id":2234,"depth":2877,"text":2234},{"id":2242,"depth":2877,"text":2242},{"id":2250,"depth":2877,"text":2250},{"id":2256,"depth":2877,"text":2257},{"id":2271,"depth":2877,"text":2272},{"id":2365,"depth":2877,"text":2366},{"id":2518,"depth":2877,"text":2519},{"id":2527,"depth":2877,"text":2528},{"id":2545,"depth":2877,"text":2546},{"id":2557,"depth":2877,"text":2557},{"id":2971,"depth":2877,"text":2971},{"id":3049,"depth":2770,"text":3050},{"id":3126,"depth":2770,"text":3127},{"id":3183,"depth":2770,"text":3184,"children":3455},[3456,3457,3458],{"id":3198,"depth":2877,"text":3198},{"id":3253,"depth":2877,"text":3253},{"id":3321,"depth":2877,"text":3321},[903],"Unix 基础导论：详细版笔记","md",null,{"slots":3464},{},{"text":168,"minutes":407,"time":408,"words":409},{"title":404,"description":3460},{"loc":403,"images":3468},[3469,3470,3471,3472,3473,3474,3475,3476,3477,3478,3479,3480,3481,3482,3483,3484,3485,3486,3487,3488,3489,3490,3491],{"loc":1124},{"loc":1198},{"loc":1263},{"loc":1450},{"loc":1500},{"loc":1692},{"loc":1708},{"loc":1716},{"loc":1985},{"loc":1994},{"loc":2199},{"loc":2231},{"loc":2262},{"loc":2277},{"loc":2294},{"loc":2411},{"loc":2431},{"loc":2436},{"loc":2524},{"loc":2533},{"loc":2554},{"loc":2567},{"loc":3132},[3493,3494],"Linux","课程笔记","tech","fLpHx6DAyUtT4PDgGGgzQbOrSDN3aJkoKj7af2r7G4Y",[3498,3499],{"title":394,"path":393,"stem":392,"date":395,"type":3495,"children":-1},{"title":413,"path":412,"stem":411,"date":414,"type":3495,"children":-1},1789057284022]